Lecture 3: Equivalence Relations

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Lecture 3: Equivalence Relations"

Transcription

1 Mthcmp Crsh Course Instructor: Pdric Brtlett Lecture 3: Equivlence Reltions Week 1 Mthcmp 2014 In our lst three tlks of this clss, we shift the focus of our tlks from proof techniques to proof concepts tht come up ll the time in mthemtics. Tody s concepts re the ides of sets nd equivlence reltions: 1 Sets A set, for the purposes of this lecture, is just some collection of ojects 1. We usully denote set y listing its elements in etween pir of curly rces {. For exmple, {1, 2, 3 is the set contining the numers 1, 2 nd 3, while {1, 2, slmon contins the numers 1 nd 2, long with slmon. We will often give these sets nmes, nd write things like A = {1, 2, slmon so tht we cn refer to the set contining 1, 2, nd slmon without hving to write out ll of the things in tht set every time. We cll the ojects tht mke up set the elements or memers of tht set. If we wnt to sy tht given oject is in set, we express this with the symol, pronounced in. For exmple, we write things like 2 A to express the notion tht 2 is n element of the set A we defined erlier. Sometimes, we will wnt to define set without writing down ll of the elements in the set. In these cses, we cn insted define set y writing down rule tht determines whether or not given numer is memer of tht set. For exmple, we cn t define the set of nturl numers N y writing down every element in N: there re infinitely mny elements we d hve to write! Insted, wht we cn do is give rule tht determines whether numer is in N: nmely, numer is in N if it is whole numer tht is nonnegtive. Formlly, we write this s N = { N exctly whenever n is nonnegtive whole numer. The rule tht we re proposing for our set is nturl numer precisely whenever is nonnegtive nd whole numer goes on the right of the verticl r. On the left of the r, we put the vrile, so tht when we re reding our rule we know wht letter corresponds to the elements of our set. Strictly speking, the prt on the left of this verticl r isn t necessry for understnding wht s going on in this nottion; the rule we ve written tells us everything we re looking for! However, it mkes our life esier to hve reminder efore we red our rule tht the vrile we cre out is. This is thing you ll run into lot in future mth/physics clsses: it s often s importnt to mke your nswers nd work esily understood s it is to mke it correct. Eventully, the ides we strt grppling with in the sciences re t the limits of humn comprehension; rekthrough in 1 If you go further off into mthemtics nd the field of set theory, it turns out tht this definition reks down in some firly strnge nd unexpected wys: you cn construct sets tht wind up doing remrkly wful things if you think of them s just ritrry collections! This isn t the point of this lecture, ut if you re interested I recommend checking out the wikipedi rticle on Russell s prdox for more informtion. 1

2 nottion tht simplifies the concepts t hnd cn sometimes e more vlule thn dozen new discoveries! It is possile to write set in mny different wys. For exmple, we could write N s the set N = { is either equl to 0, or there is some other numer N such tht = + 1. This definition is nice ecuse it doesn t rely on reder lredy knowing wht whole numers or nonnegtive numers re; insted, it simply defines nturl numer s something tht is either 0, or something you cn get y dding 1 to nother nturl numer. So 1 is nturl numer, ecuse you cn get 1 y dding 1 to 0. With this oservtion, we cn see tht 2 is nturl numer, ecuse you cn get 2 y dding 1 to 1, nd we know tht 1 is nturl numer. Then we cn see tht 3 is nturl numer, ecuse we cn get 3 y dding 1 to 2, which we just showed ws nturl numer... nd so on nd so forth. Some textooks will often just write some of the elements in set, insted of giving rule tht descries the elements in the set, s wy of descriing the set in sitution where the set is lredy well-understood. For exmple, mny textooks will write N = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4,... Z = {... 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3,... to descrie the nturl numers nd integers, respectively. 2 Equivlence Reltions Definition. Tke ny set S. A reltion R on this set S is mp tht tkes in ordered pirs of elements of S, nd outputs either true or flse for ech ordered pir. You know mny exmples of reltions: Equlity (=), on ny set you wnt, is reltion; it sys tht x = x is true for ny x, nd tht x = y is flse whenever x nd y re not the sme ojects from our set. Mod n ( mod n) is reltion on the integers: we sy tht x y mod n is true whenever x y is multiple of n, nd sy tht it is flse otherwise. Less thn (<) is reltion on mny sets, for exmple the rel numers; we sy tht x < y is true whenever x is smller numer thn y (i.e. when y x is positive,) nd sy tht it is flse otherwise. Bets is reltion on the three symols (rock, pper, scissors) in the gme Rock- Pper-Scissors. It sys tht the three sttements Rock ets scissors, Scissors ets pper, nd Pper ets rock re ll true, nd tht ll of the other pirings of these symols re flse. 2

3 In this clss, we will study specific clss of prticulrly nice reltions, clled equivlence reltions: Definition. A reltion R on set S is clled n equivlence reltion if it stisfies the following three properties: Reflexivity: for ny x S, xrx. Symmetry: for ny x, y S, if xry, then yrx. Trnsitivity: for ny x, y, z S, if xry nd yrz, then xrz. It is not hrd to clssify our exmple reltions ove into which re nd re not equivlence reltions: Equlity (=) is n equivlence reltions on ny set you define it on it trivilly stisfies our three properties of reflexivity, symmetry nd trnsitivity. Mod n ( check: mod n) is n equivlence reltion on the integers. This is not hrd to Reflexivity: for ny x Z, x x = 0 is multiple of n; therefore x x mod n. Symmetry: for ny x, y S, if x y mod n, then x y is multiple of n; consequently y x is lso multiple of n, nd thus y x mod n. Trnsitivity: for ny x, y, z S, if x y mod n nd y z mod n, then x y, y z re ll multiples of n; therefore (x y) + (y z) = x y + y z = x z is lso multiple of n, nd thus x z mod n. Less thn (<) is not n equivlence reltion on the rel numers, s it reks reflexivity: x x, for ny x R. Bets is not n equivlence reltion on the three symols (rock, pper, scissors) in the gme Rock-Pper-Scissors, s it reks symmetry: Pper ets rock is true, while Rock ets pper is flse. Equivlence reltions re remrkly useful ecuse they llow us to work with the concept of equivlence clsses: Definition. Tke ny set S with n equivlence reltion R. For ny element x S, we cn define the equivlence clss corresponding to x s the set {s S srx Agin, you hve worked with lots of equivlence clsses efore. For mod 3 rithmetic on the integers, for exmple, there re three possile equivlence clsses for n integer to elong to: {... 6, 3, 0, 3, 6... {... 5, 2, 1, 4, 7... {... 4, 1, 2, 5,

4 Every element corresponds to one of these three clsses. The concept of equivlence clsses is useful lrgely ecuse of the following oservtion: Oservtion. Tke ny set S with n equivlence reltion R. On one hnd, every element x is in some equivlence clss generted y tking ll of the elements equivlent to x, which is nonempty y reflexivity. On the other hnd, ny two equivlence clsses must either e completely disjoint or equl, y symmetry nd trnsitivity: if the sets {s S srx nd {s S s Ry hve one element t in common, then trx nd try implies, y symmetry nd trnsitivity, tht xry; therefore, y trnsitivity, ny element in one of these equivlence reltions must e in the other s well. Consequently, these equivlence clsses prtition the set S: i.e. if we tke the collection of ll distinct equivlence clsses, every element of S is in exctly one such set. 3 The Rtionl Numers One prticulrly useful use of the concept of equivlence clsses is the definition of the rtionl numers! In prticulr, sk yourself: wht is the set of the rtionl numers? Most people will quickly sy something equivlent to the following: {, Z, 0. The issue with this s set is tht it hs lots of different entries for numers tht we usully think re not different ojects! I.e. the set ove contins 1 2, 1 2, 2 4, 3 6, 4 8,..., ll of which we think re the sme numer! People usully then go ck nd chnge our definition ove to the following: {, Z, > 0, GCD(, ) = 1. This fixes our issue from erlier: we no longer hve duplicted numers running round. However, it hs other issues: suppose tht you wnted to define ddition on this set! Nively, you might hope tht the following definition would work: + c d d + c =. However, for mny frctions, the output of this opertion is not n element of our new set! = = 50 { /, Z, > 0, GCD(, ) = 1. These difficulties tht we re running into with the rtionl numers come from the fct tht, prcticlly speking, they ren t set in most contexts tht we work with them! Rther, they re set with n equivlence reltion: 4

5 1. The underlying set for the rtionl numers: {, Z, The equivlence reltion: we sy tht = c d tht k = lc nd k = ld. if there re pir of integers k, l such 3. A rtionl numer is ny equivlence clss of our set ove under the ove equivlence reltion. This is the ide we hve when we think of 1 2, 1 2, 2 4, 3 6, 4 8,... s ll representing the sme numer 1/2: we re identifying 1/2 with its equivlence clss! 4. In this setting, we define ddition, multipliction, nd ll of our other properties just how we would normlly: i.e. we define + c d d + c =, where the only wrinkle is tht y ech of, c d, d+c we ctully men tke ny element equivlent to these frctions, nd y equlity ove we ctully men our equivlence reltion. Actully proving this is n equivlence reltion is tsk we leve for the homework! Do it if you re interested. 5

378 Relations Solutions for Chapter 16. Section 16.1 Exercises. 3. Let A = {0,1,2,3,4,5}. Write out the relation R that expresses on A.

378 Relations Solutions for Chapter 16. Section 16.1 Exercises. 3. Let A = {0,1,2,3,4,5}. Write out the relation R that expresses on A. 378 Reltions 16.7 Solutions for Chpter 16 Section 16.1 Exercises 1. Let A = {0,1,2,3,4,5}. Write out the reltion R tht expresses > on A. Then illustrte it with digrm. 2 1 R = { (5,4),(5,3),(5,2),(5,1),(5,0),(4,3),(4,2),(4,1),

More information

Parse trees, ambiguity, and Chomsky normal form

Parse trees, ambiguity, and Chomsky normal form Prse trees, miguity, nd Chomsky norml form In this lecture we will discuss few importnt notions connected with contextfree grmmrs, including prse trees, miguity, nd specil form for context-free grmmrs

More information

Improper Integrals. The First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, as we ve discussed in class, goes as follows:

Improper Integrals. The First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, as we ve discussed in class, goes as follows: Improper Integrls The First Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus, s we ve discussed in clss, goes s follows: If f is continuous on the intervl [, ] nd F is function for which F t = ft, then ftdt = F F. An integrl

More information

CM10196 Topic 4: Functions and Relations

CM10196 Topic 4: Functions and Relations CM096 Topic 4: Functions nd Reltions Guy McCusker W. Functions nd reltions Perhps the most widely used notion in ll of mthemtics is tht of function. Informlly, function is n opertion which tkes n input

More information

Lecture 2: Fields, Formally

Lecture 2: Fields, Formally Mth 08 Lecture 2: Fields, Formlly Professor: Pdric Brtlett Week UCSB 203 In our first lecture, we studied R, the rel numbers. In prticulr, we exmined how the rel numbers intercted with the opertions of

More information

Intermediate Math Circles Wednesday, November 14, 2018 Finite Automata II. Nickolas Rollick a b b. a b 4

Intermediate Math Circles Wednesday, November 14, 2018 Finite Automata II. Nickolas Rollick a b b. a b 4 Intermedite Mth Circles Wednesdy, Novemer 14, 2018 Finite Automt II Nickols Rollick nrollick@uwterloo.c Regulr Lnguges Lst time, we were introduced to the ide of DFA (deterministic finite utomton), one

More information

Homework 3 Solutions

Homework 3 Solutions CS 341: Foundtions of Computer Science II Prof. Mrvin Nkym Homework 3 Solutions 1. Give NFAs with the specified numer of sttes recognizing ech of the following lnguges. In ll cses, the lphet is Σ = {,1}.

More information

Infinite Geometric Series

Infinite Geometric Series Infinite Geometric Series Finite Geometric Series ( finite SUM) Let 0 < r < 1, nd let n be positive integer. Consider the finite sum It turns out there is simple lgebric expression tht is equivlent to

More information

Quadratic Forms. Quadratic Forms

Quadratic Forms. Quadratic Forms Qudrtic Forms Recll the Simon & Blume excerpt from n erlier lecture which sid tht the min tsk of clculus is to pproximte nonliner functions with liner functions. It s ctully more ccurte to sy tht we pproximte

More information

set is not closed under matrix [ multiplication, ] and does not form a group.

set is not closed under matrix [ multiplication, ] and does not form a group. Prolem 2.3: Which of the following collections of 2 2 mtrices with rel entries form groups under [ mtrix ] multipliction? i) Those of the form for which c d 2 Answer: The set of such mtrices is not closed

More information

Bases for Vector Spaces

Bases for Vector Spaces Bses for Vector Spces 2-26-25 A set is independent if, roughly speking, there is no redundncy in the set: You cn t uild ny vector in the set s liner comintion of the others A set spns if you cn uild everything

More information

1. For each of the following theorems, give a two or three sentence sketch of how the proof goes or why it is not true.

1. For each of the following theorems, give a two or three sentence sketch of how the proof goes or why it is not true. York University CSE 2 Unit 3. DFA Clsses Converting etween DFA, NFA, Regulr Expressions, nd Extended Regulr Expressions Instructor: Jeff Edmonds Don t chet y looking t these nswers premturely.. For ech

More information

Coalgebra, Lecture 15: Equations for Deterministic Automata

Coalgebra, Lecture 15: Equations for Deterministic Automata Colger, Lecture 15: Equtions for Deterministic Automt Julin Slmnc (nd Jurrin Rot) Decemer 19, 2016 In this lecture, we will study the concept of equtions for deterministic utomt. The notes re self contined

More information

7.2 The Definite Integral

7.2 The Definite Integral 7.2 The Definite Integrl the definite integrl In the previous section, it ws found tht if function f is continuous nd nonnegtive, then the re under the grph of f on [, b] is given by F (b) F (), where

More information

How do we solve these things, especially when they get complicated? How do we know when a system has a solution, and when is it unique?

How do we solve these things, especially when they get complicated? How do we know when a system has a solution, and when is it unique? XII. LINEAR ALGEBRA: SOLVING SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS Tody we re going to tlk out solving systems of liner equtions. These re prolems tht give couple of equtions with couple of unknowns, like: 6= x + x 7=

More information

Lecture 2e Orthogonal Complement (pages )

Lecture 2e Orthogonal Complement (pages ) Lecture 2e Orthogonl Complement (pges -) We hve now seen tht n orthonorml sis is nice wy to descrie suspce, ut knowing tht we wnt n orthonorml sis doesn t mke one fll into our lp. In theory, the process

More information

Minimal DFA. minimal DFA for L starting from any other

Minimal DFA. minimal DFA for L starting from any other Miniml DFA Among the mny DFAs ccepting the sme regulr lnguge L, there is exctly one (up to renming of sttes) which hs the smllest possile numer of sttes. Moreover, it is possile to otin tht miniml DFA

More information

p-adic Egyptian Fractions

p-adic Egyptian Fractions p-adic Egyptin Frctions Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Trditionl Egyptin Frctions nd Greedy Algorithm 2 3 Set-up 3 4 p-greedy Algorithm 5 5 p-egyptin Trditionl 10 6 Conclusion 1 Introduction An Egyptin frction

More information

UNIFORM CONVERGENCE. Contents 1. Uniform Convergence 1 2. Properties of uniform convergence 3

UNIFORM CONVERGENCE. Contents 1. Uniform Convergence 1 2. Properties of uniform convergence 3 UNIFORM CONVERGENCE Contents 1. Uniform Convergence 1 2. Properties of uniform convergence 3 Suppose f n : Ω R or f n : Ω C is sequence of rel or complex functions, nd f n f s n in some sense. Furthermore,

More information

Recitation 3: More Applications of the Derivative

Recitation 3: More Applications of the Derivative Mth 1c TA: Pdric Brtlett Recittion 3: More Applictions of the Derivtive Week 3 Cltech 2012 1 Rndom Question Question 1 A grph consists of the following: A set V of vertices. A set E of edges where ech

More information

Review: set theoretic definition of the numbers. Natural numbers:

Review: set theoretic definition of the numbers. Natural numbers: Review: reltions A inry reltion on set A is suset R Ñ A ˆ A, where elements p, q re written s. Exmple: A Z nd R t pmod nqu. A inry reltion on set A is... (R) reflexive if for ll P A; (S) symmetric if implies

More information

Riemann Sums and Riemann Integrals

Riemann Sums and Riemann Integrals Riemnn Sums nd Riemnn Integrls Jmes K. Peterson Deprtment of Biologicl Sciences nd Deprtment of Mthemticl Sciences Clemson University August 26, 2013 Outline 1 Riemnn Sums 2 Riemnn Integrls 3 Properties

More information

CMPSCI 250: Introduction to Computation. Lecture #31: What DFA s Can and Can t Do David Mix Barrington 9 April 2014

CMPSCI 250: Introduction to Computation. Lecture #31: What DFA s Can and Can t Do David Mix Barrington 9 April 2014 CMPSCI 250: Introduction to Computtion Lecture #31: Wht DFA s Cn nd Cn t Do Dvid Mix Brrington 9 April 2014 Wht DFA s Cn nd Cn t Do Deterministic Finite Automt Forml Definition of DFA s Exmples of DFA

More information

Riemann Sums and Riemann Integrals

Riemann Sums and Riemann Integrals Riemnn Sums nd Riemnn Integrls Jmes K. Peterson Deprtment of Biologicl Sciences nd Deprtment of Mthemticl Sciences Clemson University August 26, 203 Outline Riemnn Sums Riemnn Integrls Properties Abstrct

More information

How do we solve these things, especially when they get complicated? How do we know when a system has a solution, and when is it unique?

How do we solve these things, especially when they get complicated? How do we know when a system has a solution, and when is it unique? XII. LINEAR ALGEBRA: SOLVING SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS Tody we re going to tlk bout solving systems of liner equtions. These re problems tht give couple of equtions with couple of unknowns, like: 6 2 3 7 4

More information

Math 4310 Solutions to homework 1 Due 9/1/16

Math 4310 Solutions to homework 1 Due 9/1/16 Mth 4310 Solutions to homework 1 Due 9/1/16 1. Use the Eucliden lgorithm to find the following gretest common divisors. () gcd(252, 180) = 36 (b) gcd(513, 187) = 1 (c) gcd(7684, 4148) = 68 252 = 180 1

More information

Farey Fractions. Rickard Fernström. U.U.D.M. Project Report 2017:24. Department of Mathematics Uppsala University

Farey Fractions. Rickard Fernström. U.U.D.M. Project Report 2017:24. Department of Mathematics Uppsala University U.U.D.M. Project Report 07:4 Frey Frctions Rickrd Fernström Exmensrete i mtemtik, 5 hp Hledre: Andres Strömergsson Exmintor: Jörgen Östensson Juni 07 Deprtment of Mthemtics Uppsl University Frey Frctions

More information

Lecture 3. In this lecture, we will discuss algorithms for solving systems of linear equations.

Lecture 3. In this lecture, we will discuss algorithms for solving systems of linear equations. Lecture 3 3 Solving liner equtions In this lecture we will discuss lgorithms for solving systems of liner equtions Multiplictive identity Let us restrict ourselves to considering squre mtrices since one

More information

The practical version

The practical version Roerto s Notes on Integrl Clculus Chpter 4: Definite integrls nd the FTC Section 7 The Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus: The prcticl version Wht you need to know lredy: The theoreticl version of the FTC. Wht

More information

Arithmetic & Algebra. NCTM National Conference, 2017

Arithmetic & Algebra. NCTM National Conference, 2017 NCTM Ntionl Conference, 2017 Arithmetic & Algebr Hether Dlls, UCLA Mthemtics & The Curtis Center Roger Howe, Yle Mthemtics & Texs A & M School of Eduction Relted Common Core Stndrds First instnce of vrible

More information

and that at t = 0 the object is at position 5. Find the position of the object at t = 2.

and that at t = 0 the object is at position 5. Find the position of the object at t = 2. 7.2 The Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus 49 re mny, mny problems tht pper much different on the surfce but tht turn out to be the sme s these problems, in the sense tht when we try to pproimte solutions we

More information

CS 301. Lecture 04 Regular Expressions. Stephen Checkoway. January 29, 2018

CS 301. Lecture 04 Regular Expressions. Stephen Checkoway. January 29, 2018 CS 301 Lecture 04 Regulr Expressions Stephen Checkowy Jnury 29, 2018 1 / 35 Review from lst time NFA N = (Q, Σ, δ, q 0, F ) where δ Q Σ P (Q) mps stte nd n lphet symol (or ) to set of sttes We run n NFA

More information

The Regulated and Riemann Integrals

The Regulated and Riemann Integrals Chpter 1 The Regulted nd Riemnn Integrls 1.1 Introduction We will consider severl different pproches to defining the definite integrl f(x) dx of function f(x). These definitions will ll ssign the sme vlue

More information

Vectors , (0,0). 5. A vector is commonly denoted by putting an arrow above its symbol, as in the picture above. Here are some 3-dimensional vectors:

Vectors , (0,0). 5. A vector is commonly denoted by putting an arrow above its symbol, as in the picture above. Here are some 3-dimensional vectors: Vectors 1-23-2018 I ll look t vectors from n lgeric point of view nd geometric point of view. Algericlly, vector is n ordered list of (usully) rel numers. Here re some 2-dimensionl vectors: (2, 3), ( )

More information

Math Lecture 23

Math Lecture 23 Mth 8 - Lecture 3 Dyln Zwick Fll 3 In our lst lecture we delt with solutions to the system: x = Ax where A is n n n mtrix with n distinct eigenvlues. As promised, tody we will del with the question of

More information

Lecture 1: Introduction to integration theory and bounded variation

Lecture 1: Introduction to integration theory and bounded variation Lecture 1: Introduction to integrtion theory nd bounded vrition Wht is this course bout? Integrtion theory. The first question you might hve is why there is nything you need to lern bout integrtion. You

More information

The Evaluation Theorem

The Evaluation Theorem These notes closely follow the presenttion of the mteril given in Jmes Stewrt s textook Clculus, Concepts nd Contexts (2nd edition) These notes re intended primrily for in-clss presenttion nd should not

More information

2.4 Linear Inequalities and Interval Notation

2.4 Linear Inequalities and Interval Notation .4 Liner Inequlities nd Intervl Nottion We wnt to solve equtions tht hve n inequlity symol insted of n equl sign. There re four inequlity symols tht we will look t: Less thn , Less thn or

More information

Quadratic reciprocity

Quadratic reciprocity Qudrtic recirocity Frncisc Bozgn Los Angeles Mth Circle Octoer 8, 01 1 Qudrtic Recirocity nd Legendre Symol In the eginning of this lecture, we recll some sic knowledge out modulr rithmetic: Definition

More information

Chapter 14. Matrix Representations of Linear Transformations

Chapter 14. Matrix Representations of Linear Transformations Chpter 4 Mtrix Representtions of Liner Trnsformtions When considering the Het Stte Evolution, we found tht we could describe this process using multipliction by mtrix. This ws nice becuse computers cn

More information

Chapter 8.2: The Integral

Chapter 8.2: The Integral Chpter 8.: The Integrl You cn think of Clculus s doule-wide triler. In one width of it lives differentil clculus. In the other hlf lives wht is clled integrl clculus. We hve lredy eplored few rooms in

More information

1 Nondeterministic Finite Automata

1 Nondeterministic Finite Automata 1 Nondeterministic Finite Automt Suppose in life, whenever you hd choice, you could try oth possiilities nd live your life. At the end, you would go ck nd choose the one tht worked out the est. Then you

More information

Advanced Calculus: MATH 410 Notes on Integrals and Integrability Professor David Levermore 17 October 2004

Advanced Calculus: MATH 410 Notes on Integrals and Integrability Professor David Levermore 17 October 2004 Advnced Clculus: MATH 410 Notes on Integrls nd Integrbility Professor Dvid Levermore 17 October 2004 1. Definite Integrls In this section we revisit the definite integrl tht you were introduced to when

More information

SUMMER KNOWHOW STUDY AND LEARNING CENTRE

SUMMER KNOWHOW STUDY AND LEARNING CENTRE SUMMER KNOWHOW STUDY AND LEARNING CENTRE Indices & Logrithms 2 Contents Indices.2 Frctionl Indices.4 Logrithms 6 Exponentil equtions. Simplifying Surds 13 Opertions on Surds..16 Scientific Nottion..18

More information

Introduction to Group Theory

Introduction to Group Theory Introduction to Group Theory Let G be n rbitrry set of elements, typiclly denoted s, b, c,, tht is, let G = {, b, c, }. A binry opertion in G is rule tht ssocites with ech ordered pir (,b) of elements

More information

Regular Language. Nonregular Languages The Pumping Lemma. The pumping lemma. Regular Language. The pumping lemma. Infinitely long words 3/17/15

Regular Language. Nonregular Languages The Pumping Lemma. The pumping lemma. Regular Language. The pumping lemma. Infinitely long words 3/17/15 Regulr Lnguge Nonregulr Lnguges The Pumping Lemm Models of Comput=on Chpter 10 Recll, tht ny lnguge tht cn e descried y regulr expression is clled regulr lnguge In this lecture we will prove tht not ll

More information

CS103 Handout 32 Fall 2016 November 11, 2016 Problem Set 7

CS103 Handout 32 Fall 2016 November 11, 2016 Problem Set 7 CS103 Hndout 32 Fll 2016 Novemer 11, 2016 Prolem Set 7 Wht cn you do with regulr expressions? Wht re the limits of regulr lnguges? On this prolem set, you'll find out! As lwys, plese feel free to drop

More information

In words: Let be the relation on Z given by a b if a b. (Note that we use language like in definitions, where if actually means if and only if.

In words: Let be the relation on Z given by a b if a b. (Note that we use language like in definitions, where if actually means if and only if. Reltions A binry reltion on set A is subset R Ñ A ˆ A, where elements p, bq re written s b. Exmple: A Z nd R t b bu. In words: Let be the reltion on Z given by b if b. (Note tht we use lnguge like in definitions,

More information

MATH 101A: ALGEBRA I PART B: RINGS AND MODULES 35

MATH 101A: ALGEBRA I PART B: RINGS AND MODULES 35 MATH 101A: ALGEBRA I PART B: RINGS AND MODULES 35 9. Modules over PID This week we re proving the fundmentl theorem for finitely generted modules over PID, nmely tht they re ll direct sums of cyclic modules.

More information

Lecture 2: January 27

Lecture 2: January 27 CS 684: Algorithmic Gme Theory Spring 217 Lecturer: Év Trdos Lecture 2: Jnury 27 Scrie: Alert Julius Liu 2.1 Logistics Scrie notes must e sumitted within 24 hours of the corresponding lecture for full

More information

MATH 573 FINAL EXAM. May 30, 2007

MATH 573 FINAL EXAM. May 30, 2007 MATH 573 FINAL EXAM My 30, 007 NAME: Solutions 1. This exm is due Wednesdy, June 6 efore the 1:30 pm. After 1:30 pm I will NOT ccept the exm.. This exm hs 1 pges including this cover. There re 10 prolems.

More information

Continuous Random Variables Class 5, Jeremy Orloff and Jonathan Bloom

Continuous Random Variables Class 5, Jeremy Orloff and Jonathan Bloom Lerning Gols Continuous Rndom Vriles Clss 5, 8.05 Jeremy Orloff nd Jonthn Bloom. Know the definition of continuous rndom vrile. 2. Know the definition of the proility density function (pdf) nd cumultive

More information

CS 188 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Fall 2018 Note 7

CS 188 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Fall 2018 Note 7 CS 188 Introduction to Artificil Intelligence Fll 2018 Note 7 These lecture notes re hevily bsed on notes originlly written by Nikhil Shrm. Decision Networks In the third note, we lerned bout gme trees

More information

Homework Solution - Set 5 Due: Friday 10/03/08

Homework Solution - Set 5 Due: Friday 10/03/08 CE 96 Introduction to the Theory of Computtion ll 2008 Homework olution - et 5 Due: ridy 10/0/08 1. Textook, Pge 86, Exercise 1.21. () 1 2 Add new strt stte nd finl stte. Mke originl finl stte non-finl.

More information

Chapter 0. What is the Lebesgue integral about?

Chapter 0. What is the Lebesgue integral about? Chpter 0. Wht is the Lebesgue integrl bout? The pln is to hve tutoril sheet ech week, most often on Fridy, (to be done during the clss) where you will try to get used to the ides introduced in the previous

More information

MA123, Chapter 10: Formulas for integrals: integrals, antiderivatives, and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (pp.

MA123, Chapter 10: Formulas for integrals: integrals, antiderivatives, and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (pp. MA123, Chpter 1: Formuls for integrls: integrls, ntiderivtives, nd the Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus (pp. 27-233, Gootmn) Chpter Gols: Assignments: Understnd the sttement of the Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus.

More information

The First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. If f(x) is continuous on [a, b] and F (x) is any antiderivative. f(x) dx = F (b) F (a).

The First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. If f(x) is continuous on [a, b] and F (x) is any antiderivative. f(x) dx = F (b) F (a). The Fundmentl Theorems of Clculus Mth 4, Section 0, Spring 009 We now know enough bout definite integrls to give precise formultions of the Fundmentl Theorems of Clculus. We will lso look t some bsic emples

More information

Natural examples of rings are the ring of integers, a ring of polynomials in one variable, the ring

Natural examples of rings are the ring of integers, a ring of polynomials in one variable, the ring More generlly, we define ring to be non-empty set R hving two binry opertions (we ll think of these s ddition nd multipliction) which is n Abelin group under + (we ll denote the dditive identity by 0),

More information

Lecture 3 ( ) (translated and slightly adapted from lecture notes by Martin Klazar)

Lecture 3 ( ) (translated and slightly adapted from lecture notes by Martin Klazar) Lecture 3 (5.3.2018) (trnslted nd slightly dpted from lecture notes by Mrtin Klzr) Riemnn integrl Now we define precisely the concept of the re, in prticulr, the re of figure U(, b, f) under the grph of

More information

Handout: Natural deduction for first order logic

Handout: Natural deduction for first order logic MATH 457 Introduction to Mthemticl Logic Spring 2016 Dr Json Rute Hndout: Nturl deduction for first order logic We will extend our nturl deduction rules for sententil logic to first order logic These notes

More information

1 Online Learning and Regret Minimization

1 Online Learning and Regret Minimization 2.997 Decision-Mking in Lrge-Scle Systems My 10 MIT, Spring 2004 Hndout #29 Lecture Note 24 1 Online Lerning nd Regret Minimiztion In this lecture, we consider the problem of sequentil decision mking in

More information

Designing Information Devices and Systems I Spring 2018 Homework 7

Designing Information Devices and Systems I Spring 2018 Homework 7 EECS 16A Designing Informtion Devices nd Systems I Spring 2018 omework 7 This homework is due Mrch 12, 2018, t 23:59. Self-grdes re due Mrch 15, 2018, t 23:59. Sumission Formt Your homework sumission should

More information

5. (±±) Λ = fw j w is string of even lengthg [ 00 = f11,00g 7. (11 [ 00)± Λ = fw j w egins with either 11 or 00g 8. (0 [ ffl)1 Λ = 01 Λ [ 1 Λ 9.

5. (±±) Λ = fw j w is string of even lengthg [ 00 = f11,00g 7. (11 [ 00)± Λ = fw j w egins with either 11 or 00g 8. (0 [ ffl)1 Λ = 01 Λ [ 1 Λ 9. Regulr Expressions, Pumping Lemm, Right Liner Grmmrs Ling 106 Mrch 25, 2002 1 Regulr Expressions A regulr expression descries or genertes lnguge: it is kind of shorthnd for listing the memers of lnguge.

More information

8. Complex Numbers. We can combine the real numbers with this new imaginary number to form the complex numbers.

8. Complex Numbers. We can combine the real numbers with this new imaginary number to form the complex numbers. 8. Complex Numers The rel numer system is dequte for solving mny mthemticl prolems. But it is necessry to extend the rel numer system to solve numer of importnt prolems. Complex numers do not chnge the

More information

MAT 215: Analysis in a single variable Course notes, Fall Michael Damron

MAT 215: Analysis in a single variable Course notes, Fall Michael Damron MAT 215: Anlysis in single vrible Course notes, Fll 2012 Michel Dmron Compiled from lectures nd exercises designed with Mrk McConnell following Principles of Mthemticl Anlysis, Rudin Princeton University

More information

Finite Automata Theory and Formal Languages TMV027/DIT321 LP4 2018

Finite Automata Theory and Formal Languages TMV027/DIT321 LP4 2018 Finite Automt Theory nd Forml Lnguges TMV027/DIT321 LP4 2018 Lecture 10 An Bove April 23rd 2018 Recp: Regulr Lnguges We cn convert between FA nd RE; Hence both FA nd RE ccept/generte regulr lnguges; More

More information

Things to Memorize: A Partial List. January 27, 2017

Things to Memorize: A Partial List. January 27, 2017 Things to Memorize: A Prtil List Jnury 27, 2017 Chpter 2 Vectors - Bsic Fcts A vector hs mgnitude (lso clled size/length/norm) nd direction. It does not hve fixed position, so the sme vector cn e moved

More information

(e) if x = y + z and a divides any two of the integers x, y, or z, then a divides the remaining integer

(e) if x = y + z and a divides any two of the integers x, y, or z, then a divides the remaining integer Divisibility In this note we introduce the notion of divisibility for two integers nd b then we discuss the division lgorithm. First we give forml definition nd note some properties of the division opertion.

More information

Convert the NFA into DFA

Convert the NFA into DFA Convert the NF into F For ech NF we cn find F ccepting the sme lnguge. The numer of sttes of the F could e exponentil in the numer of sttes of the NF, ut in prctice this worst cse occurs rrely. lgorithm:

More information

MTH 505: Number Theory Spring 2017

MTH 505: Number Theory Spring 2017 MTH 505: Numer Theory Spring 207 Homework 2 Drew Armstrong The Froenius Coin Prolem. Consider the eqution x ` y c where,, c, x, y re nturl numers. We cn think of $ nd $ s two denomintions of coins nd $c

More information

Improper Integrals, and Differential Equations

Improper Integrals, and Differential Equations Improper Integrls, nd Differentil Equtions October 22, 204 5.3 Improper Integrls Previously, we discussed how integrls correspond to res. More specificlly, we sid tht for function f(x), the region creted

More information

Mathematics Number: Logarithms

Mathematics Number: Logarithms plce of mind F A C U L T Y O F E D U C A T I O N Deprtment of Curriculum nd Pedgogy Mthemtics Numer: Logrithms Science nd Mthemtics Eduction Reserch Group Supported y UBC Teching nd Lerning Enhncement

More information

Analytically, vectors will be represented by lowercase bold-face Latin letters, e.g. a, r, q.

Analytically, vectors will be represented by lowercase bold-face Latin letters, e.g. a, r, q. 1.1 Vector Alger 1.1.1 Sclrs A physicl quntity which is completely descried y single rel numer is clled sclr. Physiclly, it is something which hs mgnitude, nd is completely descried y this mgnitude. Exmples

More information

1 PYTHAGORAS THEOREM 1. Given a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.

1 PYTHAGORAS THEOREM 1. Given a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. 1 PYTHAGORAS THEOREM 1 1 Pythgors Theorem In this setion we will present geometri proof of the fmous theorem of Pythgors. Given right ngled tringle, the squre of the hypotenuse is equl to the sum of the

More information

Riemann is the Mann! (But Lebesgue may besgue to differ.)

Riemann is the Mann! (But Lebesgue may besgue to differ.) Riemnn is the Mnn! (But Lebesgue my besgue to differ.) Leo Livshits My 2, 2008 1 For finite intervls in R We hve seen in clss tht every continuous function f : [, b] R hs the property tht for every ɛ >

More information

Before we can begin Ch. 3 on Radicals, we need to be familiar with perfect squares, cubes, etc. Try and do as many as you can without a calculator!!!

Before we can begin Ch. 3 on Radicals, we need to be familiar with perfect squares, cubes, etc. Try and do as many as you can without a calculator!!! Nme: Algebr II Honors Pre-Chpter Homework Before we cn begin Ch on Rdicls, we need to be fmilir with perfect squres, cubes, etc Try nd do s mny s you cn without clcultor!!! n The nth root of n n Be ble

More information

Review of Gaussian Quadrature method

Review of Gaussian Quadrature method Review of Gussin Qudrture method Nsser M. Asi Spring 006 compiled on Sundy Decemer 1, 017 t 09:1 PM 1 The prolem To find numericl vlue for the integrl of rel vlued function of rel vrile over specific rnge

More information

1 Probability Density Functions

1 Probability Density Functions Lis Yn CS 9 Continuous Distributions Lecture Notes #9 July 6, 28 Bsed on chpter by Chris Piech So fr, ll rndom vribles we hve seen hve been discrete. In ll the cses we hve seen in CS 9, this ment tht our

More information

Linear Inequalities. Work Sheet 1

Linear Inequalities. Work Sheet 1 Work Sheet 1 Liner Inequlities Rent--Hep, cr rentl compny,chrges $ 15 per week plus $ 0.0 per mile to rent one of their crs. Suppose you re limited y how much money you cn spend for the week : You cn spend

More information

Unit #9 : Definite Integral Properties; Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Unit #9 : Definite Integral Properties; Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Unit #9 : Definite Integrl Properties; Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus Gols: Identify properties of definite integrls Define odd nd even functions, nd reltionship to integrl vlues Introduce the Fundmentl

More information

20 MATHEMATICS POLYNOMIALS

20 MATHEMATICS POLYNOMIALS 0 MATHEMATICS POLYNOMIALS.1 Introduction In Clss IX, you hve studied polynomils in one vrible nd their degrees. Recll tht if p(x) is polynomil in x, the highest power of x in p(x) is clled the degree of

More information

Exponentials - Grade 10 [CAPS] *

Exponentials - Grade 10 [CAPS] * OpenStx-CNX module: m859 Exponentils - Grde 0 [CAPS] * Free High School Science Texts Project Bsed on Exponentils by Rory Adms Free High School Science Texts Project Mrk Horner Hether Willims This work

More information

Lecture 3. Introduction digital logic. Notes. Notes. Notes. Representations. February Bern University of Applied Sciences.

Lecture 3. Introduction digital logic. Notes. Notes. Notes. Representations. February Bern University of Applied Sciences. Lecture 3 Ferury 6 ern University of pplied ciences ev. f57fc 3. We hve seen tht circuit cn hve multiple (n) inputs, e.g.,, C, We hve lso seen tht circuit cn hve multiple (m) outputs, e.g. X, Y,, ; or

More information

1. For each of the following theorems, give a two or three sentence sketch of how the proof goes or why it is not true.

1. For each of the following theorems, give a two or three sentence sketch of how the proof goes or why it is not true. York University CSE 2 Unit 3. DFA Clsses Converting etween DFA, NFA, Regulr Expressions, nd Extended Regulr Expressions Instructor: Jeff Edmonds Don t chet y looking t these nswers premturely.. For ech

More information

Interpreting Integrals and the Fundamental Theorem

Interpreting Integrals and the Fundamental Theorem Interpreting Integrls nd the Fundmentl Theorem Tody, we go further in interpreting the mening of the definite integrl. Using Units to Aid Interprettion We lredy know tht if f(t) is the rte of chnge of

More information

Chapter Five: Nondeterministic Finite Automata. Formal Language, chapter 5, slide 1

Chapter Five: Nondeterministic Finite Automata. Formal Language, chapter 5, slide 1 Chpter Five: Nondeterministic Finite Automt Forml Lnguge, chpter 5, slide 1 1 A DFA hs exctly one trnsition from every stte on every symol in the lphet. By relxing this requirement we get relted ut more

More information

Name Ima Sample ASU ID

Name Ima Sample ASU ID Nme Im Smple ASU ID 2468024680 CSE 355 Test 1, Fll 2016 30 Septemer 2016, 8:35-9:25.m., LSA 191 Regrding of Midterms If you elieve tht your grde hs not een dded up correctly, return the entire pper to

More information

Introduction to Mathematical Reasoning, Saylor 111

Introduction to Mathematical Reasoning, Saylor 111 Frction versus rtionl number. Wht s the difference? It s not n esy question. In fct, the difference is somewht like the difference between set of words on one hnd nd sentence on the other. A symbol is

More information

Nondeterminism and Nodeterministic Automata

Nondeterminism and Nodeterministic Automata Nondeterminism nd Nodeterministic Automt 61 Nondeterminism nd Nondeterministic Automt The computtionl mchine models tht we lerned in the clss re deterministic in the sense tht the next move is uniquely

More information

Designing finite automata II

Designing finite automata II Designing finite utomt II Prolem: Design DFA A such tht L(A) consists of ll strings of nd which re of length 3n, for n = 0, 1, 2, (1) Determine wht to rememer out the input string Assign stte to ech of

More information

CS 373, Spring Solutions to Mock midterm 1 (Based on first midterm in CS 273, Fall 2008.)

CS 373, Spring Solutions to Mock midterm 1 (Based on first midterm in CS 273, Fall 2008.) CS 373, Spring 29. Solutions to Mock midterm (sed on first midterm in CS 273, Fll 28.) Prolem : Short nswer (8 points) The nswers to these prolems should e short nd not complicted. () If n NF M ccepts

More information

Lecture 2 : Propositions DRAFT

Lecture 2 : Propositions DRAFT CS/Mth 240: Introduction to Discrete Mthemtics 1/20/2010 Lecture 2 : Propositions Instructor: Dieter vn Melkeeek Scrie: Dlior Zelený DRAFT Lst time we nlyzed vrious mze solving lgorithms in order to illustrte

More information

THE EXISTENCE-UNIQUENESS THEOREM FOR FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.

THE EXISTENCE-UNIQUENESS THEOREM FOR FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS. THE EXISTENCE-UNIQUENESS THEOREM FOR FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS RADON ROSBOROUGH https://intuitiveexplntionscom/picrd-lindelof-theorem/ This document is proof of the existence-uniqueness theorem

More information

CS 311 Homework 3 due 16:30, Thursday, 14 th October 2010

CS 311 Homework 3 due 16:30, Thursday, 14 th October 2010 CS 311 Homework 3 due 16:30, Thursdy, 14 th Octoer 2010 Homework must e sumitted on pper, in clss. Question 1. [15 pts.; 5 pts. ech] Drw stte digrms for NFAs recognizing the following lnguges:. L = {w

More information

Lecture 6. Notes. Notes. Notes. Representations Z A B and A B R. BTE Electronics Fundamentals August Bern University of Applied Sciences

Lecture 6. Notes. Notes. Notes. Representations Z A B and A B R. BTE Electronics Fundamentals August Bern University of Applied Sciences Lecture 6 epresenttions epresenttions TE52 - Electronics Fundmentls ugust 24 ern University of pplied ciences ev. c2d5c88 6. Integers () sign-nd-mgnitude representtion The set of integers contins the Nturl

More information

Properties of Integrals, Indefinite Integrals. Goals: Definition of the Definite Integral Integral Calculations using Antiderivatives

Properties of Integrals, Indefinite Integrals. Goals: Definition of the Definite Integral Integral Calculations using Antiderivatives Block #6: Properties of Integrls, Indefinite Integrls Gols: Definition of the Definite Integrl Integrl Clcultions using Antiderivtives Properties of Integrls The Indefinite Integrl 1 Riemnn Sums - 1 Riemnn

More information

Bridging the gap: GCSE AS Level

Bridging the gap: GCSE AS Level Bridging the gp: GCSE AS Level CONTENTS Chpter Removing rckets pge Chpter Liner equtions Chpter Simultneous equtions 8 Chpter Fctors 0 Chpter Chnge the suject of the formul Chpter 6 Solving qudrtic equtions

More information

List all of the possible rational roots of each equation. Then find all solutions (both real and imaginary) of the equation. 1.

List all of the possible rational roots of each equation. Then find all solutions (both real and imaginary) of the equation. 1. Mth Anlysis CP WS 4.X- Section 4.-4.4 Review Complete ech question without the use of grphing clcultor.. Compre the mening of the words: roots, zeros nd fctors.. Determine whether - is root of 0. Show

More information

Definite Integrals. The area under a curve can be approximated by adding up the areas of rectangles = 1 1 +

Definite Integrals. The area under a curve can be approximated by adding up the areas of rectangles = 1 1 + Definite Integrls --5 The re under curve cn e pproximted y dding up the res of rectngles. Exmple. Approximte the re under y = from x = to x = using equl suintervls nd + x evluting the function t the left-hnd

More information

Matrix Algebra. Matrix Addition, Scalar Multiplication and Transposition. Linear Algebra I 24

Matrix Algebra. Matrix Addition, Scalar Multiplication and Transposition. Linear Algebra I 24 Mtrix lger Mtrix ddition, Sclr Multipliction nd rnsposition Mtrix lger Section.. Mtrix ddition, Sclr Multipliction nd rnsposition rectngulr rry of numers is clled mtrix ( the plurl is mtrices ) nd the

More information