International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 3, March-2014 ISSN
|
|
- Bonnie Lloyd
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 308 Angular dependence of 662 kev multiple backscattered gamma photons in Aluminium Ravindraswami K a, Kiran K U b, Eshwarappa K M b and Somashekarappa H M c* a St Aloysius College (Autonomous), Mangalore , Karnataka, India. b Government Science College, Hassan , Karnataka, India. c University Science Instrumentation Center (USIC), Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri (D K), Karnataka, India. * carrtmu@gmail.com Abstract In Compton backscattering experiments, the energy and intensity of backscattered radiation vary with the angle between primary and scattered radiation. When gamma rays are allowed to interact with thick targets, they undergo number of scatterings within the dimensions of the target before they escape from it, and thus resulting in multiple scattering of gamma-ray photons. Gamma-ray backscattering is very important to get useful information about shielding, dosimetry and non-destructive testing.in the present study, multiple scattering of 662 kev incident photons from 137 Cs (214 MBq) gamma source is measured as a function of target thickness for aluminium target. The backscattered photons from the samples are detected by a NaI (Tl) scintillation detector placed at backscattering angles of 35, 45, 55, 65, 75, 85, 95, 105, 115, 125 and 135. The singly scattered events are reconstructed analytically to get multiple scattering photons. We found multiple scattering increases with increase in sample thickness and saturates after a particular value called saturation thickness. The saturation thickness behaves differently in the two hemispheres and shows symmetry around 90. The optimum thickness at which the multiply scattered events saturate is also evaluated. Experimental results are compared with Monte Carlo N Particle code and are in good agreement. Keywords: Scintillation detector, saturation thickness, multiple scattering, MCNP simulation. 1. Introduction The photons interact with matter by a number of ways depending upon their energy. Among various processes of interaction of gamma rays with matter, photoelectric effect, Compton
2 309 scattering and pair production are the dominant processes in the energy range from 10 kev to 10MeV. Photoelectric effect predominates in the low energy region in high atomic number elements, while the pair production is possible only when the energy of incident photon is greater than 1.02MeV.Compton scattering predominates in intermediate energy range, is a powerful tool to study electron momentum distribution in an atom, non- destructive testing of samples, effective atomic number etc. The Compton profile can be obtained directly from the spectrum of photons emitted by a gamma source, scattered at a fixed angle from a target. A correct measurement of the Compton profile is possible only when photons scattered from the sample should undergo only one Compton collision. But in practice, the scattered beam invariably contains photons scattered more than once (multiple), when the scatterer is of finite dimensions both in depth and lateral extension. Hence an accurate measurement of intensity, angular and spectral distribution of multiply scattered photons accompanying singly scattered ones is essential for correct evaluation of Compton profiles, Compton cross sections and saturation thickness. In Compton scattering experiments involving thin targets, the generation of multiply backscattered photons is less as compared to singly backscattered events, with increase in target thickness, the flux of multiply backscattered photons gets enhanced and more backscattered photons are detected. So, along with the singly backscattered events, these multiply backscattered events also get registered. The numbers of multiply backscattered photons also depend upon the atomic number of the target used in the experiment(singh et al., 2006).Experimental measurements of multiple scattering have been reported by(singh et al., 2007a)(Singh et al., 2007b). (Paramesh et al., 1983)measured the saturation depth of multiply scattered gamma rays by subtracting the analytically evaluated contribution of singly scattered gamma rays at 120 for aluminium, iron, cooper, and lead. In the present experiment, measurements on multiple scattering are performed in Aluminium as a function of thickness and scattering angle, from 35 to 135 for 662 kev incident photons at various possible scattering angles. The optimum thickness at which the multiply scattered events saturate (saturation thickness) is also evaluated.
3 Experimental setup: The experimental setup to measure angular distribution backscattered radiation is shown in Fig. 1. In the present measurements, gamma photons are obtained using 137 Cs of strength 5.8 mci. To minimize the background and biological effects of radiation, the active portion of source is shielded using a cylindrical lead ring of thickness 50 mm and a diameter of 160 mm. The source shielding, detector shielding and collimation are obtained using cylindrical lead rings of 50 mm thickness. In addition to this, 4 cylindrical lead rings (120 mm diameter and 50 mm thickness) were specially prepared to enclose the source both from the back and the front sides. Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of experimental setup. The gamma ray spectrometer consists of 76 mm 76 mm NaI (Tl) scintillation detector. The distance of scatterer from source collimator is kept 220 mm so that angular spread due to source collimator (15 mm) on the target is 1.9. The distance of source can be varied up to 430 mm from the scatterer center. The detector crystal is covered with an aluminium window of 0.8 mm thick and optically coupled to photo-multiplier tube. To avoid the contribution due to background radiations the detector is shielded by cylindrical lead shielding of length 200 mm, thickness 35 mm and
4 311 internal diameter of 90 mm. The distance of source can be varied up to 400 mm and the distance of detector can be varied up to 270 mm from the scatterer center. The distance of the scatterer from the detector is kept 262 mm so that the angular spread due to the detector collimator (60 mm) on the target is 5.8. The entire experimental setup was placed at a height of 340 mm on a sturdy wooden table. This table was placed in the center of the room to minimize scattering from the walls of the room. The source-detector assembly is arranged in such a way that the centers of source collimator and gamma ray detector pass through the center of scatterer. Fig. 2. A typical experimentally observed spectrum (Curve-a) with 5 mm thick aluminium target at a scattering angle of 125. An observed background spectrum (Curve-b) without target in the primary beam. Background subtracted events (Curve-c). Normalized analytically reconstructed single scattered full energy peak (Curve-d).. Experimental data are accumulated on a PC based gamma spectrometer with fully integrated dmca (Make: Thermo scientific, Germany). A Window-XP based spectroscopic application software wintmca32 acts as user interface for system setup and display. All gamma ray spectral functional adjustments (e.g. noise level, dead time, fine gain, EHT etc.) are done through this application software. A software program using wintmca32 software package was written for the present experimental setup to find to backscattered counts, multiple scattering events and single scattering events.
5 312 The incident gamma photons of energy E 0 scattered at several points of the target contribute to scattered energy that continuously decreases, requiring different values of the detector efficiency and FWHM of the gamma detector corresponding to the scattered energy (E). The scintillation detector output will be a Gaussian distribution corresponding to each energy E is calculated using values of Y 0 (number of counts at peak position of the distribution). Y(E) is numerically integrated to obtain total number of photons at desired energy. The resulting distribution is an analytically estimated single scatter profile as detected by gamma detector. This is normalized at full-energy peak to obtain contribution of single scattered photons. Total intensity of the single scattered photons is then obtained by dividing normalized peak area by peak to total ratio corresponding to peak energy. The number of multiple scattered photons is obtained by subtracting of counts due to an analytically reconstructed distribution of single scatter events from measured experimental composite spectrum. 3. Results and discussions: Measurements of the scattered photons are carried out as a function of sample thickness for rectangular aluminium targets of 100 mm 100 mm using eight sources of various energies. A typical spectrum obtained by irradiating an aluminium sample of 5 mm thickness using 137 Cs source for 1000 seconds is presented in Fig. 2 (curve-a). Background spectrum is also recorded for same period of time to permit registration of events unrelated to target (curve-b of Fig. 2). Observed experimental spectrum obtained by subtracting events under curve-b from those under curve-a, consists of both single and multiple scattered events (curve-c of Fig. 2). Subtraction of reconstructed single scattered spectrum (curve-d of Fig. 2) from experimental spectrum in range the range 183 to 229 kev results in only multiple scattered photons. This procedure is repeated for different thicknesses of aluminium samples. Figure 3 shows the multiple scattering counts as a function of scattering angle for four different sample thickness. Multiple scattering increases with increase in sample thickness and saturates after a particular value called saturation thickness and shown in figure 4. This increase is due to availability of greater scattering centres for interaction of incident gamma rays with sample material. However, after reaching saturation thickness, the number of photons coming out of scatterer does not increase further with increase in sample thickness as probability for absorption within
6 313 a target sample gets enhanced. So, a stage is reached when thickness of sample becomes sufficient to compensate the increase and decrease of multiple scattered photons. Hence, the number of multiple scattered photons coming out of scatterer saturates. The saturation thickness for 35, 45, 55, 65, 75, 85, 95, 105, 115, 125 and 135 is obtained from the graph is 81, 76, 78, 80, 90, 87, 80, 85, 89, 84 and 81 mm respectively. To validate the results obtained, the experimental setup has been simulated using Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) code. The mean free path for 662 kev gamma photons is mm. The simulated data of multiple scattered intensity increases with increase in target thickness and attains saturation (Fig. 5). This behavior supports the present experimental data Fig. 3. Multiple scattered photons as a function of scattering angle. 4. Conclusions: Present measurements also confirm that the number of multiple scattered events, having energy equal to single scattered events, saturates with increasing sample thickness. It is observed that the intensity of multiply scattered photons goes on decreasing from 35 0 to 85 0, reaching a minimum at 90 and again increases from 95 to 135. The dip in the curves nearly at 90 occurs due to the fact, that at this particular scattering angle, the active thickness of the scatterer does not change along the direction normal to the primary beam with increase in the thickness of the scatterer.
7 International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 3, March-2014 Fig. 4. A plot of saturation thicknesses for different scattering angles. Fig. 5. A function of multiple scattering photons and mean free path. 314
8 315 References: Paramesh, L., Venkataramaih, P., Gopala, K., Sanjeevaih, H., Z-Dependence of saturation depth 662 kev photons from thick samples. Nucl. Instruments Methods 206, Singh, G., Singh, M., Sandhu, B.S., Singh, B., 2007a. Experimental investigation of multiple scattering of 662keV gamma rays in zinc at 90. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 76, Singh, G., Singh, M., Singh, B., Sandhu, B.S., Experimental observation of Z- dependence of saturation depth of 0.662MeV multiply scattered gamma rays. Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms 251, Singh, M., Singh, G., Sandhu, B.S., Singh, B., 2007b. Angular distribution of 662keV multiply-compton scattered gamma rays in copper. Radiat. Meas. 42,
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 3, March-2014 ISSN
316 Effective atomic number of composite materials by Compton scattering - nondestructive evaluation method Kiran K U a, Ravindraswami K b, Eshwarappa K M a and Somashekarappa H M c* a Government Science
CHAPTER 5 EFFECTIVE ATOMIC NUMBER OF SELECTED POLYMERS BY GAMMA BACKSCATTERING TECHNIQUE
CHAPTER 5 EFFECTIVE ATOMIC NUMBER OF SELECTED POLYMERS BY GAMMA BACKSCATTERING TECHNIQUE Page no. 5.1 Introduction 132 5.2 Methods and measurements 132 5.3 Saturation thickness of elements and polymers
Compton suppression spectrometry
Compton suppression spectrometry In gamma ray spectrometry performed with High-purity Germanium detectors (HpGe), the detection of low intensity gamma ray lines is complicated by the presence of Compton
Copyright 2008, University of Chicago, Department of Physics. Gamma Cross-sections. NaI crystal (~2" dia) mounted on photo-multiplier tube
Gamma Cross-sections 1. Goal We wish to measure absorption cross-sections for γ-rays for a range of gamma energies and absorber atomic number. 2. Equipment Pulse height analyzer Oscilloscope NaI crystal
Compton Camera. Compton Camera
Diagnostic Imaging II Student Project Compton Camera Ting-Tung Chang Introduction The Compton camera operates by exploiting the Compton Effect. It uses the kinematics of Compton scattering to contract
Characterizations and Diagnostics of Compton Light Source
Characterizations and Diagnostics of Compton Light Source Advance Light Source (ALS) (LBNL) Ying K. Wu Duke Free Electron Laser Laboratory (DFELL) Acknowledgments: DFELL: B. Jia, G. Swift, H. Hao, J. Li,
Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2012, 4(1): Research Article
Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 212, 4(1):118-124 Research Article ISSN : 975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Photon interaction cross-section of elemental solids
Problem P7. Stéphanie Ménard. Dosimetry Department Fontenay-aux FRANCE IRSN QUADOS IRSN
Problem P7 Stéphanie Ménard Dosimetry Department 92262 Fontenay-aux aux-roses FRANCE What are the applications of Gamma-Ray Spectrometry in Radiological Protection and in Safety? In the environment: after
Interactive Web Accessible Gamma-Spectrum Generator & EasyMonteCarlo Tools
10th Nuclear Science Training Course with NUCLEONICA, Cesme, Turkey, 8-10 October, 2008 1 Interactive Web Accessible Gamma-Spectrum Generator & EasyMonteCarlo Tools A.N. Berlizov ITU - Institute for Transuranium
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ON EFFECT OF COLLIMATOR SIZE ON THE ATTENUATION OF GAMMA RAY IN PURE ELEMENTS
CHAPTER RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ON EFFECT OF COLLIMATOR SIZE ON THE ATTENUATION OF GAMMA RAY IN PURE ELEMENTS 5.1 INTRODUCTION The increasing use of isotopes in the field of medicine and biology has demands
Gamma-Spectrum Generator
1st Advanced Training Course ITCM with NUCLEONICA, Karlsruhe, Germany, 22-24 April, 2009 1 Gamma-Spectrum Generator A.N. Berlizov ITU - Institute for Transuranium Elements Karlsruhe - Germany http://itu.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
III. Energy Deposition in the Detector and Spectrum Formation
1 III. Energy Deposition in the Detector and Spectrum Formation a) charged particles Bethe-Bloch formula de 4πq 4 z2 e 2m v = NZ ( ) dx m v ln ln 1 0 2 β β I 0 2 2 2 z, v: atomic number and velocity of
The Compton Effect. Martha Buckley MIT Department of Physics, Cambridge, MA (Dated: November 26, 2002)
The Compton Effect Martha Buckley MIT Department of Physics, Cambridge, MA 02139 marthab@mit.edu (Dated: November 26, 2002) We measured the angular dependence of the energies of 661.6 kev photons scattered
Experiment 6 1. The Compton Effect Physics 2150 Experiment No. 6 University of Colorado
Experiment 6 1 Introduction The Compton Effect Physics 2150 Experiment No. 6 University of Colorado In some situations, electromagnetic waves can act like particles, carrying energy and momentum, which
Quartz-Crystal Spectrometer for the Analysis of Plutonium K X-Rays
Quartz-Crystal Spectrometer for the Analysis of Plutonium K X-Rays Alison V. Goodsell, William S. Charlton alisong@tamu.edu, charlton@ne.tamu.edu Nuclear Security Science & Policy Institute Texas A&M University,
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Radiation Detection and Measurement June 2008 Tom Lewellen Tkldog@u.washington.edu Types of radiation relevant to Nuclear Medicine Particle Symbol Mass (MeV/c 2 ) Charge Electron e-,! - 0.511-1 Positron
Attenuation of Radiation in Matter. Attenuation of gamma particles
Attenuation of Radiation in Matter In this experiment we will examine how radiation decreases in intensity as it passes through a substance. Since radiation interacts with matter, its intensity will decrease
Evaluation of the Nonlinear Response Function and Efficiency of a Scintillation Detector Using Monte Carlo and Analytical Methods
Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 28, No. 2, 2014; 23-31 Evaluation of the Nonlinear Response Function and Efficiency of a Scintillation Detector Using Monte Carlo and Analytical Methods Rahim Khabaz, Farhad Yaghobi
PHYS 3650L - Modern Physics Laboratory
PHYS 3650L - Modern Physics Laboratory Laboratory Advanced Sheet Photon Attenuation 1. Objectives. The objectives of this laboratory exercise are: a. To measure the mass attenuation coefficient at a gamma
Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2012, 4(9): Research Article
Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research,, 4(9):485-49 Research Article ISSN : 975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Studies on Mass & linear attenuation coefficients of γ-
Quantitative Assessment of Scattering Contributions in MeV-Industrial X-ray Computed Tomography
11th European Conference on Non-Destructive Testing (ECNDT 2014), October 6-10, 2014, Prague, Czech Republic More Info at Open Access Database www.ndt.net/?id=16530 Quantitative Assessment of Scattering
ESTIMATION OF 90 SCATTERING COEFFICIENT IN THE SHIELDING CALCULATION OF DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY EQUIPMENT
Proceedings of the Eleventh EGS4 Users' Meeting in Japan, KEK Proceedings 2003-15, p.107-113 ESTIMATION OF 90 SCATTERING COEFFICIENT IN THE SHIELDING CALCULATION OF DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY EQUIPMENT K. Noto and
Modern Physics. Laboratory Experiment. Compton Scattering. Boston University International Program. Technische Universität Dresden
Modern Physics Laboratory xperiment Compton Scattering Boston University International Program Technische Universität Dresden Spring/Summer 009 1 COMPTO SCATTRIG Determination of the nergy γ of Scattered
Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research
Available on line www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research ISSN No: 0975-7384 CODEN(USA): JCPRC5 J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2011, 3(4): 899-903 Measurement of mass and linear attenuation
Development of a Hard X-Ray Polarimeter for Solar Flares and Gamma-Ray Bursts
Development of a Hard X-Ray Polarimeter for Solar Flares and Gamma-Ray Bursts M.L. McConnell, D.J. Forrest, J. Macri, M. McClish, M. Osgood, J.M. Ryan, W.T. Vestrand and C. Zanes Space Science Center University
Dependence Of Gamma Ray Attenuation On Concentration Of Manganese (II) Chloride Solution
Dependence Of Gamma Ray Attenuation On Concentration Of Manganese (II) Chloride Solution Chikkappa Udagani Abstract: This paper presents the precise method to estimate the dependence of linear and mass
Advanced lab course for Bachelor s students
Advanced lab course for Bachelor s students Versuch T2 Gamma spectroscopy and Compton scattering February 2018 Prerequisites Interactions of photons and matter Working principle and usage of scintillation
TITLE: Air Kerma Primary Standard: Experimental and Simulation Studies on Cs-137
TITLE: Air Kerma Primary Standard: Experimental and Simulation Studies on Cs-137 AUTHORS: J. Cardoso, L. Santos, C. Oliveira ADRESS: Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear Estrada Nacional 10; 2686-953 Sacavém;
Development of a Dosimetric System using Spectrometric Technique suitable for Operational Radiation Dose Measurements and Evaluation
Development of a Dosimetric System using Spectrometric Technique suitable for Operational Radiation Dose Measurements and Evaluation S. Moriuchi, M.Tsutsumi2 and K. Saito2 Nuclear safety technology Center,
ON THE OMNIPRESENT BACKGROUND GAMMA RADIATION OF THE CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM
ON THE OMNIPRESENT BACKGROUND GAMMA RADIATION OF THE CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM R, Banjanac, D. Maletić, D. Joković, N. Veselinović, A. Dragić, V. Udovičić, I. Aničin Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade,
V. 3. Development of an Accelerator Beam Loss Monitor Using an Optical Fiber
CYRIC Annual Report 2001 V. 3. Development of an Accelerator Beam Loss Monitor Using an Optical Fiber Kawata N. Baba M. Kato M.*, Miura T.**, and Yamadera A.***, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku
Energy resolution and absolute detection efficiency for LSO crystals: a comparison between Monte Carlo simulation and experimental data
Energy resolution and absolute detection efficiency for LSO crystals: a comparison between Monte Carlo simulation and experimental data Harold Rothfuss a,b, Larry Byars c, Michael E. Casey a, Maurizio
Radiation Signals and Signatures in a Detector (Gamma spectroscopy) Sangkyu Lee
Radiation Signals and Signatures in a Detector (Gamma spectroscopy) Sangkyu Lee Photon interactions Photoelectric effect Compton scatter Pair production μ= τ + σ + κ μ = Total cross section τ = Photoelectric
4- Locate the channel number of the peak centroid with the software cursor and note the corresponding energy. Record these values.
EXPERIMENT 2.1 GAMMA ENERGY CALIBRATION 1- Turn the power supply on to 900 V. Turn the NIM crate on to power the amplifiers. Turn the Oscilloscope on to check the gamma pulses. The main amplifier should
Week 7: Ch. 10 Spec. w/ Scintillation Ctrs. Photomultiplier Devices
Week 7: Ch. 0 Spec. w/ Scintillation Ctrs. multiplier Devices Spectroscopy with Scint. Counters -- gamma-ray interactions, reprise -- observed spectra --- spectral components, backscatter --- summing --
hν' Φ e - Gamma spectroscopy - Prelab questions 1. What characteristics distinguish x-rays from gamma rays? Is either more intrinsically dangerous?
Gamma spectroscopy - Prelab questions 1. What characteristics distinguish x-rays from gamma rays? Is either more intrinsically dangerous? 2. Briefly discuss dead time in a detector. What factors are important
CALIBRATION OF SCINTILLATION DETECTORS USING A DT GENERATOR Jarrod D. Edwards, Sara A. Pozzi, and John T. Mihalczo
CALIBRATION OF SCINTILLATION DETECTORS USING A DT GENERATOR Jarrod D. Edwards, Sara A. Pozzi, and John T. Mihalczo Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6010 PO Box 2008 Ms6010 ABSTRACT The
Monte Carlo modelling of a NaI(Tl) scintillator detectors using MCNP simulation code
Journal of Materials and Environmental Sciences ISSN : 2028-2508 Copyright 2017, University of Mohammed Premier Oujda Morocco J. Mater. Environ. Sci., 2017 Volume 8, Issue 12, Page 4560-4565 http://www.jmaterenvironsci.com
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 9, Issue 1, January ISSN
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 9, Issue 1, January-2018 853 Linear and mass absorption coefficient of methanol solution of oxalic acid by varying concentration at 0.662
A MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF COMPTON SUPPRESSION FOR NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS. Joshua Frye Adviser Chris Grant 8/24/2012 ABSTRACT
A MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF COMPTON SUPPRESSION FOR NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS Joshua Frye Adviser Chris Grant 8/24/2012 ABSTRACT A Monte Carlo simulation has been developed using the Geant4 software
Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2012, 4(9): Research Article
Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2012, 4(9):4359-4363 Research Article ISSN : 0975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Photoelectric cross sections deduced from the
A Germanium Detector with Optimized Compton Veto for High Sensitivity at Low Energy
LLNL-TR-518852 A Germanium Detector with Optimized Compton Veto for High Sensitivity at Low Energy S. Friedrich December 6, 2011 Disclaimer This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by
Slides by: Prof. Abeer Alharbi
Slides by: Prof. Abeer Alharbi electromagnetic radiation of high energy. They are produced by sub-atomic particle interactions, such as electron-positron annihilation, neutral pion decay, radioactive decay,
Design, construction and characterization of a portable irradiator to calibrate installed ambient dose equivalent monitors
6 th International Congress of Metrology, 05004 (203) DOI: 0.05/ metrology/20305004 C Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 203 Design, construction and characterization of a portable irradiator
Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research
Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research ISSN No: 0975-7384 CODEN(USA): JCPRC5 J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2011, 3(6):693-706 Gamma ray photon interaction studies of Cr
International Journal of Scientific Research and Reviews
Research article Available online www.ijsrr.org ISSN: 2279 0543 International Journal of Scientific Research and Reviews Measurement of Linear and Mass Absorption Coefficients in some soil samples foruse
Mass of the electron m 0
Mass of the electron m 0 1 Objective To determine the rest mass of the electron, m e, via γ-ray interactions (mainly Compton scattering and photoeffect) in a NaI scintillation detector. Based on the enclosed
Copyright 2008, University of Chicago, Department of Physics. Experiment VI. Gamma Ray Spectroscopy
Experiment VI Gamma Ray Spectroscopy 1. GAMMA RAY INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER In order for gammas to be detected, they must lose energy in the detector. Since gammas are electromagnetic radiation, we must
Sample Spectroscopy System Hardware
Semiconductor Detectors vs. Scintillator+PMT Detectors Semiconductors are emerging technology - Scint.PMT systems relatively unchanged in 50 years. NaI(Tl) excellent for single-photon, new scintillation
THE COMPTON EFFECT Last Revised: January 5, 2007
B2-1 THE COMPTON EFFECT Last Revised: January 5, 2007 QUESTION TO BE INVESTIGATED: How does the energy of a scattered photon change after an interaction with an electron? INTRODUCTION: When a photon is
Shielding of Ionising Radiation with the Dosimetry & Shielding Module
Shielding of Ionising Radiation with the Dosimetry & Shielding Module J. Magill Overview Biological Effects of Ionising Radiation - Absorber dose, Quality or Weighting Factor, Equivalent Dose Attenuation
Recent Activities on Neutron Standardization at the Electrotechnical Laboratory
Recent Activities on Neutron Standardization at the Electrotechnical Laboratory K. Kudo, N. Takeda, S. Koshikawa and A. Uritani Quantum Radiation Division, National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ)
Researchers at the University of Missouri-Columbia have designed a triple crystal
Childress, N. L. and W. H. Miller, MCNP Analysis and Optimization of a Triple Crystal Phoswich Detector, Nuclear Instruments and Methods, Section A, 490(1-2), 263-270 (Sept 1, 2002). Abstract Researchers
Figure 1. Decay Scheme for 60Co
Department of Physics The University of Hong Kong PHYS3851 Atomic and Nuclear Physics PHYS3851- Laboratory Manual A. AIMS 1. To learn the coincidence technique to study the gamma decay of 60 Co by using
Gate simulation of Compton Ar-Xe gamma-camera for radionuclide imaging in nuclear medicine
Journal of Physics: Conference Series PAPER OPEN ACCESS Gate simulation of Compton Ar-Xe gamma-camera for radionuclide imaging in nuclear medicine To cite this article: L Yu Dubov et al 2017 J. Phys.:
Multi Channel Analyzer (MCA) Analyzing a Gamma spectrum
Multi Channel Analyzer (MCA) Analyzing a Gamma spectrum Objective: Using the MCA to acquire spectrums for different gamma sources and to identify an unknown source from its spectrum, furthermore to investigate
AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MODELING SODIUM IODIDE DETECTOR RESPONSE USING PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS THESIS Neeraj Sethi, Major, USA AFIT-ENP-13-M-30 DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AIR UNIVERSITY AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Wright-Patterson
Absorption and Backscattering of β-rays
Experiment #54 Absorption and Backscattering of β-rays References 1. B. Brown, Experimental Nucleonics 2. I. Kaplan, Nuclear Physics 3. E. Segre, Experimental Nuclear Physics 4. R.D. Evans, The Atomic
ɣ-radiochromatography
nuclear instruments Kapitel_y_Graphy.indd 1 19.08.09 10:27 n u c l e a r i n s t r u m e n t s Index HPLC-detectors TLC-detectors GABI* analog output GABI* digital output to PC minigita*, 1 trace scanner
EEE4106Z Radiation Interactions & Detection
EEE4106Z Radiation Interactions & Detection 2. Radiation Detection Dr. Steve Peterson 5.14 RW James Department of Physics University of Cape Town steve.peterson@uct.ac.za May 06, 2015 EEE4106Z :: Radiation
Particles and Waves Particles Waves
Particles and Waves Particles Discrete and occupy space Exist in only one location at a time Position and velocity can be determined with infinite accuracy Interact by collisions, scattering. Waves Extended,
Geant4 Monte Carlo code application in photon interaction parameter of composite materials and comparison with XCOM and experimental data
Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics Vol. 54, Februray 2016, pp. 137-143 Geant4 Monte Carlo code application in photon interaction parameter of composite materials and comparison with XCOM and experimental
Maximum-Likelihood Deconvolution in the Spatial and Spatial-Energy Domain for Events With Any Number of Interactions
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE, VOL. 59, NO. 2, APRIL 2012 469 Maximum-Likelihood Deconvolution in the Spatial and Spatial-Energy Domain for Events With Any Number of Interactions Weiyi Wang, Member,
SCI-O11. Design of a Compton Spectrometer Experiment for Studying Electron Response of a Scintillator
88 The 1 st NPRU Academic Conference SCI-O11 Design of a Compton Spectrometer Experiment for Studying Electron Response of a Scintillator P. Limkitjaroenporn and W.Chewpraditkul Radiation Physics Laboratory,
A Radiation Monitoring System With Capability of Gamma Imaging and Estimation of Exposure Dose Rate
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE, VOL. 49, NO. 3, JUNE 2002 1547 A Radiation Monitoring System With Capability of Gamma Imaging and Estimation of Exposure Dose Rate Wanno Lee, Gyuseong Cho, and Ho
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Gamma Attenuation of Building Materials
Journal of Nuclear and Particle Physics 217, 7(1): 6-13 DOI: 1.5923/j.jnpp.21771.2 Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Gamma Attenuation of Building Materials Ali H. Taqi *, Hero J. Khalil Department
Radionuclide Imaging MII Detection of Nuclear Emission
Radionuclide Imaging MII 3073 Detection of Nuclear Emission Nuclear radiation detectors Detectors that are commonly used in nuclear medicine: 1. Gas-filled detectors 2. Scintillation detectors 3. Semiconductor
Radionuclide Imaging MII Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Radionuclide Imaging MII 3073 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron (β + ) emission Positron is an electron with positive charge. Positron-emitting radionuclides are most commonly produced in cyclotron
Chapter 2 Methods Based on the Absorption of Gamma-Ray Beams by Matter
Chapter 2 Methods Based on the Absorption of Gamma-Ray Beams by Matter Abstract Physical effects of a gamma-ray beam passing through matter as a basis for soil density determination is discussed. These
EFFICIENCY SIMULATION OF A HPGE DETECTOR FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY LABORATORY/CDTN USING A MCNP-GAMMAVISION METHOD
2011 International Nuclear Atlantic Conference - INAC 2011 Belo Horizonte,MG, Brazil, October 24-28, 2011 ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE ENERGIA NUCLEAR - ABEN ISBN: 978-85-99141-04-5 EFFICIENCY SIMULATION OF
Development of Gamma-ray Monitor using CdZnTe Semiconductor Detector
Development of Gamma-ray Monitor using CdZnTe Semiconductor Detector A. H. D. Rasolonjatovo 1, T. Shiomi 1, T. Nakamura 1 Y. Tsudaka 2, H. Fujiwara 2, H. Araki 2, K. Matsuo 2, H. Nishizawa 2 1 Cyclotron
Jazan University College of Science Physics Department. Lab Manual. Nuclear Physics (2) 462 Phys. 8 th Level. Academic Year: 1439/1440
Jazan University College of Science Physics Department جاهعة جازان كلية العل وم قسن الفيزياء Lab Manual Nuclear Physics (2) 462 Phys 8 th Level Academic Year: 1439/1440 1 Contents No. Name of the Experiment
"Neutron Flux Distribution"
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY DRESDEN Institute of Power Engineering Training Reactor Reactor Training Course Experiment "Neutron Flux Distribution" Instruction for Experiment Neutron Flux Distribution Content:
Lecture 3 - Compton Scattering
Lecture 3 - Compton Scattering E. Daw March 0, 01 1 Review of Lecture Last time we recalled that in special relativity, as in pre-relativistic dynamics, the total energy in an interaction or collision
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER I K GOGIA KV JHARODA KALAN DELHI.
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER AIM: The aim of present self- learning module is to train the minds of the learners in building the concepts by learning on their own. The module is designed to Achieve
The GEANT Low Energy Compton Scattering (GLECS) Package for use in Simulating Advanced Compton Telescopes
The GEANT Low Energy Compton Scattering (GLECS) Package for use in Simulating Advanced Compton Telescopes R. Marc Kippen Space and Remote Sensing Sciences Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory NIS-2, MS
arxiv: v1 [physics.ins-det] 3 Feb 2011
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 00 (2018) 1 5 Alogo.pdf Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A Scintillation decay time and pulse shape discrimination in oxygenated
X-RAY SPECTRA. Theory:
12 Oct 18 X-ray.1 X-RAY SPECTRA In this experiment, a number of measurements involving x-rays will be made. The spectrum of x-rays emitted from a molybdenum target will be measured, and the experimental
Drift plane. substrate (20ÉIm polyimide) 200ÉIm. Back strip (180ÉIm width) Base (Ceramic) Anode strip (10ÉIm width) Cathode strip (100ÉIm width)
Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on EGS, 8.-1. August, Tsukuba, Japan KEK Proceedings -, pp.11-17 Development of Gamma-Ray Direction Detector Based on MSGC T. Nagayoshi 1, H. Kubo 1, A.
Queen s University PHYS 352
Page 1 of 5 Queen s University Faculty of Applied Science; Faculty of Arts and Science Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy PHYS 352 Measurement, Instrumentation and Experiment Design
Absorption and Backscattering ofβrays
Experiment #54 Absorption and Backscattering ofβrays References 1. B. Brown, Experimental Nucleonics 2. I. Kaplan, Nuclear Physics 3. E. Segre, Experimental Nuclear Physics 4. R.D. Evans, The Atomic Nucleus
Air Kerma Primary Standard: Experimental and. Simulation Studies on Cs-137. J. Cardoso, L. Santos, C. Oliveira
Air Kerma Primary Standard: Experimental and Simulation Studies on Cs-137 J. Cardoso, L. Santos, C. Oliveira SUMMARY: i. The primary standard ii. The irradiation room iii. Experimental results iv. Simulation
29th Monitoring Research Review: Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies
CHARACTERIZATION OF PHOSWICH WELL DETECTORS FOR RADIOXENON MONITORING Wolfgang Hennig 1, Hui Tan 1, William K. Warburton 1, Anthony Fallu-Labruyere 1, Konstantin Sabourov 1, Justin I. McIntyre 2, Matthew
Neutrino Helicity Measurement
PHYS 851 Introductory Nuclear Physics Instructor: Chary Rangacharyulu University of Saskatchewan Neutrino Helicity Measurement Stefan A. Gärtner stefan.gaertner@gmx.de December 9 th, 2005 2 1 Introduction
Collimated LaBr 3 detector response function in radioactivity analysis of nuclear waste drums
Nuclear Science and Techniques 4 (13) 63 Collimated LaBr 3 detector response function in radioactivity analysis of nuclear waste drums QIAN Nan 1 WANG Dezhong 1,* WANG Chuan ZHU Yuelong MAUERHOFER Eric
Response Function of the BGO and NaI(Tl) Detectors Using Monte Carlo Simulations
Response Function of the BGO and NaI(Tl) Detectors Using Monte Carlo Simulations 271 I. ORION 1,2 1 AND L. WIELOPOLSKI 2, 1 St. Luke=s/Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025,USA 2
Efficiency. Calculations for Selected Scintillators. > Detector Counting. Efficiency. > Photopeak Efficiency of Various Scintillation Materials
Efficiency Calculations for Selected Scintillators > Detector Counting Efficiency > Photopeak Efficiency of Various Scintillation Materials > Transmission Efficiency of Window Materials > Gamma and X-ray
X-ray Energy Spectroscopy (XES).
X-ray Energy Spectroscopy (XES). X-ray fluorescence as an analytical tool for element analysis is based on 3 fundamental parameters: A. Specificity: In determining an x-ray emission energy E certainty
Physics 23 Fall 1989 Lab 5 - The Interaction of Gamma Rays with Matter
Physics 23 Fall 1989 Lab 5 - The Interaction of Gamma Rays with Matter Theory The nuclei of radioactive atoms spontaneously decay in three ways known as alpha, beta, and gamma decay. Alpha decay occurs
Since the beam from the JNC linac is a very high current, low energy beam, energy loss induced in the material irradiated by the beam becomes very lar
Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on EGS, 8.-12. August 2000, Tsukuba, Japan KEK Proceedings 200-20, pp.255-263 Beam Dump for High Current Electron Beam at JNC H. Takei and Y. Takeda 1 Japan
Efficiency and Attenuation in CdTe Detectors
Efficiency and Attenuation in CdTe Detectors Amptek Inc. Bob Redus, May 5, 00 Amptek s XR-00T-CdTe is a high performance x-ray and gamma ray detector system. Like Amptek s other XR00 products, a detector
K 40 activity and Detector Efficiency
K 40 activity and Detector Efficiency Your goal in this experiment is to determine the activity of a salt substitute purchased in a local store. The salt subsitute is pure KCl. Most of the potassium found
SOME ASPECTS OF MONTE CARLO SIMULATION FOR EFFICIENCY CALIBRATION OF GERMANIUM DETECTORS
ICRM Gamma Spectrometry Workshop Paris, France 23-24 February 2009 SOME ASPECTS OF MONTE CARLO SIMULATION S.Hurtado Universidad de Sevilla SPAIN 1 MONTE CARLO SIMULATION DISADVANTAGES Self-absorption correction
Chapter Seven (Nuclear Detectors)
Al-Mustansiriyah University College of Science Physics Department Fourth Grade Nuclear Physics Dr. Ali A. Ridha Chapter Seven (Nuclear Detectors) Ionizing radiation is rarely detected directly. Instead,
DIGITAL PULSE SHAPE ANALYSIS WITH PHOSWICH DETECTORS TO SIMPLIFY COINCIDENCE MEASUREMENTS OF RADIOACTIVE XENON
DIGITAL PULSE SHAPE ANALYSIS WITH PHOSWICH DETECTORS TO SIMPLIFY COINCIDENCE MEASUREMENTS OF RADIOACTIVE XENON W. Hennig 1, H. Tan 1, W.K. Warburton 1, and J.I. McIntyre 2 XIA LLC 1, Pacific Northwest
Applied Nuclear Physics (Fall 2006) Lecture 21 (11/29/06) Detection of Nuclear Radiation: Pulse Height Spectra
22.101 Applied Nuclear Physics (Fall 2006) Lecture 21 (11/29/06) Detection of Nuclear Radiation: Pulse Height Spectra References: W. E. Meyerhof, Elements of Nuclear Physics (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967),
ISOCS / LabSOCS. Calibration software for Gamma Spectroscopy
ISOCS / LabSOCS Calibration software for Gamma Spectroscopy Counts Setup Hardware Peak Shaping Parameters Rise Time Flat Top Pole-zero Number of Channels Signal Gain Setting up a detector for measurement
Exposure Buildup Factors for Heavy Metal Oxide Glass: A Radiation Shield
Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Jan 16, 2019 Exposure Buildup Factors for Heavy Metal Oxide Glass: A Radiation Shield Manonara, S. R.; Hanagodimath, S. M.; Gerward, Leif; Mittal, K. C. Published in: Journal
Absorption of X-rays
Absorption of X-rays TEP Related topics Bremsstrahlung, characteristic X-radiation, Bragg scattering, law of absorption, mass absorption coefficient, absorption edges, half-value thickness, photoelectric
Scholars Research Library. Gamma Ray Photon Interaction Studies of Cu in the Energy Range 10keV to 1500keV
Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Archives of Physics Research, 202, 3 ():60-69 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN : 0976-0970 CODEN (USA): APRRC7 Gamma Ray Photon