spectrum 7.1 Practice w.s. (p. 156) 4. Radioactive Alpha, Beta & Gamma w.s. (p. 157)

Transcription

1 Nme: Unit 2 Outline Chemistry Chpter 7 Atomic Theory & Rdioctivity DAY OUTLINE KEY TERMS 7.1 Notes red notes in pckge (p ) Assignment: Red p Do Key Terms (p ) Isotopes w.s. (p.151) notes (p ) 1. Rdioctivity Do exmples of isotope clcultions & lph, bet gmm decy 2. Isotopes equtions. (p. 155) 3. Electromgnetic Assignment: Red p spectrum 7.1 Prctice w.s. (p. 156) 4. Rdioctive Alph, Bet & Gmm w.s. (p. 157) decy 5. Alph rdition 6. Bet rdition 7. Gmm rdition Quiz 8. Hlf-life 7.2 notes (p ) 9. Rdioctive Clss exmples (prctice problems p nd hlf-life dting exmples w.s.(p. 159 in pckg) Assignment: Red p ii Red summries, highlight key points & do reding checks (p ) p.311#l,2,6,7,9-l3 (p. 162) notes (p ) 10. Fission Assignment: Red p. Red summries, highlight key points & do reding 12.Nucler rections Checks (p ) Rdioctivity w.s. (p.164) Compre Nucler Fission & Fusion (p. 168) Nucler Fission & Fusion Rx. s (p. 168) Fusion 5 7.2/7.3 Quiz Assignment: Ch.7 Review p #3-6,9-12,1s,18,21,23-29 (p ) Do 7.1,7.2 & 7.3 Assessments (p ) 6 Ch.7 Test

2 Chpter 7: Rdioctivity - Key Terms KeyTerm Rdioctivity Definition Exmple/Grphic 2. Isotopes ielectromgnetic Spectrum 4. Rdioctive Decy 5.Alph Rdition 6. Bet Rdition

3 7. Gmm Rdition 8. Hlf-life 9. Rdioctive Dting 10. Fission 11, Fusion 12. Nucler Rections

4 tomic Reding Check Nme the three min types of rdition. MHA SectIon 7.1 Atomic Theory, isotopes, nd Rdioctive Decy zone MoGrw-HOl Ryeson Umited 2008 MsGrw-HiH Ryron Umitod Section 7.1 Atomic Theory. Isotopes, nd Rdioctive Decy MHR 121 omic Theory, Isotopes, nd Rdi icy iook pges fore You Red lition is used for mny purposes. Wht uses of rdition re you lredy wre of? ite your response in the lines below. of the symbol. The tomic number is written s subscript (below), lso on the left. 39 The mss number of this potssium isotope is 39. The tomic number is 19. An isotope of potssium with mss number of 39 cn lso be represented s potssium-39, or K-39 Wht is rdioctive decy? Crete Quiz er you hve red this sec n, crete five-question iz bsed on wht you hve med. Answer the ques nsuntilyougetech one rrect Reding Check ivrite the eqution used to colculte mss number. Wht is rdioctivity? Rdioctivity is the relese of high-energy prticles nd rys of energy from substnce s result of chnges in the nuclei of its toms. Rdition refers to high-energy rys nd prticles emitted by rdioctive sources, including rdio wves, microwves, infrred rys, visible light, nd ultrviolet rys, tht re found on the electromgnetic spectrum. Light is form of rdition tht humns cn see. Wht re isotopes? Isotopes re different toms of prticulr element tht hve the sme number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. The mss number of n tom is n integer (whole number) tht represents the sum of the tom s protons nd neutrons so isotopes hve different mss numbers. The mss number of n isotope is found by dding the tomic number (number of protons) to the number of neutrons. Mss number = tomic number + number of neutrons To find the number of neutrons of n isotope, subtrct the tomic number from the mss number. Number of neutrons = mss number 0 How re isotopes represented? number Chemists represent isotopes using stndrd tomic nottion (lso clled the nucler symbol), shortened form involving the chemicl symbol, tomic number, nd mss number. The mss number is written s superscript (bove) on the left -I By emitting rdition, toms of one kind of element cn chnge into toms of nother element. Rdioctive toms emit rdition becuse their nuclei re unstble. Unstble toms gin stbility by losing energy. Rdioctive decy is the process in which unstble nuclei lose energy by emitting rdition. Unstble rdioctive toms undergo rdioctive decy nd form stble, non-rdioctive toms, usully of different element. Rdioisotopes re nturl or humn-mde isotopes tht decy into other isotopes, relesing rdition. Wht different types of rdition re emitted during rdioctive decy? The three mjor types of rdition re lph rdition, bet rdition, nd gmm rdition. Their properties re summed up in the following tble: 0 Property Tble 7 3 Properties of PIph, Bet, nd Gmm Rdition Alph Rdition Bet Rdition Gmm Rdition Symbol or He 1b or ffc Composition Alph prticles Bet prticles High-energy electromgnetic rdition Descilpton of Helium nuclei, Electrons High energy rys rdition Fle Chrge Reltive Blocked by pper Blocked by Prtly or penetrting metl foil completely blocked power or concrete by led

5 MHR Section 7.1 Atomic Theory, Isotopes, nd Rdioctive McGrw-Hit Ryerson McGrw-Hit Ryerson Limited Section 7.1 Atomic Theory, Isotopes, nd Rdioctive Decy MI-IR 123 How is rdioctive decy Rdioctivity results when the nucleus of n tom decys. There re three rdioctive decy processes: 1. Alph decy: The emission of n lph prticle (the sme prticles found in the nucleus of helium tom) from nucleus is process clled lph decy. When rdioctive nucleus emits n lph prticle, the tomic number of the product nucleus is reduced by two, nd its mss number by four. However, the sum of the tomic numbers nd the sum of the mss numbers on ech side of the rrow remin equl R Bet decy: In bet decy, neutron chnges into proton nd bet prticle, n electron. The proton remins in the nucleus while the electron leves the nucleus. Since the proton remins in the nucleus, the tomic number of the element increses by one it hs become n tom of the next higher element on the periodic tble. However, its mss number does not chnge, s proton of lmost equl mss hs replced the neutron. icn l 3. Gimn decy: Gmm decy results from redistribution of energy within the nucleus. Gmm rdition consists of rys of high-energy, shortwvelength rdition. A gmm ry is given off s the isotope chnges from high-energy stte to lower energy stte. I- Xe+fi Ni*_* y The mens tht the nickel nucleus hs extr energy tht is relesed s gmm ry. Ni+ expressed? Use with textbook pges Isotopes 1. Wht is n isotope? 2. Atomic number number of neutrons = 3. Number of protons + number of neutrons 4. Mss number tomic number = Use the following stndrd tomic nottion of n isotope to nswer questions S to 7.,-i 5. Lbel the mss number nd the tomic number. 6. Wht is the nme of this isotope? 7. Determine the number of subtomic prticles for this isotope: () number of protons = (b) number of electrons = (c) number of neutrons = 6. ri ech of the following cses, wht element does the symbol X represent nd how mny neutrons re in the nucleus? 21 () 10 X (b) x (c) 2 Number of neutrons = Element= Number of neutrons = Element = Number of neutrons = 234 (d) 90 X Number of neutrons

6 7.1 Atomic Theory nd Rdioctive Decy Nturl bckground rdition exists ll round us. is the relese of high energy prticles or wves. We use rdioctive mterils for mny things: Good - X-rys, rdition therpy (cncer), electricity genertion. When toms lose high energy prticles nd wves, or even new toms cn be formed. High energy wves nd prticles re clled when they leve the tom. The Electromgnetic Spectrum rdwvs infrred wye, ukritoit w,e \J \J \%J i\jv[jv INCREASING FREQUtNCY DCREA5INGWAVEWGTH Isotopes S re different toms of the sme element, with different number of in the nucleus. chnging the # of chnges the Remember: mss # = isotopes still hve the sme number Atomic Mss (the deciml # s) S Atomic mss Representing Isotopes I Isotopes re written using stndrd tomic nottion. Chemicl symbol + tomic number + mss number. Potssium hs three isotopes, Potssin* 391 Tble 7.1 Isotopes ofptsin ;::. Protons (nucleus) Neutrons (nucleus) Electrons (in shells) Potssium Potssium Potssiumj

7 the nucleus s Rdioctive Decy I Cn result in new fonning. Rdioctivity results from hving n Rdioctive decy = when nuclei brek prt + relese from Rdioctive decy continues until element forms. An element my hve only certin isotopes tht re rdioctive clled Urnium goes through mny decy steps before it becomes stble. Rutherford identified three types of rdition using n electric field. Positive were ttrcted to the negtive plte. Negtive were ttrcted to the positive plte. Neutrl did not move towrds ny plte. Led block Posittee plte Negd plte Ztec sut6de A) Alph Rdition: I is strem of lph prticles, (shown s x) the Alph most mssive of the 3 types nd re the equl to Helium nucleus. prticles re represented by the symbols: 2 protons nd 2 neutrons mke mss number of 4 it hs chrge of 2+ becuse of the protons Alph prticles re nd penetrte mterils much less thn the other forms of rdition. A sheet of pper will stop n lph prticle. I The relese of lph prticles is clled I Exmple: the lph decy of Rdium R Rdium Rn 2[le Rcion-222 Alph prticle

8 S A Bet Gmm Urnium-238 B) Bet Rdition: Bet prticle, is chrged, nd re mssive thn lph prticles. prticles re represented by the symbols: Bet decy occurs when neutron chnges into + n The proton stys in the nd the electron is Exmple: The bet decy of iodine electrons re very tiny, so bet prticles re ssigned mss of_. one electron gives bet prticle hs chrge of Xe 13 odine-131 Xenon-131 Bet prticle S It tkes thin sheet of luminum foil to stop bet prticle. C) Gmm Rdition: K Gmm rdition, is ry of energy, short-wvelength rdition. hs chrge nd mss. isthe energy form of electromgnetic rdition. It tkes thick blocks of led or concrete to stop gmm rys. decy results from being relesed from highenergy K Often, other kinds of rdioctive decy will lso relese gmm rdition. decys into n lph prticle nd lso releses gmm rys. Nucler Equtions: K re written like chemicl equtions, but represent of toms. in the Chemicl equtions represent chnges in the position of toms, not chnges to the toms themselves. Remember: The sum of the should equl. Thesumofthe on ech side of the eqution on ech side of the eqution should equl.

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10 nitrogen Co 2. scndium-49 hydrogen-3 H Nme of Isotope Symbol 13. > D > 81 Tl R Gd 10. > 8Fr > Ne 216 Po Ce P Po 1. P > S ID. crbon Identify ech nucler eqution s lph complete the nucler eqution. 12 1V I Pro.c4ce y decy, bet decy, or gmm decy, nd then Number Protons Neutrons Mss Number of Number of

11 l,) (p) is high energy wve with short wvelengths (s) hs the gretest penetrting power (cn only be stopped by led or concrete) (r) hs low penetrting power (cn be stopped by single piece of pper) (f) hs chrge of 2+ (g) is helium nucleus (h) is high-speed electron (k) is emitted only during lph decy (n) is ffected by electric nd mgnetic fields (o) is not ffected by electric nd mgnetic fields (q) is the highest energy form of electromgnetic rdition (m)is emitted only during gmm decy (1) cn be stopped by luminum foil (j) is emitted only during bet decy (i) is emitted from the nucleus (e) hs chrge of 1- (d) hs chrge of 0 (c).cxo-h- r4he (b)-l or -1 e Op 0 ()O 0 gmm ry. The description cn refer to more thn one of the forms of rdition. 2. Indicte whether the description is referring to n lph prticle, bet prticle, or rdioctive decy products: lph prticle, bet prticle, nd gmm ry. 1. Lbel the following digrm. Identify the penetrting power of the three forms of Alph, bet, n.d gmm rdition

12 HJf-Life Textbook pges Before You Red Write sentence in the lines below explining wht the word decy mens to you. As you red bout rdioctive decy, think bout how the common mening of decy differs from the scientific mening. i? C C i C u Decy of Strontium-SO Wht is rdiocrbon dting? Rdiocrbon dting is the process of determining the ge of n object by mesuring the mount of crbon-14 remining in tht object. Crbon s isotopes include crbon- 12 nd crbon- 14. When n orgnism is live, the rtio of crbon- 14 toms to crbon-12 toms in the orgnism remins nerly constnt. But when n orgnism dies, its crbon-14 toms decy without being replced. The rtio of crbon- 14 to crbon-12 then decreses with time. By mesuring this rtio, the ge of n orgnism s remins cn be estimted. Only mteril from plnts nd nimls tht lived within the pst yers contins enough crbon- 14 to be mesured using rdiocrbon dting. Wht is hlf-life nd how is it used in rdiocrbon dting? A hlf-life is mesure of the rte of rdioctive decy for given isotope. It is equl to the time required for hlf the nuclei in smple to decy. Its vlue is constnt for ny rdioctive isotope. For exmple, the hlf-life of the rdioisotope strontium-90 is 29 yers. If you hve 10.0 g of strontium-90 tody, 29 yers from now you will hve 5.00 g left. This is becuse one hlf-life will hve pssed (10.0 g x - = 5.00 g). 58 yers from now, two hlf-lives will hve pssed nd 2.50 g of the smple will remin (10.0 g x j- x = 2.50 g). The shorter the hlf-life is, the fster the decy rte. A decy curve is curved line on grph tht shows the rte t which rdioisotopes decy. Mrk the Text In Your Own Words After you red this section, go bck nd summrize min in your own words. concepts Reding Check the 1 Which crbon isotope undergoes rdioctive decy? Reding Check 1. Which isotope or the prent decys, the dughter? Number of hlf-lives (1 hlf-life 29y) A prent isotope is n isotope tht undergoes rdioctive decy. The stble product of this decy is clled the dughter isotope. The production of dughter isotope cn be direct rection or the result of series of decys. Ech prent isotope cn be pired with specific dughter isotope. For exmple, crbon-12 is the dughter isotope of crbon-14 (the prent isotope). The chrt on pge 307 of the textbook lists other common isotope pirs. It lso shows the hlf-life of the prent nd the effective dting rnge the isotope cn be used for. 0 The potssium-40 clock uses rdioisotopes, specificlly potssium-40 nd rgon-40, to determine Erth s ge. Potssium-40 hs hlf-life of 1.3 billion yers. Its dughter isotope is rgon-40. When rock is produced from lv, ll the gses in the molten rock, including rgon-40, re driven out. This process sets the potssium rdioisotope clock to zero, becuse potssium-40 (the prent) is present but no rgon-40 (the dughter) is present. = This decy curve shows how the mount of strontium-90 in smple chnges over time. Wht re prent nd dughter isotopes? How does the potssium-40 clock work? As the molten rock cools over time, it trps gses tht form s result of rdioctive decy. When tested, both potssium-40 nd rgoei-40 re now present in the rock. As 2008 McGrw-I-lOt Ryrson Limited Section 7.2 Hlf-Life MHR MHR Section 7.2 McGrw-Hill Ryerson Limited

13 ..... Hlf-Life Exmples. How much prent isotope is left fter 4 hlf-lives? b. How much prent isotope is left fter 100 yers? c. How much dughter isotope is present fter 60 yers? d. How much time hs pssed if 77.5g of the dughter isotope is present? e. Tht is the rtio of prent isotope to dughter isotope fter 2 hlf-lives? the mss of the prent isotope drops, the mss of the dughter isotope increses. By mesuring this rtio, the ge of the rock cn be estimted. For exmple, if nlysis showed tht there were equl msses of potssium-40 nd rgon-40 in rock, the rock would be 1.3 billion yers old, the mount of time it tkes hlf of the potssium-40 to decy into rgon C I VU The Potssiwn-40 Clock :5 7.8 Elpsed Time (billion y) Hlf-life The solid line shows tht the prent isotope is decying. The dshed line shows tht the dughter isotope is being produced Iodine-i 31 hs hlf-life of 8 dys. If smple contined 20g of iodine13 1, how much would remin in 16 dys? # of hlf-lives 0 Time Amount 2. The rdioctive isotope of urnium U hs hlf-life of 704 million yers. How old is fossil if it is in rock tht hs 25% of the originl u? # of hlf-lives I 0 Time Amount 3. A rock smple contins 80g of rdioctive isotope with hlf-life of 20 yers. #H.L Time Amount of Drent Amount of dughter 2006 McGrnw-HIII Ryefson Umited Section 7.2 Hlf-Life MlIR 131

14 Show the method to determine 14 is Ch Hlf-Life: is rte (lwys the sme hlf life for ech element) Exmple: Strontium-90 hs hlf-life of 29 yers. [f you hve 10 g of strontium-90 tody, there will be ( ) remining in 29 yers. Terminology: Prent isotope: Dughter isotope: Decy Curves: for rdioctive elements S show the reltionship between hlf-life nd of originl substnce remining. 100 Decy of Strontium - 10.Og g Number of hff-iiues (1 hlf-hfe = 29 yers) Rdioctive Dting: S compres mount of isotope to isotope. Exmple: Crbon dting mesure the rtio of crbon-12 nd crbon-14. Stble crbon-12 nd exist nturlly in constnt rtio. In nture, crbon-12 ppers of the time, while crbon When n orgnism dies, crbon-14 stops being nd continues to the mounts of crbon-12 to crbon-14 is clled rdiocrbon dting nd gives us n ge for the object.

15 Rdiocrbon dting only works for orgnisms less thn yers old becuse the hlf-life of crbon-14 is 5730 yers. There re mny rdioisotopes tht cn be used for dting Tble 7 6 Common Isotope Pirs Chrt Isotope Hlf-Life of Effective Dting Prent Dughter Prent (yers) Rnge (yers) crbon-id nitrogen up to urnium-235 led million > 10 million potssium-40 rgon40 ieillioe i3illioi urnium-238 led billion > 10 million thorium-235 led billion >10 million rubidiurn-87 strontium-si 47 billion, 10 million P some elements require step to decy, while others decy over steps before reching stble dughter isotope. Crbon-14 decys into in one step Urnium-235 decys into in fifteen steps. Thorium-235 decys into _in ten steps. The Potssium-40 Clock P Rdioisotopes with very very things. hlf-lives cn help determine the ge of P The potssium-40/ clock hs hlf-life of yers. P Argon-40 produced by the decy of potssium-40 becomes trpped in P of potssium-40 : rgon-40 shows ge of rock. The Potsslum-40 Clock ei 90 so C potssiuni (prent) roon (dughter) Billions of yers Hlf life Hlf-life Problems: 1. Wht mss of 200g smple of crbon-14 remins fter 22,920 yers? 2. A rock hs 420g of rdioctive isotope. Wht percentge would remin fter 5 hlflives? if

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17 02008 McGrw-I-ti Ryerscn LiMed SectIon 7.3 Nucler Rections MHR MHR Section 7.3 Nucler McGw-H8i Ry&son LI-Med ) Nme Dte Nucler Rections Textbook pges Before You Red Wht is nucler fission? Nucler fission is nucler rection in which nucleus breks prt, producing two or more smller nuclei, subtomic prticles, nd energy. For exmple, for Urnium- 235, n-f- Kr U B+3n+energy Hevy nuclei tend to be unstble becuse of the repulsive forces between their mny protons. In order to increse their stbility, toms with hevy nuclei my split into toms with lighter nuclei. The fission of nucleus is ccompnied by very lrge relese of energy. Fission is the source of energy for ll nucler power genertion used tody; however, the rdioctive dughter products re significnt wste disposl problem. 0 How do nucler rections work? In typicl chemicl rections, the energy produced or used is so smll tht there is very little chnge in mss. There re no chnges in the nuclei of the rectnts, so the identities of the toms do not chnge. Chemicl rections involve electrons nd rerrngements in the wy toms nd ions re connected to ech other. Section 7.3i Summry Nucler rectors supply energy to mny prts of Cnd. Summrize wht you lredy know bout nucler rections in the lines below. Mrk the Text Summrize As you red this section, highlight the min point in. ech prgrph. Then write short prgrph summrizing wht you hve lerned. 0 Reding Check Why do hevy nuclei tend to be unstble? Dte A nucler rection is process in which n tom s nucleus chnges by gining or relesing prticles or energy. A nucler rection cn relese protons, neutrons, nd electrons, s well s gmm rys. In nucler rections, smll chnge in mss results in very lrge chnge in energy. Scientists cn induce, or cuse, nucler rection by mking nucleus unstble, cusing it to undergo rection immeditely. Bombrding nucleus with lph prticles, bet prticles, or gmm rys induces nucler rection. An exmple of n induced rection is given below. Nitrogen-14 is bombrded with lph prticles, producing oxygen nd protons. 4+ 4N.) 7O + p When sonic nuclei undergo fission, they relese subtomic prticles tht trigger more fission rections. This ongoing process in which one rection initites the next rection is clled chin rection. The number of fissions nd the mount of energy relesed cn increse rpidly nd led to violent nucler explosion. Urniuin-235, which is used in Cndin nucler rectors, undergoes such rection. Keeping the chin rection going in nucler power plnt, while preventing it from rcing out of control, requires precise monitoring nd continul djusting. Wht re the rules for writing nucler equtions? A nucler eqution is set of symbols tht indictes chnges in the nuclei of toms during nucler rection. The following rules cn be usd when you write nucler eqution. 1. The sum of the mss numbers on ech side of the eqution stys the sme. 2. The sum of the chrges (represented by tomic numbers) on ech side of the eqution stys the sme.

18 ) Wht is nucler fusion? Nucler fusion combine prticles is nucler rection in which smll nuclei to s well s produce lrger nucleus. Other subtomic 4 i-i+ H - He+ n+energy energy re relesed in this process. Fusion occurs t the core of the Sun nd other strs where sufficient pressure nd high tempertures cuse isotopes of hydrogen collide with gret force. This forces two nuclei of hydrogen to merge into single nucleus, relesing n enormous mount is of energy. The fusion rection tht occurs in the Sun below. We do to given not currently hve the technology extrct energy from fusion rections. One of the difficulties contining the high tempertures nd pressures required bring bout fnsion.o to is chieving nd to Reding Check ldentli the min differ ence between fission nd fusion. Use with textbook pges Rdioctivity Vocbulry CANDU rector neutron proton chin rection nucler fission subtomic prticles energy nucler fusion Sun incluced nucler rection unstble isotope Use the terms in the vocbulry box to fill in the blnks, You my use ech term only once. 1. nuclei. 2. Hevy nuclei, like repulsive those is the of urnium-238, splitting of tend forces between the mny protons. 3. Nucler fission is usully ccompnied by to hevy nucleus be very lrge relese of into two lighter due to the or relesing into 5. In electrons) 6 A prticles nother, producing nucler rection, nd gmm nucler rection prticles, 7. A is bet prticles, occurs or energy. Atoms different rys, or when n tom s nucleus chnges re chnged elements. cn be emitted gmm is from by rys. the sme thing from, (e.g. one the nucleus. by gining protons, neutrons, nd bombrding nucleus with s hydrogen-i nucleus. lph 8. A 9. A is n on to hs chrge of 0 ongoing nucler rection cuse more nucler rections to occur. 10. The urnium Cndin deuterium It is nucler power genertion. 11. is to This mke bigger one. nd other strs. one rector, of nd mss number in which the sfest nucler rectors the process in which process occurs t the core two smlle of the of 1. some products in, is the world. nuclei join used go for McQrw-Hlll Ryrson Limited Section 7.3 Nucler Rections MHR MHR Section 7.3 Nucler Rections 2008 McGrw-Hill Ryerson Limited

19 7.3 Nucler Rections: induce) nucler rections by smshing nuclei with lph, bet nd gmm rdition to mke the nuclei unstble Scientists cn lso force (= Symbols to Remember: / Tble 7.9 Subtomic prticles Prticle (symbol) in nucler rections Also known s 1H) proton (p hydrogenl nucleus ( neutron Qri) helium nucleus (He) electron (_e) H e 80 Bombrding Trget Oxygen Hydrogen lph prticle nitrogen tom tom tom lph prticle (i) bet prticle (i3) Two types: Fission = Fusion = Both rections involve extremely lrge mounts of energy

20 1. Nucler Fission: Nucler fission A hevy nucleus is usully due to mny positive protons pushing prt. When fission occurs: Induced Nucler Fission Neutrons re used to mke nuclei unstble It is much esier to crsh neutron thn proton into nucleus to relese energy. Neutron 13 Trget UnstbIe%, isotope Induced Nucler Fission ofurnium-235 is the origin of A neutron, crshes into n tom of stble urniurn-235 to crete unstble urnium- 236, which then decys. After severl steps, toms of krypton nd brium re formed, long with the relese of nd huge quntities of Chin Rections: Product The neutrons relesed in the induced rection cn then on other urnium-235 toms...cusing CHAIN REACTION 3141 U-235 U-235 B$41, _*,n (r 92, Kr2 B-141 U-235.w Kr42 A chin rection cn quickly get out of control mterils tht bsorb some neutrons cn help to control the chin rection.

21 Nucler rectors hve complex systems to ensure the chin rection stys t sfe levels. An uncontrolled chin rection cn result in the relese of energy s hrmful It is on this concept tht re creted. Nucler occurs if the chin rections cnnot be Nucler energy used to produce power comes from fission Nucler power plnts cn generte lrge mounts of electricity. Ontrio, Quebec nd New Brunswick currently use nucler power. Cndin-mde nucler rectors re clled rectors. Hzrdous Wstes Hzrdous wstes produced by nucler rections re problemtic. Some wste products, like cn be re-used Some products re very rdioctive, nd must be stored wy from living things. Most of this wste is underground, or stored in It tkes hlf-lives (thousnds of yers) before the mteril is sfe. 2. Nucler Fusion In the core of the Sun join under tremendous het nd pressure to form nucleus. When the helium tom is formed, huge mounts of energy re relesed. V V 0 would occur t tempertures nd pressures tht could be we hven t figured out how to get it to hppen) (but

22 - - isotope(s), n+ U > ln Tc+. n McGrw-Hit Ryerson Limited Section 7.3 Nucler Rections MI-IR MHR Section 7.3 Nucler Rections 2008 McGrw-Hill Ryrson Limited Nme Dte nprehens1 Use with textbook pges Compring nucler fission nd fusion Use with textbook pges Nucler fission nd fusion rections. 1. Complete the following tble. Give description of the process. Wht Is produced s result of this nucler process? Are the products rdioctive? Nucler fission Nucler fusion Remember the following two rules when working with nucler equtions: I. The sum of the mss numbers does not chnge. II. The sum of the chrges in the nucleus does not chnge. Identify ech nucler eqution (nucler fission or nucler fusion) nd then complete the nucler eqution n+ U > Xe+ Sr + n Wht is needed for This nucler rection to occur? Where does This process occur? Give n exmple of nucler eqution. 2. Identify the following digrms s nucler fission or nucler fusion. Lbel the prent dughter isotope(s), neutron(s), nd energy. () H >1H n + U e- Nd ii > He n+ > Rb+ Cs+3n H+ 3H 4He+. (h i n+ Fm _ Xe+4n n+ U - Y+_+3n n+ > Te+ Mo+3n

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25 Dte Assessment McGrw-Nil Ryerson Umited Section 7.1 Atomic Theoty, Isotopes, nd Rdioctive Decy MHB MHR Section 7.1 Atomic Theoiy, Isotopes, nd Rdioctive McGrw-Hill Rycreon Limited Nme - Assessment Nme Dte Use with textbook pges Atomic theory, isotopes, nd rdioctive decy Mtch the Descriptor on the left with the best Scientist on the right. Ech Scientist my be used more thn once. B. Wht is used to tell different isotopes of prticulr element prt? A. the mss number B. the tomic number C. the number of protons D. the number of electrons 9. One isotope of polonium is2po. Any other isotope of polonium must hve Use the following digrm showing the penetrting power of type of rdition to nswer question The symbol He is equivlent to which of the following? A. e 1. discovered A. Mrie Curie X-rys B. Henri Becquerel identified C. Ernest Rutherford polonium nd rdium 0. Wilhelm Roentgen 3. first to identify lph, bet, nd gmm rdition 4. discovered the nucleus nd creted model of the tom 5. discovered tht urnium slts emitted rys tht drkened pho togrphic pltes 2._ 6. Which of the following electromgnetic rditions hs. the highest frequency nd energy? A. X-rys B. gmm rys C. microwves U. ultrviolet rdition 7. The number of neutrons in n tom is found by A. dding the tomic number to the mss number B. subtrcting the mss number from the tomic number C subtrcting the tomic number from the mss number D. dding the number of protons to the number of electrons A. 84 protons B. 128 protons C. 84 neutrons D. 128 neutrons 10. How mny protons, neutrons, nd electrons re in the isotope clcium-42, C? Protons Neutrons Electrons A B, C o.{ Use the following stndrd tomic nottion for the lithium isotope to nswer question Wht does ech prt of the stndrd tomic nottion shown bove represent? U3) U7t A. tomic number mss number B. mss number tomic number C. number of neutrons number of protons 0. number of protons number of electrons 12. Wht does X represent? A. gmm ry B. bet prticle C. n lph prticle 0. high-speed electron 13. Which type of rdioctive decy process results in no chnge to the nucleus? A. bet decy B. lph decy C. gmm decy C Which of the following represents bet decy? A. I - 1 Xe e B. 60 Ni*.. Ni + C)2Rn. P, 227 Ac + 4 He Use the following incomplete nucler eqution to nswer question 16. NdI Wht is product of this decy process? A coblt-58 B. cerium-58 C. cerium-140 D. snsrium-62

26 : isotope Nme Dte Assessment Use with textbook pges Hlf-hfe Mtch Term on left with Descriptor on right. Ech Descriptor my be used only once. 1._ the the the the best - hlf-life Pt. the stble product of 2. decy rdioctive decy 3. prent isotope B. the isotope tht under- 4. dughter goes rdioctive decy isotope C. cuved line on grph tht shows the rte t which rdiolso topes decy D. the time required for hlf the nuclei in smple of rdioctive to decy 6. cuve il L!L. ib fossil of fern plnt [ jp skeleton of ded ber C. 0. II nd III only 1,11, nd UL Rdiocrbon dting cn be used to 7. determine the ge of which of the following? A. B. lnd U only lnd III only After how mny hlf-lives re there equl mounts of prent nd dughter isotopes? A. 1 C. : The hlf-life of prticulr rdioctive isotope dughter isotope would be present fter dy? A. 12. Wht is the dvntge of using rdioisotope with short hlf-life for medicl dignostic purposes? A. B. 50% is 6 the rdioctivity hours. Wht percent of the is C. 875% B.75% % A 24 g decyed smple of to 1.5 gin the rdioctivity lsts for rdioctive isotope 48 minutes. How much of the originl prent isotope remined fter 24 minutes? A.3g C.12g B.6g D.lSg A rdioctive isotope smple hs hlflife of 5 dys. If 8 g esy to monitor of the smple remins unchnged fter 20 dys, wht ws the initil mss of the smple? A.32 B body The hlf-life of Ni-28 is C.128g B.64g 0.256g If the hlf-life of n isotope is long time yers nd the mount of tht isotope present in n igneous rock mount, how old A. B. C yers old is is l6000yersold yers old yers old - only the rock? of the originl c. the rdioctivity does not sty in the six dys. Wht 0. the rdioctivity induced by the frction of smple of this isotope will rdioisotope remin fter 18 dys? A. 1/2 C. 1/8 B.l/4 0.1/16 is stronger ) 1 Use with textbook pges Nucler rections Mtch ech Number on the Digrm of rection on the left with the the right. Ech Descriptor my be used more once. 7. Wht 4 A. 2 0 B. C. 0. is Descriptor nucler on correct the symbol for proton? 8. is Which of the following Sun s energy? A. B. C. convection nucler fusion nucler fission 0. CANDU rector thn the source of the 9. Which of the following represents nucler fusion eqution? A. B. C. A.0 C.2 B Wht isotope blnces this nucler rection? n 0n+ U +,, + Sn A. 14 Mo Y C) B U * n is Wht I. pressure U. bet prticle Th + He n energy B+3 U 6Kr+ 56 the totl mss number? Kr+ B+3 n+energy A.92 C.234 B How mny neutrons re relesed in this nucler eqution? Wht n+ Pu-p Xe+ Zr+. occur? A is needed for nucler fusion Ill, high temperture lnd If only C.,l n 0 to II nd Ui only B.Indfflonly D.I,U,ndlll 136 MHR Section 7.2 Hlf-Life 2008 McGrw-Hill Ryerson Limited 2008 McGrw-Hill Ryeison Limited Section 7.3 Nucler Rections MHR 143