substance, an element cannot be broken down any further. Each element has a different number of protons and unique set of properties.

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1 Element - The purest form of a substance, an element cannot be broken down any further. Each element has a different number of protons and unique set of properties.

2 Physical Properties - Descriptions unique to an element such as melting point, boiling point, color, density, and hardness.

3 Physical Change - Any change to a substance that does not change the chemical makeup of that substance. (it does not change the atoms or molecules) change of size or shape state of matter change change of location No new substance is produced.

4 Shredding paper boiling evaporation dissolving sugar

5 Chemical Properties - A description of how an element reacts with other substances. Example: Chlorine gas can combine with a sodium to create table salt. Na + Cl NaCl

6 burning decaying digesting rusting baking tarnishing

7 Chemical Change - a change in which substances are broken apart or combined to form new substances with different properties. A new substance is created.

8 Signs of a Chemical Reaction 1. Color Change 2. Temperature Change 3. A precipitate forms 4. Gas bubbles form

9 H O O H Add Yeast O + O H H free

10 The Atom - The smallest unit that makes up all matter. The atom is mostly empty space.

11 Bohr Model Designed by Neils Bohr Shows atoms with electrons in energy levels or shells around the outside of the nucleus. 1 st shell = holds up to 2 electrons 2 nd shell = holds up to 8 electrons 3 rd shell = holds up to 18 electrons

12 Valence Electron Any electrons in the outer most shell of the atom. These electrons are shared or transferred between atoms to create chemical bonds. Valence electrons

13 Practice Bohr Model Here

14 Bond -A connection between atoms created by either a sharing or a transfer of electrons between atoms. H e e e H e e e e e O e e Bonding occurs because unstable atoms want to fill or empty their outermost (valence) shell of electrons

15 Dmitri Mendeleev Russian Chemist developed a way to organize the elements based on physical and chemical properties.

16 Transitions Metals Rare Earth Metals

17

18 Molecules are composed of two or more atoms. The atoms may be alike: H 2 or O 2 Most of the time the atoms are different: H 2 O CO 2 NaCl

19 MOLECULES OF HYDROGEN H 2

20 MOLECULES OF OXYGEN O 2

21 MIXTURE OF HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN MOLECULES

22 MOLECULES OF WATER oxygen and hydrogen bonding H 2 O

23 Compound - Two or more different types of elements chemically combined. We say they are bonded together. NaCl, H 2 O, C 12 H 22 O 11 All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds. (Some are elements)

24 Each compound has a chemical formula. H 2 O hydrogen hydroxide CO 2 CO HCl KCN carbon dioxide carbon monoxide hydrochloric acid potassium cyanide NH 4 OH NaCl C 12 H 22 O 11 H 2 SO 4 ammonium hydroxide sodium chloride sucrose sulfuric acid

25 Compound Formula Made up of the element symbol, subscript, and prescript Subscript - Tells you the number of atoms in a compound Prescript - Tells you the number of molecules Prescript 2 C 12 H 22 O 11 Element symbol Subscript

26 Hydrogen is important in formulas. 1. Acids start with an H: HCl, HNO 3, H 2 SO 4 2. Bases end in OH: NH 4 OH, NaOH

27 3 C 12 H 22 O 11 How many atoms are there of: Carbon? Hydrogen? Oxygen?

28 25 CO 2 What are the total atoms of: Calcium? Oxygen? Carbon?

29 13 Fe 2 O 3 What are the total atoms of: Fencylium? Iron? Oxygen?

30 HC 2 H 3 O 2 - acetic acid In a molecule of acetic acid, how many atoms are there of: Carbon? Hydrogen? Oxygen?

31 Compound Lab 1. C 2 H 4 O 2 Examples: 4 molecules of it 6 molecules of it

32 A Compound can be: 1. Organic - is living or was once living (all of these contain carbon) 2. Inorganic - never has lived

33 Organic or Inorganic? A. wood B. steel C. coal D. glass E. leaves

34 Mixtures- two or more substances that are mixed together but not chemically combined. Sea water

35 Air is a mixture of gases.

36 In a mixture the individual substances keep their separate properties. Water sugar fruit flavorings bits of fruit pulp

37 Two Types of Mixtures Solutions - Smaller particles mixed in with a liquid, particles are too small to be seen and they stay mixed. Can look clear. Suspensions Larger particles mixed in with a liquid. These particles will settle out over time. Can look cloudy.

38 Where s the bowl? Let s make a mixture!

39

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