RADIOISOTOPE RH-101 AS X-RAY SOURCE FOR INSTRUMENTS ON SPACE MISSIONS
|
|
- Roger Williams
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 167 RADIOISOTOPE RH-101 AS X-RAY SOURCE FOR INSTRUMENTS ON SPACE MISSIONS Ch. Stenzel 1, Ch. Schroer 2, B. Lengeler 3, M. Rasulbaev 4, R. Vianden 4 1 Astrium GmbH, Friedrichshafen, Germany 2 Technical University of Dresden, Germany 3 RWTH Aachen, Germany 4 HISKP, University of Bonn, Germany ABSTRACT Our work shows that XRD and XRF studies on missions to Mars and Saturn's moons could be carried out using the radioisotopes Rh-101 or Am-241 as sources of radiation. We discuss geological questions which we believe should be answered before any search for biological structures or pre-forms of life. We also suggest a method to produce Rh-101. Key words: Isotopes Rh-101, Am-241, XRD, XRF, Mars, Saturn's moons INTRODUCTION Search for early forms of life on Mars or the Saturnian's moons starts with profound knowledge on topology, geology and mineralogy. Previous missions to Mars were concentrated on the examination of the topology, mainly by optical observation with cameras operating in the visible range. Summarizing all the results of these missions in the recent decades, Mars became the best mapped planet in our universe with a highly-resolved cartography. Residuals of ancient water structures and ice formation on the poles have been detected (see Fig. 1). The Saturnian's moons Titan and Enceladus are further highly interesting candidates for the search of precursors of living structures. Enceladus surface is covered with water ice with apparent cryo-volcanic activities. Titan's atmosphere contains a significant amount of methane
2 This document was presented at the Denver X-ray Conference (DXC) on Applications of X-ray Analysis. Sponsored by the International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD). This document is provided by ICDD in cooperation with the authors and presenters of the DXC for the express purpose of educating the scientific community. All copyrights for the document are retained by ICDD. Usage is restricted for the purposes of education and scientific research. DXC Website ICDD Website -
3 168 and liquid methane lakes have been detected at the surface (see Fig. 1). Both features could enable the creation of quite different forms of higher organic molecules and chemistry [1]. Fig. 1: Left: Crater ice on Mars Right: Liquid methane lakes on Titan But there are still some relevant geological questions open in this context, before any search for biological structures or pre-forms of life would make sense: Where did all the water go on the Martian surface? Are there differences on sediment and other geological structures between a water and methane driven chemistry in the atmosphere? Was there volcanism and tectonic dislocations in ancient times? Was there an active magnetism? To tackle these questions, the following scientific activities could be employed: Observation of surface Study of the elemental composition Investigation on the abundance of significant tracers. Hence, upcoming international exploration missions to Mars (NEXT) and to the Saturnian's moons Titan and Enceladus (TANDEM) will concentrate first on the investigation on geology and
4 169 mineralogy rather than a direct search for life. For both missions the implementation of a combined instrument for XRD and XRF on a respective lander is discussed. X-ray techniques like diffraction (XRD), to analyse the crystallinity, and fluorescence (XRF) to study the element composition, represent vital scientific methods to achieve the mentioned goals [2-5]. Thereby these methods shall be employed on pre-selected and crushed samples of rocks. The requirements on the X-ray source are driven by the mission scenario and boundary conditions: Low mass and low power consumption (< 100 W) Autonomous operation Life time of more than 3 years Robust design (to be integrated on a space mission). Due to the severe limitations on weight and power consumption, the utilization of a microfocus tube as X-ray source is not feasible. Hence the X-ray source must consist of a radionuclide. The radioactive decay of this isotope must include a strong gamma-ray transition with energy in the X-ray region. The half-life of the isotope has to be matched with the anticipated mission duration of several years. Furthermore, in order to offer optimum conditions for powder diffractometry or fluorescence under the severe restrictions of an exploration mission, a photon flux of more than 10 6 photons/s must be provided as target value. Low fluxes would increase the measuring time which has an important impact on the consumption of valuable resources like power and data processing. The photon energy shall be in the range of 8-20 kev, the higher energies are definitely to be preferred because of the reduction of background. POTENTIAL RADIONUCLIDE CANDIDATES A review has yielded two potential candidates for the X-ray source: Am-241 and Rh-101. The characteristic features of these isotopes are given in the table below [6]. For comparison the values for Fe-55 which has been used as radionuclide in former missions are included in Table 1 as well:
5 170 Rh-101 Fe-55 Am-241 Half-life 3.3 y 2.7 y 433 y X-ray energy 19 kev 6 kev 14 kev, 60 kev Initial photon flux ph/s ph/s ph/s Photon flux after 5 y ph/s ph/s ph/s Table 1: Comparison of performance data for different radionuclides to be utilized as X-ray source for an XRD and XRF instrument The given photon flux for Rh-101 represents optimized values which can be extrapolated from the presented first results described below. The values for Am-241 are adapted to a source size of mm 3 and take the strong absorption of the Roentgen X-rays in the source itself into account. PRODUCTION OF RADIOISOTOPE RH-101 This production of Rh-101 makes use of a nuclear reaction with light ions in a cyclotron. For isotopes which are close to the "valley of stability", the cross sections for these reactions are sufficiently high [6]. The selected nuclear reactions (d, 2n) or (d, 3n) to produce Rh-101 were Ru d Rh n and Ru d Rh n Prototype radionuclides have been produced via a nuclear reaction as described at the isochronous cyclotron at the HISKP of the University of Bonn, Germany. A natural Ruthenium foil served as target (cross section of 20 mm 2 and a thickness of about 0.3 mm) which contained both isotopes, Ru-101 and Ru-102. The relevant parameters for this nuclear reaction were: Deuteron energy: 27 MeV Cross section: 1000 mbarn Deuteron beam intensity: 1 µa Irradiation time: 2 d Rh-101 activity after cool-down period of 43 d: 1 MBq
6 171 The decay scheme of the radioactive Rh-101 nucleus reveals in addition to the wanted X-ray photon with 19 kev two other strong gamma-rays at energies of 127 kev and 198 kev [7]. The strong occurrence of theses line and the K α line of Ru, as evident from Fig. 2, indicate the great selectivity of the chosen nuclear reaction and a sufficient reaction yield. However, first experiments using semiconductor devices for detection of the gamma ray radiation revealed that reactions of the gamma-rays at energies of 127 kev and 198 kev with the matter of the semi-conductor material inside the detector cause a high background. Hence, a dedicated detector, e. g., a proportional gas counter would have to be applied here. In Fig. 2 the measured spectra in the X-ray region and for higher gamma ray energies are plotted. For the production of the flight X-ray source a cyclotron facility with a high-intensity beam (up to 50 µa) is necessary to produce the Rh-101 isotope with a required activity. An isotopically enriched Ru-101 target would increase the yield furthermore. A much thicker and larger target has to be used followed by a subsequent radiochemical preparation of the final X-ray source. The latter step would require some development effort, but represents a common procedure in producing radionuclides for radio-medical applications [8]. Am-241: A very convenient route to provide X-rays with the appropriate properties is to look for "conventional" radioactive sources which are commercially available. The α-particles emitting isotope Am-241 delivers also two X-rays which could be used for diffractometry, with 14 kev (37%) and 60 kev (36%). The long half-life of 433 y would result in a constant photon flux over a mission duration of 10 years. This isotope is envisaged for utilisation in the APXS-instrument on the NASA Mars Science Laboratory in It can be procured in large quantities (grams) from Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA. By placing this source in an appropriate housing the alpha particles can be shielded very easily while the X-rays are emitted. However, a certain drawback of this solution represents the relatively low specific activity (radioactivity/mass) of 126 GBq/g which is further reduced by a strong self-absorption of the 14 kev X-rays in the source itself. Rough estimation yield that for the specified dimensions of the source a photon flux of ph/s could be obtained.
7 172 Fig. 2: Measured gamma spectra of Rh-101 in the X-ray region (top) and at higher energies (bottom)
8 173 EVALUATION AND SUMMARY Concerning all critical criteria as mentioned above Rh-101 turns out to be a feasible solution: It provides the highest photon flux at the optimum energy and has a half-life which fits well to the mission duration. A reliable and efficient production route has been identified as well. However, a detector system which is only sensitive to the 19 kev gamma radiation from this source has to be employed for this radioisotope. The subsequently listed improvements can be employed to increase the activity to 4 GBq compared to the presented first measurements: Employment of pure Ru-101 target (activity increase by a factor of 6) Irradiation at a high-power cyclotron with 50 µa (factor 50) Elongation of irradiation time to 40 d (factor 960) Optimization of target thickness and beam energy (factor 3) A radiochemical separation of Rh-101 from the irradiated Ru material would greatly reduce the absorption of the 19 kev line in the sample and allow the generation of an optimum geometrical shape for XRD. Shielding against high energetic gamma-rays is necessary; appropriate shielding measures must be implemented into the design of the instrument. Am-241 would represent another good candidate radioisotope for a XRF experiment. However, the Fe-55 isotope is regarded as completely non-appropriate because The initial photon flux is already two orders of magnitude smaller than that of Rh-101 With 6 kev the photon energy is too low for high-performance XRD and XRF The short half-life would prohibit a mission to the Saturnian's moons.
9 174 REFERENCES [1] "The Mystery of Methane on Mars and Titan", by Sushil K. Atreya; Scientific American, May 2007 [2] "Handbook of Synchrotron Radiation", vol 3. chap. 5: D. E. Cox, "Powder Diffraction", p.155 (1991) and vol 4. chap.9: A. Iida, Y. Goshi, "Trace element analysis by x-ray fluorescence", p. 307 (1990) [3] "Forschung mit Röntgenstrahlen", F. H. W. Heuck, ed. Macherauch, Springer 1996 [4] "Microscopic X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis", K. H. A. Janssens, F. C. V. Adams, A. Rindby, J. Wiley, 1999 [5] "Fundamentals of Crystallography", C. Giacovazzo et al., Oxford Science Publications 1998 [6] A. Hermanne, M. Sonck, S. Takacs, F. Tarkanyi, Y. Shubin Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 187 (2002) p [7] "Table of Isotopes", CD ROM Edition, Version 1.0, March, 1996 by Richard B. Firestone, Virginia S. Shirley Editor, S.Y. Frank Chu CD-ROM Editor Coral M. Baglin and Jean Zipkin Assistant Editors, Wiley Interscience, New York [8] Zhuang Guisun, Qian Yine, Hua Zhifen, J. of Nuclear and Radiochemistry 4 (1982) 62
LASER-COMPTON SCATTERING AS A POTENTIAL BRIGHT X-RAY SOURCE
Copyright(C)JCPDS-International Centre for Diffraction Data 2003, Advances in X-ray Analysis, Vol.46 74 ISSN 1097-0002 LASER-COMPTON SCATTERING AS A POTENTIAL BRIGHT X-RAY SOURCE K. Chouffani 1, D. Wells
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF A NEW POSITRON LIFETIME SPECTROSCOPY TECHNIQUE FOR DEFECT CHARACTERIZATION IN THICK MATERIALS
Copyright JCPDS - International Centre for Diffraction Data 2004, Advances in X-ray Analysis, Volume 47. 59 DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW POSITRON LIFETIME SPECTROSCOPY TECHNIQUE FOR DEFECT CHARACTERIZATION IN
More informationRADIOACTIVE SAMPLE EFFECTS ON EDXRF SPECTRA
90 RADIOACTIVE SAMPLE EFFECTS ON EDXRF SPECTRA Christopher G. Worley Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS G740, Los Alamos, NM 87545 ABSTRACT Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) is a rapid, straightforward
More informationPeter L Warren, Pamela Y Shadforth ICI Technology, Wilton, Middlesbrough, U.K.
783 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS XRF ANALYSIS FOR SEMI-QUANTITATIVE Introduction Peter L Warren, Pamela Y Shadforth ICI Technology, Wilton, Middlesbrough, U.K. Historically x-ray fluorescence spectrometry has
More informationTime-Resolved μ-xrf and Elemental Mapping of Biological Materials
296 Time-Resolved μ-xrf and Elemental Mapping of Biological Materials K. Tsuji 1,2), K. Tsutsumimoto 1), K. Nakano 1,2), K. Tanaka 1), A. Okhrimovskyy 1), Y. Konishi 1), and X. Ding 3) 1) Department of
More informationSpectroscopy on Mars!
Spectroscopy on Mars! Pathfinder Spirit and Opportunity Real World Friday H2A The Mars Pathfinder: Geological Elemental Analysis On December 4th, 1996, the Mars Pathfinder was launched from earth to begin
More informationABNORMAL X-RAY EMISSION FROM INSULATORS BOMBARDED WITH LOW ENERGY IONS
302 ABNORMAL X-RAY EMISSION FROM INSULATORS BOMBARDED WITH LOW ENERGY IONS M. Song 1, K. Mitsuishi 1, M. Takeguchi 1, K. Furuya 1, R. C. Birtcher 2 1 High Voltage Electron Microscopy Station, National
More informationEXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF PROTON INDUCED REACTION CROSS-SECTIONS ON
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF PROTON INDUCED REACTION CROSS-SECTIONS ON NAT MO Mayeen Uddin KHANDAKER, G.uinyun KIM 1, Kwangsoo KIM, and Dongchul SON Department of Physics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu
More informationFACTORS AFFECTING IN-LINE PHASE CONTRAST IMAGING WITH A LABORATORY MICROFOCUS X-RAY SOURCE
Copyright JCPDS-International Centre for Diffraction Data 26 ISSN 197-2 FACTORS AFFECTING IN-LINE PHASE CONTRAST IMAGING WITH A LABORATORY MICROFOCUS X-RAY SOURCE 31 K. L. Kelly and B. K. Tanner Department
More informationFUNDAMENTAL PARAMETER METHOD USING SCATTERING X-RAYS IN X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS
FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETER METHOD USING SCATTERING X-RAYS IN X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS 255 Yoshiyuki Kataoka 1, Naoki Kawahara 1, Shinya Hara 1, Yasujiro Yamada 1, Takashi Matsuo 1, Michael Mantler 2 1 Rigaku
More informationINSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS (INAA)
Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) is used to determine the concentration of trace and major elements in a variety of matrices. A sample is subjected to a neutron flux and radioactive nuclides
More informationPERFORMANCE OF A BOREHOLE XRF SPECTROMETER FOR PLANETARY EXPLORATION
23 PERFORMANCE OF A BOREHOLE XRF SPECTROMETER FOR PLANETARY EXPLORATION Warren C. Kelliher, 1 Ingrid A. Carlberg, 1 W. T. Elam, 2 and Ella Willard-Schmoe 2 1 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia
More informationSTRESS ANALYSIS USING BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION
Copyright JCPDS - International Centre for Diffraction Data 2003, Advances in X-ray Analysis, Volume 46. 106 STRESS ANALYSIS USING BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION F. A. Selim 1, D.P. Wells 1, J. F. Harmon 1,
More informationCHARACTERIZING PROCESS SEMICONDUCTOR THIN FILMS WITH A CONFOCAL MICRO X-RAY FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPE
CHARACTERIZING PROCESS SEMICONDUCTOR THIN FILMS WITH A CONFOCAL MICRO X-RAY FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPE 218 Chris M. Sparks 1, Elizabeth P. Hastings 2, George J. Havrilla 2, and Michael Beckstead 2 1. ATDF,
More informationMCSHAPE: A MONTE CARLO CODE FOR SIMULATION OF POLARIZED PHOTON TRANSPORT
Copyright JCPDS - International Centre for Diffraction Data 2003, Advances in X-ray Analysis, Volume 46. 363 MCSHAPE: A MONTE CARLO CODE FOR SIMULATION OF POLARIZED PHOTON TRANSPORT J.E. Fernández, V.
More informationCALCULATION METHODS OF X-RAY SPECTRA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Copyright -International Centre for Diffraction Data 2010 ISSN 1097-0002 CALCULATION METHODS OF X-RAY SPECTRA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY B. Chyba, M. Mantler, H. Ebel, R. Svagera Technische Universit Vienna,
More informationICTP-IAEA Joint Workshop on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology: Medical Applications. 30 September - 4 October, 2013
2484-11 ICTP-IAEA Joint Workshop on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology: Medical Applications 30 September - 4 October, 2013 Experimental techniques (Nuclear reaction data, estimation of uncertainties)
More informationPERFORMANCE OF A ROOM TEMPERATURE GAS PROPORTIONAL SCINTILLATION COUNTER IN X-RAY ANALYSIS OF METALLIC ALLOYS EXCITED WITH ALPHA PARTICLES
249 PERFORMANCE OF A ROOM TEMPERATURE GAS PROPORTIONAL SCINTILLATION COUNTER IN X-RAY ANALYSIS OF METALLIC ALLOYS EXCITED WITH ALPHA PARTICLES F. I. G. M. Borges, S. J. C. do Carmo, T. H. V. T. Dias, F.
More informationDistinguishing fissions of 232 Th, 237 Np and 238 U with beta-delayed gamma rays
Distinguishing fissions of 232, 237 and 238 with beta-delayed gamma rays A. Iyengar 1, E.B. Norman 1, C. Howard 1, C. Angell 1, A. Kaplan 1, J. J. Ressler 2, P. Chodash 1, E. Swanberg 1, A. Czeszumska
More informationNEW CORRECTION PROCEDURE FOR X-RAY SPECTROSCOPIC FLUORESCENCE DATA: SIMULATIONS AND EXPERIMENT
Copyright JCPDS - International Centre for Diffraction Data 2005, Advances in X-ray Analysis, Volume 48. 266 NEW CORRECTION PROCEDURE FOR X-RAY SPECTROSCOPIC FLUORESCENCE DATA: SIMULATIONS AND EXPERIMENT
More informationSATELLITES: ACTIVE WORLDS AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS. Jessica Bolda Chris Gonzalez Crystal Painter Natalie Innocenzi Tyler Vasquez.
SATELLITES: ACTIVE WORLDS AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS Jessica Bolda Chris Gonzalez Crystal Painter Natalie Innocenzi Tyler Vasquez. Areas of interest! How did the Satellites of the outer solar system form
More informationAEROSOL FILTER ANALYSIS USING POLARIZED OPTICS EDXRF WITH THIN FILM FP METHOD
Copyright JCPDS-International Centre for Diffraction Data 2014 ISSN 1097-0002 219 AEROSOL FILTER ANALYSIS USING POLARIZED OPTICS EDXRF WITH THIN FILM FP METHOD Takao Moriyama 1), Atsushi Morikawa 1), Makoto
More informationMegan E. Bennett, Dmitriy A. Mayorov, Kyle D. Chapkin, Marisa C. Alfonso, Tyler A. Werke, and Charles M. Folden III
Measurement of the nat Lu(p,x) 175 Hf excitation function Megan E. Bennett, Dmitriy A. Mayorov, Kyle D. Chapkin, Marisa C. Alfonso, Tyler A. Werke, and Charles M. Folden III 1. Introduction It is of great
More informationIntroduction to Accelerator Physics Part 1
Introduction to Accelerator Physics Part 1 Pedro Castro / Accelerator Physics Group (MPY) Introduction to Accelerator Physics DESY, 28th July 2014 Pedro Castro / MPY Accelerator Physics 28 th July 2014
More informationSILICON DRIFT DETECTORS FOR HIGH RESOLUTION, HIGH COUNT RATE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
Copyright JCPDS - International Centre for Diffraction Data 2004, Advances in X-ray Analysis, Volume 47. 53 SILICON DRIFT DETECTORS FOR HIGH RESOLUTION, HIGH COUNT RATE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
More informationQUANTIFICATION OF MERCURY, LEAD, AND CADMIUM IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY ENERGY K X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY
Copyright (c)jcpds-international Centre for Diffraction Data 2002, Advances in X-ray Analysis, Volume 45. 505 QUANTIFICATION OF MERCURY, LEAD, AND CADMIUM IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY ENERGY K X-RAY FLUORESCENCE
More informationANALYSIS OF LOW MASS ABSORPTION MATERIALS USING GLANCING INCIDENCE X-RAY DIFFRACTION
173 ANALYSIS OF LOW MASS ABSORPTION MATERIALS USING GLANCING INCIDENCE X-RAY DIFFRACTION N. A. Raftery, L. K. Bekessy, and J. Bowpitt Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434,
More informationSYNCHROTRON RADIATION INDUCED X-RAY EMISSION - SRIXE W.M. KWIATEK
Vol. 82 (1992) -ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A No 2 Proceedings of the ISSSRNS,92, Jaszowiec 1992 SYNCHROTRON RADIATION INDUCED X-RAY EMISSION - SRIXE W.M. KWIATEK Institute of Nuclear Physics, Department of
More informationA COMPACT X-RAY SPECTROMETER WITH MULTI-CAPILLARY X-RAY LENS AND FLAT CRYSTALS
Copyright(c)JCPDS-International Centre for Diffraction Data 2001,Advances in X-ray Analysis,Vol.44 320 A COMPACT X-RAY SPECTROMETER WITH MULTI-CAPILLARY X-RAY LENS AND FLAT CRYSTALS Hiroyoshi SOEJIMA and
More informationELECTRIC FIELD INFLUENCE ON EMISSION OF CHARACTERISTIC X-RAY FROM Al 2 O 3 TARGETS BOMBARDED BY SLOW Xe + IONS
390 ELECTRIC FIELD INFLUENCE ON EMISSION OF CHARACTERISTIC X-RAY FROM Al 2 O 3 TARGETS BOMBARDED BY SLOW Xe + IONS J. C. Rao 1, 2 *, M. Song 2, K. Mitsuishi 2, M. Takeguchi 2, K. Furuya 2 1 Department
More informationPRODUCTION OF RADIOISOTOPES FOR IMAGING AND THERAPY AT LOW ENERGY
PRODUCTION OF RADIOISOTOPES FOR IMAGING AND THERAPY AT LOW ENERGY THOMAS J. RUTH TRIUMF Vancouver, BC, Canada truth@triumf.ca 1 Introduction The production of radioisotopes for use in biomedical procedures
More informationIn Situ Analysis of Geochemistry and Mineralogy on the Venus Surface
In Situ Analysis of Geochemistry and Mineralogy on the Venus Surface M. Darby Dyar Mount Holyoke College University of Massachusetts Planetary Science Institute Slide 1 1 Possibilities for Venus In-Situ
More informationCHARACTERIZATION OF Pu-CONTAINING PARTICLES BY X-RAY MICROFLUORESCENCE
Copyright(c)JCPDS-International Centre for Diffraction Data 2000,Advances in X-ray Analysis,Vol.43 534 CHARACTERIZATION OF Pu-CONTAINING PARTICLES BY X-RAY MICROFLUORESCENCE Marco Mattiuzzi, Andrzej Markowicz,
More informationMeasurement of Average Thermal Neutron Flux for PGNAA Setup
2017 IJSRST Volume 3 Issue 8 Print ISSN: 2395-6011 Online ISSN: 2395-602X Themed Section: Science and Technology Measurement of Average Thermal Neutron Flux for PGNAA Setup Dalpat Meena 1, S. K. Gupta
More informationAccelerator Mass Spectroscopy
Accelerator Mass Spectroscopy Accelerator Mass Spectroscopy (AMS) is a highly sensitive technique that is useful in isotopic analysis of specific elements in small samples (1mg or less of sample containing
More informationVORTEX A NEW HIGH PERFORMANCE SILICON DRIFT DETECTOR FOR XRD AND XRF APPLICATIONS
Copyright JCPDS - International Centre for Diffraction Data 2003, Advances in X-ray Analysis, Volume 46. 332 VORTEX A NEW HIGH PERFORMANCE SILICON DRIFT DETECTOR FOR XRD AND XRF APPLICATIONS Shaul Barkan,
More informationat Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
361 Designs for Neutron Radiography at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Computed Tomography Dudley A. Raine lipv4, Camden R. Hubbard, Paul M. Whaley, and Michael C. Wright3 Oak Ridge National Laboratory
More informationAstronomy 103: First Exam
Name: Astronomy 103: First Exam Stephen Lepp October 27, 2010 Each question is worth 2 points. Write your name on this exam and on the scantron. 1 Short Answer A. What is the largest of the terrestrial
More informationGeneral Physics (PHY 2140)
General Physics (PHY 2140) Lecture 19 Modern Physics Nuclear Physics Nuclear Reactions Medical Applications Radiation Detectors Chapter 29 http://www.physics.wayne.edu/~alan/2140website/main.htm 1 Lightning
More informationGeneral Physics (PHY 2140)
General Physics (PHY 2140) Lightning Review Lecture 19 Modern Physics Nuclear Physics Nuclear Reactions Medical Applications Radiation Detectors Chapter 29 http://www.physics.wayne.edu/~alan/2140website/main.htm
More informationSynchrotron Methods in Nanomaterials Research
Synchrotron Methods in Nanomaterials Research Marcel MiGLiERiNi Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava and Centre for Nanomaterials Research, Olomouc marcel.miglierini@stuba.sk www.nuc.elf.stuba.sk/bruno
More information1.4 The Tools of the Trade!
1.4 The Tools of the Trade! Two things are required for material analysis: excitation mechanism for originating characteristic signature (radiation) radiation detection and identification system (spectroscopy)
More informationIntroduction to Accelerator Physics Part 1
Introduction to Accelerator Physics Part 1 Pedro Castro / Accelerator Physics Group (MPY) Introduction to Accelerator Physics DESY, 27th July 2015 Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics
More informationFUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS ANALYSIS OF ROHS ELEMENTS IN PLASTICS
45 ABSTRACT FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS ANALYSIS OF ROHS ELEMENTS IN PLASTICS W. T. Elam, Robert B. Shen, Bruce Scruggs, and Joseph A. Nicolosi EDAX, Inc. Mahwah, NJ 70430 European Community Directive 2002/95/EC
More informationX-RAY MICRODIFFRACTION STUDY OF THE HALF-V SHAPED SWITCHING LIQUID CRYSTAL
Copyright JCPDS - International Centre for Diffraction Data 2004, Advances in X-ray Analysis, Volume 47. 321 X-RAY MICRODIFFRACTION STUDY OF THE HALF-V SHAPED SWITCHING LIQUID CRYSTAL Kazuhiro Takada 1,
More informationSimulation of Cross Section for the Production of Copper-67
e-issn:3-459 p-issn:347-36 Simulation of Cross Section for the Production of Copper-67 dusei G *, Andam AB, Banini GK, Fletcher JJ and Tandoh J Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences, University
More informationULTRATHIN LAYER DEPOSITIONS A NEW TYPE OF REFERENCE SAMPLES FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE XRF ANALYSIS
298 299 ULTRATHIN LAYER DEPOSITIONS A NEW TYPE OF REFERENCE SAMPLES FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE XRF ANALYSIS M. Krämer 1), R. Dietsch 1), Th. Holz 1), D. Weißbach 1), G. Falkenberg 2), R. Simon 3), U. Fittschen
More informationIsotopes: atoms with the same Z but different A s (number of neutrons varies)
All atomic nuclei have protons and neutrons, except hydrogen. Z = atomic number = number of protons in the nucleus A = mass number = Z + number of neutrons A Z X Isotopes: atoms with the same Z but different
More informationRadioactivity III: Measurement of Half Life.
PHY 192 Half Life Spring 2010 1 Radioactivity III: Measurement of Half Life. Introduction This experiment will once again use the apparatus of the first experiment, this time to measure radiation intensity
More informationINFLUENCE OF GROWTH INTERRUPTION ON THE FORMATION OF SOLID-STATE INTERFACES
122 INFLUENCE OF GROWTH INTERRUPTION ON THE FORMATION OF SOLID-STATE INTERFACES I. Busch 1, M. Krumrey 2 and J. Stümpel 1 1 Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
More informationREALIZATION OF AN ASYMMETRIC MULTILAYER X-RAY MIRROR
Copyright(c)JCPDS-International Centre for Diffraction Data 2000,Advances in X-ray Analysis,Vol.43 218 REALIZATION OF AN ASYMMETRIC MULTILAYER X-RAY MIRROR S. M. Owens Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics,
More informationKrotov S.A., postgraduate student, Institute of chemistry SPbSU, Radiochemical Department
Krotov S.A., postgraduate student, Institute of chemistry SPbSU, Radiochemical Department NRC KI Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute 2016 Krotov S.A., postgraduate student, Institute of chemistry SPbSU,
More informationMEASUREMENT CAPABILITIES OF X-RAY FLUORESCENCE FOR BPSG FILMS
, MEASUREMENT CAPABILITIES OF X-RAY FLUORESCENCE FOR BPSG FILMS K.O. Goyal, J.W. Westphal Semiconductor Equipment Group Watkins-Johnson Company Scotts Valley, California 95066 Abstract Deposition of borophosphosilicate
More informationAN EXAFS STUDY OF PHOTOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT IN THERMOGRAPHIC FILMS
96 AN EXAFS STUDY OF PHOTOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT IN THERMOGRAPHIC FILMS T. N. Blanton 1, D.R Whitcomb 2, and S.T. Misture 3 1 Eastman Kodak Company, Kodak Research Laboratories, Rochester, NY 14650-2106,
More informationSurface analysis techniques
Experimental methods in physics Surface analysis techniques 3. Ion probes Elemental and molecular analysis Jean-Marc Bonard Academic year 10-11 3. Elemental and molecular analysis 3.1.!Secondary ion mass
More informationREFERENCE SOURCES FOR THE CALIBRATION OF THE AUTOCORRELATION SINGLE-CRYSTAL SCINTILLATION TIME SPECTROMETER
REFERENCE SOURCES FOR THE CALIBRATION OF THE AUTOCORRELATION SINGLE-CRYSTAL SCINTILLATION TIME SPECTROMETER V.A. MOROZOV 1, N.V. MOROZOVA 1, T. BĂDICĂ 2, D. DELEANU 2,3, D. GHIŢĂ 2, S. PASCU 2,3 1 Joint
More informationTHE IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIMEN DISPLACEMENT CORRECTION IN RIETVELD PATTERN FITTING WITH SYMMETRIC REFLECTION-OPTICS DIFFRACTION DATA
Copyright(c)JCPDS-International Centre for Diffraction Data 2001,Advances in X-ray Analysis,Vol.44 96 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIMEN DISPLACEMENT CORRECTION IN RIETVELD PATTERN FITTING WITH SYMMETRIC REFLECTION-OPTICS
More informationCross Sections of Gadolinium Isotopes in Neutron Transmission Simulated Experiments with Low Energy Neutrons up to 100 ev
Cross Sections of Gadolinium Isotopes in Neutron Transmission Simulated Experiments with Low Energy Neutrons up to 100 ev C. Oprea, A. Oprea Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) Frank Laboratory
More informationCOMPARATIVE STUDY OF PIGE, PIXE AND NAA ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN STEELS
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PIGE, PIXE AND NAA ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN STEELS ANTOANETA ENE 1, I. V. POPESCU 2, T. BÃDICÃ 3, C. BEªLIU 4 1 Department of Physics, Faculty
More informationAstronomy. physics.wm.edu/~hancock/171/ A. Dayle Hancock. Small 239. Office hours: MTWR 10-11am. Page 1
Astronomy A. Dayle Hancock adhancock@wm.edu Small 239 Office hours: MTWR 10-11am Planetology I Terrestrial and Jovian planets Similarities/differences between planetary satellites Surface and atmosphere
More informationNeutron capture cross sections on light nuclei
Mem. S.A.It. Vol. 77, 922 c SAIt 2006 Memorie della Neutron capture cross sections on light nuclei M. Heil, F. Käppeler, and E. Uberseder Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Kernphysik, Postfach
More informationCross-section Measurements of Relativistic Deuteron Reactions on Copper by Activation Method
Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Department of Nuclear Reactors, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague Cross-section
More informationRadioactivity. Lecture 6 Detectors and Instrumentation
Radioactivity Lecture 6 Detectors and Instrumentation The human organs Neither humans nor animals have an organ for detecting radiation from radioactive decay! We can not hear it, smell it, feel it or
More informationIntroduction to neutron sources
LA-UR-15-28281 Introduction to neutron sources Tom McLean, LANL CSU neutron class Fort Collins, CO Oct. 27-29 2015 Introduction: talk outline Preamble Discussion (brief) of neutron source types: Spontaneous
More informationNeutron activation analysis. Contents. Introduction
Neutron activation analysis Contents Neutron activation analysis... 1 Introduction... 1 Principle of method... 2 Detection of radionuclides... 3 Kinetics of activation... 4 Choosing the appropriate procedure...
More informationarxiv: v1 [physics.ins-det] 23 Oct 2007
1 arxiv:0710.4279v1 [physics.ins-det] 23 Oct 2007 The SuperNEMO double beta decay experiment I. Nasteva on behalf of the SuperNEMO Collaboration School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester,
More informationO WILEY- MODERN NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY. WALTER D. LOVELAND Oregon State University. DAVID J. MORRISSEY Michigan State University
MODERN NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY WALTER D. LOVELAND Oregon State University DAVID J. MORRISSEY Michigan State University GLENN T. SEABORG University of California, Berkeley O WILEY- INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY &
More informationWorking Correctly & Safely with Radiation. Talia Tzahor Radiation safety officer Tel:
Working Correctly & Safely with Radiation Talia Tzahor Radiation safety officer Tel: 5196 Email: talia.tzahor@weizmann.ac.il Environmental Exposure The typical human body contains: Potassium-40 ( 40 K)
More informationNuclear processes: Vocabulary: Radioactive decay Isotope Alpha particle Beta particle Transmutation Strong Nuclear Force Fusion fission
Nuclear processes: Students will develop models to illustrate the changes in the composition of the nucleus of the atom and the energy released during the processes of fission, fusion, and radioactive
More information1.5. The Tools of the Trade!
1.5. The Tools of the Trade! Two things are required for material analysis: excitation mechanism for originating characteristic signature (radiation) radiation detection and identification system (spectroscopy)
More informationChung-Yao Fellowship 2016 interview
1/12 Chung-Yao Fellowship 2016 interview Hiroki KUSANO Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University May 8, 2016 Resume 1 2/12 Personal data Name: Hiroki Kusano Date of birth: Nov
More informationProject of RIC-80 facility at PNPI for medical isotope production
Project of RIC-80 facility at PNPI for medical isotope production V.N. Panteleev, A.E. Barzakh, L.Kh. Batist, D.V. Fedorov, A.M. Filatova, V.S. Ivanov, K.A. Mezilev, F.V. Moroz, P.L. Molkanov, S.Yu. Orlov,
More informationUnit title: Atomic and Nuclear Physics for Spectroscopic Applications
Unit title: Atomic and Nuclear Physics for Spectroscopic Applications Unit code: Y/601/0417 QCF level: 4 Credit value: 15 Aim This unit provides an understanding of the underlying atomic and nuclear physics
More informationRadiochemistry and Nuclear Methods of Analysis
Radiochemistry and Nuclear Methods of Analysis WILLIAM D. EHMANN Professor, Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky DIANE E. VANCE Staff Development Scientist Analytical Services
More informationSection 3: Nuclear Radiation Today
: Nuclear Radiation Today Preview Key Ideas Bellringer Where is Radiation? Beneficial Uses of Nuclear Radiation Risks of Nuclear Radiation Nuclear Power Key Ideas Where are we exposed to radiation? What
More informationUNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON PHYS3009W1 SEMESTER 2 EXAMINATION 2014-2015 APPLIED NUCLEAR PHYSICS Duration: 120 MINS (2 hours) This paper contains 10 questions. Answer all questions in Section A and only two
More informationNew Concept of EPOS Progress of the Mono-energetic Positron Beam (MePS) Gamma-induced Positron Spectroscopy (GiPS)
Progress of the EPOS Project: Gamma Induced Positron Spectroscopy (GiPS) R. Krause-Rehberg 1,*,W.Anwand 2,G.Brauer 2, M. Butterling 1,T.Cowan 2,M. Jungmann 1, A. Krille 1, R. Schwengner 2, A. Wagner 2
More informationLead shielding impact on fast neutron spectrum (>10MeV) in QUINTA uranium target.
XXII International Baldin Seminar on High Energy Physics Problems Relativistic Nuclear Physics & Quantum Chromodynamics ; Russia, Dubna, September 15-20, 2014. Lead shielding impact on fast neutron spectrum
More informationSYNCHROTRON X-RAY MICROBEAM CHARACTERIZATION OF SMECTIC A LIQUID CRYSTALS UNDER ELECTRIC FIELD
73 SYNCHROTRON X-RAY MICROBEAM CHARACTERIZATION OF SMECTIC A LIQUID CRYSTALS UNDER ELECTRIC FIELD Atsuo Iida 1), Yoichi Takanishi 2) 1)Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy
More informationION-EXCHANGE FILMS FOR ELEMENT CONCENTRATION IN X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS WITH TOTAL REFLECTION OF THE PRIMARY BEAM.
822 ION-EXCHANGE FILMS FOR ELEMENT CONCENTRATION IN X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS WITH TOTAL REFLECTION OF THE PRIMARY BEAM. Abstract A.P.Morovov, L.D.Danilin, V.V.Zhmailo, Yu.V.Ignatiev, A.E.Lakhtikov,
More informationExperimental Studies on the Self-Shielding Effect in Fissile Fuel Breeding Measurement in Thorium Oxide Pellets Irradiated with 14 MeV Neutrons
Plasma Science and Technology, Vol.5, No.2, Feb. 20 Experimental Studies on the Self-Shielding Effect in Fissile Fuel Breeding Measurement in Thorium Oxide Pellets Irradiated with 4 MeV Neutrons Mitul
More informationIMPROVEMENT OF DETECTION LIMITS OF A PORTABLE TXRF BY REDUCING ELECTRICAL NOISE
Copyright JCPDS-International Centre for Diffraction Data 2012 ISSN 1097-0002 281 IMPROVEMENT OF DETECTION LIMITS OF A PORTABLE TXRF BY REDUCING ELECTRICAL NOISE Susumu Imashuku 1, Deh Ping Tee 1, Yasukazu
More information: When electrons bombarded surface of certain materials, invisible rays were emitted
Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Reactions 1. Occur when nuclei emit particles and/or rays. 2. Atoms are often converted into atoms of another element. 3. May involve protons, neutrons, and electrons 4. Associated
More informationRadionuclide Imaging MII Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Radionuclide Imaging MII 3073 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron (β + ) emission Positron is an electron with positive charge. Positron-emitting radionuclides are most commonly produced in cyclotron
More informationThis paper should be understood as an extended version of a talk given at the
This paper should be understood as an extended version of a talk given at the Abstract: 1 st JINA workshop at Gull Lake, 2002. Recent experimental developments at LANL (Los Alamos, NM, USA) and CERN (Geneva,
More informationInternational Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 3, March-2014 ISSN
308 Angular dependence of 662 kev multiple backscattered gamma photons in Aluminium Ravindraswami K a, Kiran K U b, Eshwarappa K M b and Somashekarappa H M c* a St Aloysius College (Autonomous), Mangalore
More informationL-35 Modern Physics-3 Nuclear Physics 29:006 FINAL EXAM. Structure of the nucleus. The atom and the nucleus. Nuclear Terminology
9:006 FINAL EXAM L-5 Modern Physics- Nuclear Physics The final exam is on Monday MAY 7:0 AM - 9:0 AM in W90 CB The FE is not cumulative, and will cover lectures through 6. (50 questions) The last regular
More informationNeutron Sources Fall, 2017 Kyoung-Jae Chung Department of Nuclear Engineering Seoul National University
Neutron Sources Fall, 2017 Kyoung-Jae Chung Department of Nuclear Engineering Seoul National University Neutrons: discovery In 1920, Rutherford postulated that there were neutral, massive particles in
More informationUltratrace analysis of radionuclides by AMS
Ultratrace analysis of radionuclides by AMS Francesca Quinto Contact information: francesca.quinto@kit.edu Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Please insert a figure in the master transparency. KIT University
More information2. With the help of diagram explain the Edison s discovery of thermionic emission. Mention the observations and the conclusion.
Work Sheet - 1 1. Explain the following terms i) Bound Electrons ii) Conduction/free electrons iii) Work function iv) Thermionic emission 2. With the help of diagram explain the Edison s discovery of thermionic
More informationDESIGN OF A PHOTONEUTRON SOURCE BASED ON A 10 MEV CIRCE III ELECTRON LINAC
DESIGN OF A PHOTONEUTRON SOURCE BASED ON A 10 MEV CIRCE III ELECTRON LINAC Riadh Mbarek 1, Amor Brahim 1, Hassen Jallouli 1 and Adel Trabelsi 1 1 U.R. Nuclear Physics and High Energy, Faculty of Sciences
More informationGLANCING INCIDENCE XRF FOR THE ANALYSIS OF EARLY CHINESE BRONZE MIRRORS
176 177 GLANCING INCIDENCE XRF FOR THE ANALYSIS OF EARLY CHINESE BRONZE MIRRORS Robert W. Zuneska, Y. Rong, Isaac Vander, and F. J. Cadieu* Physics Dept., Queens College of CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367. ABSTRACT
More informationCalibration of the IXPE Instrument
Calibration of the IXPE Instrument Fabio Muleri (INAF-IAPS) On behalf of the IXPE Italian Team 13th IACHEC Meeting 2018 Avigliano Umbro (Italy), 9-12 April 2018 IXPE MISSION IXPE will (re-)open the polarimetric
More informationActivation Products in Proton Therapy
Activation Products in Proton Therapy Syed M. Qaim Institut für Nuklearchemie Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH D-52425 Jülich, Germany Lecture delivered during the Workshop on Nuclear Data for Medical Applications,
More informationNuclear processes: Vocabulary: Radioactive decay Isotope Alpha particle Beta particle Transmutation Strong Nuclear Force Fusion Fission
Nuclear processes: Students will develop models to illustrate the changes in the composition of the nucleus of the atom and the energy released during the processes of fission, fusion, and radioactive
More informationNuclear Physics. Radioactivity. # protons = # neutrons. Strong Nuclear Force. Checkpoint 4/17/2013. A Z Nucleus = Protons+ Neutrons
Marie Curie 1867-1934 Radioactivity Spontaneous emission of radiation from the nucleus of an unstable isotope. Antoine Henri Becquerel 1852-1908 Wilhelm Roentgen 1845-1923 Nuclear Physics A Z Nucleus =
More informationChapter 4 Scintillation Detectors
Med Phys 4RA3, 4RB3/6R03 Radioisotopes and Radiation Methodology 4-1 4.1. Basic principle of the scintillator Chapter 4 Scintillation Detectors Scintillator Light sensor Ionizing radiation Light (visible,
More informationGlossary of Terms* BIOASSAY: Assay and measurement procedures used to determine the amount of radioactive material in a biological system.
Glossary of Terms* *With permission from the Manual of Policies and Procedures for Radiation Protection, for the University of Minnesota, Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Radiation Protection
More informationMitigation of External Radiation Exposures
Mitigation of External Radiation Exposures The three (3) major principles to assist with maintaining doses ALARA are :- 1) Time Minimizing the time of exposure directly reduces radiation dose. 2) Distance
More information1. Module Details RADIOGRAPHY AND RADIATION SAFETY. 2. Module Purpose To provide learners with knowledge of the principles of industrial
1. Module Details Module name Nominal duration RADIOGRAPHY AND RADIATION SAFETY 1 modules It is anticipated that a learner holding the prescribed entry level skills will achieve the module purpose in 35
More information