2-1: Describing Matter. 8 th Grade Physical Sciences

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1 8 th Grade Physical Sciences

2 What is Matter? Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

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4

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6 Properties of Matter Matter can be described in many ways; hard, soft, heavy, light, rough, smooth, solid, liquid, gas, etc. These differences are called properties or characteristics.

7 Substances and Mixtures Each type of matter has its own properties.

8 Substances and Mixtures A single type of matter, which is pure, is called a substance like water, salt, or oxygen. One or more substances mixed together is called a mixture like sugar water or milk (why milk?)

9 Kinds of Properties Every form of matter has two types of properties: 1. Physical Properties 2. Chemical Properties

10 Physical Properties Example: Oxygen is a gas at room temperature. A physical property is a characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance.

11 Chemical Properties Example: Oxygen and iron form iron oxide RUST! A chemical property is a characteristic of a pure substance that describes its ability to change into another substance.

12 Physical or Chemical property? Don t copy Water boils at 100 deg C. Water melts at 0 deg C. Baking soda, when mixed with vinegar, makes a foam containing carbon dioxide gas. Methane gas burns when exposed to heat. Gold can be pounded with a hammer into thin sheets without breaking it. Quartz shatters if you try to spread it into a thin sheet with a hammer.

13 (Don t copy) Chemical Properties Baking soda, when mixed with vinegar, makes a foam containing carbon dioxide gas. Methane gas burns when exposed to heat. Physical Properties Water boils at 100 deg C. Water melts at 0 deg C. Gold can be pounded with a hammer into thin sheets without breaking it. Quartz shatters if you try to spread it into a thin sheet with a hammer.

14 What is matter made of? Matter or substances are made of elements. An element is a pure substance that can t be broken down into any other substance by chemical or physical means.

15 What are elements made of? An atom is the basic particle that all elements are made of.

16 What are elements made of? The universe is made of a little more than 100 elements. Each element has its own unique properties.

17 An atom has a positively charged nucleus containing protons and neutrons. The nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.

18 Hydrogen atom Gold atom

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20 Iron atoms placed on copper substrate

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22 Molecules Most atoms have the ability to combine with other atoms, by a chemical bond.

23 Molecules 2-1: Describing Matter When they do this they form larger particles called molecules, two or more atoms bonded together. For instance, H 2 O

24 Compounds When two or more different elements are combined in a molecule, we call them a compound.

25 Compounds So water is a compound. Compounds can be written with a chemical formula showing the ratio between the different elements.

26 Compounds H 2 O is two hydrogen atoms for every oxygen atom.

27 Compounds Compounds will have different properties than the elements they are made of.

28 Compounds Oxygen is a gas at room temperature. So is hydrogen even in space. But together, they make water, a liquid at room temperature.

29 Compounds Don t Copy Other compounds: 1. Sugar: C 12 H 22 O Silver Tarnish: Ag 2 S 3. Carbon Dioxide: CO 2

30 Mixtures Elements and compounds are considered pure substances. Most materials are not pure substances, they are mixtures.

31 Mixtures A mixture is two or more substances together in the same place but NOT chemically combined. Each substance keeps its own properties.

32 Mixtures There are two types of mixtures. 1. In heterogeneous mixtures you can see the different parts. 2. In homogeneous mixtures it is mixed so well that you can t see the different parts.

33 Mixtures Solutions are an example of homogeneous mixtures - e.g. Sugar or salt dissolved in water. Solutions don t need to be liquid air is a solution of N2, O2, etc.

34 Separating Mixtures Because the substances in a mixture keep their own properties, they can be separated from each other using 1. Magnets 2. Distillation 3. Filters 4. Evaporation 5.. And many more ways

35 Separating Mixtures

36 Separating Mixtures

37 Separating Mixtures

38 Separating Mixtures

39 Summary Matter has mass and takes up space. Atoms are the basic particle that all elements (pure substances) are made of. Elements bound together form a compound. Compounds can be mixed to form homogeneous or heterogeneous mixtures. Mixtures can be separated using many techniques, like magnetism, distillation, filtering, and evaporation.

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