Chemistry. Matter and Material. Grade 10 Physical Science 2018

Transcription

1 Chemistry Matter and Material Grade 10 Physical Science 2018 Mrs. Harrison Matter and Classification CAPS Physical Science Gr docscientia 2015

2 MATTER AND MATERIAL Refer to table of contents Macroscopic properties of matter Phases of matter and the kinetic molecular theory The atom Periodic table Matter is composed of particles

3 Unit 1 MACROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER

4 TB. pg 13 Consists of 3 states Made of elements from Periodic Table What is matter? Everything that has mass and takes up space.

5 Properties of matter are determined by its composition Why is steel used in construction? Why is rubber used in wetsuits? Why are some handles of pots made out of wood or rubber? properties of matter 1. Strength 2. Conductivity 3. Magnetic or non- 1 magnetic 2 macroscopic microscopic 4. Brittle, malleable, ductile 5. Density 6. Melting or boiling points TB. pg 14

6 MACROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER Definition Types 1. Mixtures A combination of two or more substances which have not reacted chemically and can be separated by a mechanical/physical process. Homogenous A mixture which is the same throughout (uniform) all constituents are in the same phase. Heterogeneous A mixture which is of variable composition (non-uniform) the components of the solution are not in the same phase. Examples Air Orange Juice Steel Salad dressing TB. pg 18

7 TB. pg 20 MACROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER 2. Pure Substances Composed of only one type of particle. elements Consists of only 1 type of atom Cannot be broken down further into simpler substances compounds Consists of 2 or more types of atoms that are chemically bonded. Can be broken down into simpler substances

8 TB. pg 20 mixture Consists of different elements or compounds

9 COMPARISON PURE SUBSTANCES MIXTURE Elements Compounds Only 1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms chemically bonded Different elements and or compounds cannot be broken down into simpler substance Smallest particle ATOM, diatomic molecule or + ion Can be broken down into simpler particles (chemical means) Smallest particle MOLECULE (covalent) or ION (ionic) Can be separated mechanically (physical means) Particles according to the composition TB. pg 20

10 ACTIVITY 2 page 21

11 WHAT WE VE LEARNT SO FAR Matter Pure Substances Mixtures Compounds Elements Homogenous Heterogenous

12 TB. pg 23 MACROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER 3. Names and formulae of substances All matter is made up of that can be found in the Periodic Table

13 ELEMENTS metals metalliods Non-metals Left adjacent right

14 H 2 O Cl 2 NO 3 draw these compounds in your book. H 2 SO 4 Mg(OH) 2 Na 2 SO 4 CH 4

15 The difference between an atom and an ion

16 NEUTRAL Protons = electrons CHARGED Protons electrons

17 Rules to naming compounds 1. Elements on left, named first. Na+Cl = NaCl H + F = HF Be+Cl = BeCl 2. Names of elements on right, change to ide Sodium Chloride Hydrogen Floride Berrylium Chloride 3. Greek prefixes show the number of atoms of the element CO = carbon monoxide C0 2 = carbon dioxide Mono = 1 Di =2 Tri =3. 4. Common names. HCL = hydrogen chloride = hydrochloric acid NaCl Sodium chloride = Table salt. 5. Ratios TB. pg 24

18 TB. pg Ratios H 2 O Na 2 SO 3 Mg(NO 3 ) 2

19 Examples from the Periodic Table

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21 Sometimes, compounds are charged too!!

22 Page 26 STUDY WORK

23 TB. pg 27 Writing formula Remember cross multiplication? Write the name of the following compounds formed: K + + 0H = KOH K + + SO 4 2 = K 2 SO 4 NH 4 + CO 3 2 = (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3

24 TB. pg 27 formula name Na + + SO 4 2 Li + + Br Ca 2+ + CO 3 2

25 Page 28 STUDY WORK Exercise 1 pg HOMEWORK

26 MACROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER 4. Properties of materials: Electrical conductors and insulators Conducting an experiment 1 What can we conclude? Non-metals do not conduct electricity (except carbon) Non-metals are therefore insulators. Use: electrical equipment Metals are good conductors Metalloids are semiconductors, if their temp is raised, their conducting ability increases Use: protect against dangers of (metallic bonding) Use: Computers and other electrical equipment electrical equipment. TB. pg 32

27 Thermal Insulators Plastic TB. pg 38 MACROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER 4. Thermal conductors and Insulators Conducting an experiment 2 What can we conclude? Thermal Conductors Copper, aluminium and silver

28 TB. pg 39 MACROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER 5. Magnetic and Non-magnetic materials Ferromagnetic materials are often mixed with other non-magnetic materials Conducting an experiment 3 Example: 1. Good Magnetic magnetic ceramic materials (mixture are of called iron and ferromagnetic metal oxides) used mainly as fridge magnets 2. Alnico (mixture of aluminium, nickel and cobolt) used mainly in What can we conclude? load speakers 3. Steel Fe, (mixture Ni and of iron Co and are carbon) good magnetic materials Cu, Al and Zn are examples of non magnetic materials

29 Ferromagnetic materials can be divided into two groups: Soft Magnetic Material Materials that are easily magnetised, but lose there magnetism easily Eg) Iron Uses: Temporary magnets like electromagnets Hard Magnetic Materials Materials which take a long time to become magnetised, but retain it for a long time Eg) Steel Used in permanent magnets and in compasses Storing permanent magnets: Room temperature Pairs of N and S Do not drop Exercise 2 pg HOMEWORK TB. pg 40

30 Summary on Matter and Materials PAGE 43 AND 44 HOMEWORK Matter and Materials INFORMAL CLASS TEST

31 Test Examples