AQA Further Pure 1. Complex Numbers. Section 1: Introduction to Complex Numbers. The number system
|
|
- Daniela Houston
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Complex Numbers Section 1: Introduction to Complex Numbers Notes nd Exmples These notes contin subsections on The number system Adding nd subtrcting complex numbers Multiplying complex numbers Complex conjugtes Equtions with complex roots Equting rel nd imginry prts The number system In your lerning of mthemtics, you hve come cross different types of number t different stges. Ech time you were introduced to new set of numbers, this llowed you to solve wider rnge of problems. The first numbers tht you cme cross were the counting numbers (nturl numbers). These llowed you to solve equtions like x + = 5. Lter you would meet negtive numbers, which llowed you to solve equtions like x + 5 =, nd rtionl numbers, which ment you could solve equtions like x = 5. When irrtionl numbers were included, you could solve equtions like x² =. However, there re still equtions which you cnnot solve, such s x² = -4. You know tht there re no rel numbers which stisfy this eqution. However, this eqution, nd others like it, cn be solved using imginry numbers, which re bsed on the number i, which is defined s 1. The digrm below shows the reltionships between different types of number. rel numbers rtionl numbers Irrtionl numbers positive integers negtive integers zero MEI, 17/03/06 1/7
2 This type of digrm is clled Venn digrm (you my hve met these before if you hve studied ny Sttistics) nd it shows the reltionships between sets, in this cse sets of numbers. This digrm dels with the rel numbers, which include ll numbers which you hve come cross until now. Notice tht the positive nd negtive integers (whole numbers) re subsets of the rtionl numbers. This mens tht ll integers re lso rtionl numbers, but there re other rtionl numbers which re not integers, such s 3 or Similrly, ll rtionl numbers re rel numbers, but there re other rel numbers which re not rtionl, such s 3 nd π. In this chpter you will see tht the rel numbers re lso subset of lrger set clled the complex numbers. You will be looking t numbers which lie outside the set of rel numbers. Complex numbers involve both rel nd imginry numbers. Adding nd subtrcting complex numbers To dd two complex numbers, you need to dd the rel prts nd dd the imginry prts. Similrly, to subtrct one complex number from nother, del with the rel nd imginry prts seprtely. Exmple 1 The complex numbers z nd w re given by z = 3 + i w = 1 4i Find: (i) z + w (ii) z w (iii) w z (i) z + w = (3 + i) + (1 4i) = (3 + 1) + (i 4i) = 4 i (ii) z w = (3 + i) (1 4i) = (3 1) + (i + 4i) = + 6i Add the rel prts nd dd the imginry prts Subtrct the rel prts nd subtrct the imginry prts (iii) w z = (1 4i) (3 + i) = (1 3) + (-4i i) = - 6i For prctice in exmples like the one bove, try the interctive resource Addition nd subtrction of complex numbers. MEI, 17/03/06 /7
3 Multiplying complex numbers Multipliction of two complex numbers is similr to multiplying out pir of brckets. Ech term in the first brcket must be multiplied by ech term in the second brcket. You cn then simplify, remembering tht i² = -1. Exmple Find (i) (3 + 4i)( + i) (ii) ( i)(3 + i) (iii) ( + 3i)( 3i) (i) (3 + 4i)( + i) = 6 + 3i + 8i + 4i² = i 4 = + 11i Using i² = -1 Multiply out the brckets (ii) (4 i)(3 + i) = 1 + 8i 3i i² = 1 + 5i + = i (iii) ( + 3i)( 3i) = 4 6i + 6i 9i² = = 13 For prctice in exmples like the one bove, try the interctive resource Multipliction of complex numbers. Complex conjugtes In prt (iii) of Exmple, the result of multiplying two complex numbers is rel number. This is lwys the cse when the complex number + bi is multiplied by the complex number bi. The complex number bi is clled the complex conjugte of + bi. For ny complex number z, the complex conjugte is written s z or z*. For prctice in complex conjugtes, try the interctive resource Conjugte of complex number. Equtions with complex roots When you first lerned to solve qudrtic equtions using the qudrtic formul, you found tht some qudrtic eqution hd no rel solutions. However, using complex numbers you cn find solve ll qudrtic equtions. MEI, 17/03/06 3/7
4 Exmple 3 Solve the qudrtic eqution x² + 6x + 13 = 0 AQA Further Pure 1 Using the qudrtic formul with = 1, b = 6, c = 13 b± b 4c x = 6± = 1 6± 16 = 6± 4i = = 3± i The solutions of the eqution re x = -3 + i nd x = -3 i Notice tht the qudrtic eqution in Exmple 3 hs two complex solutions which re pir of complex conjugtes. All qudrtic equtions with rel coefficients hve two solutions: either two rel solutions (which could be repeted solution) or two complex solutions which re pir of complex conjugtes. The next exmple shows how you cn find qudrtic eqution with roots t prticulr complex vlues. A qudrtic eqution with roots t x = nd x = b cn be written s (x )(x b) = 0, nd this lso pplies to situtions where the roots re complex numbers. Alterntively, you cn consider the sum nd the products of the roots. Both pproches re shown in Exmple 4. Exmple 4 Find the qudrtic eqution which hs roots t x = 4 + i nd x = 4 i. 1 (x (4 + i))(x (4 i)) = 0 (x 4 i)(x 4 + i) = 0 (x 4)² (i)² = 0 x² 8x = 0 x² 8x + 0 = 0 The two middle terms cncel out since this expression is of the form (x )(x + ) b The sum of the roots is 4 + i + 4 i = 8 = 8 c The product of the roots is (4 + i)(4 i) = = 0 = 0 Tking = 1 gives b = -8 nd c = 0 The qudrtic eqution is x² 8x + 0 = 0. MEI, 17/03/06 4/7
5 The Flsh resource Working with complex numbers tests you on multipliction, complex conjugtes nd equtions with complex roots. You cn lso try the Complex numbers Hexgonl puzzle. Using complex numbers, you hve seen tht ll qudrtic equtions hve two solutions. In similr wy, ll cubic equtions hve three solutions, ll qurtic equtions hve four solutions, nd so on. For ll polynomil equtions with rel coefficients, ny complex roots lwys occur in conjugte pirs. So the three roots of cubic eqution could be three rel roots (possibly including repeted roots) or one rel root nd conjugte pir of complex roots. Similrly, the four roots of qurtic eqution could be four rel roots (possibly including repeted roots), two rel roots nd conjugte pir of complex roots, or two conjugte pirs of complex roots. However, in Further Pure 1 you will only be required to solve qudrtic equtions with complex roots. Equting rel nd imginry prts For two complex numbers to be equl, then the rel prts must be equl nd the imginry prts must be equl. So one eqution involving complex numbers cn be written s two equtions, one for the rel prts, one for the imginry prts. The exmples below show how this technique cn be used to solve equtions involving complex numbers. Exmple 5 Solve the eqution 3z z* = 4 15i Let z = x+ iy 3z z* = 4 15i 3( x+ i y) ( x i y) = 4 15i 3x+ 3iy x+ iy = 4 15i x+ 5iy = 4 15i Equting rel prts: x = 4 Equting imginry prts: 5y = 15 y = 3 z = 4 3i MEI, 17/03/06 5/7
6 In Exmple 5 the vlues of x nd y could be found immeditely by equting rel nd imginry prts. In the next exmple, equting rel nd imginry prts gives you pir of liner simultneous equtions to solve. Exmple 6 Solve the eqution (3 i)(z 1 + 4i) = 7 + 4i Let z = x + iy (3 i)(x + iy 1 + 4i) = 7 + 4i (3 i)((x 1) + i(y + 4)) = 7 + 4i 3(x 1) i(x 1) + 3i(y + 4) i²(y + 4) = 7 + 4i 3(x 1) i(x 1) + 3i(y + 4) + (y + 4) = 7 + 4i Equting rel prts: 3(x 1) + (y + 4) = 7 3x + y = Equting imginry prts: -(x 1) + 3(y + 4) = 4 -x + 3y = -10 6x + 4y = 4 3-6x + 9y = -30 Adding: 13y = -6 y = -, x = z = i Exmple 7 Find rel numbers nd b with > 0 such tht ( + bi)² = 16 30i. ( + bi)² = 16 30i ² + bi + b²i² = 16 30i ² + bi b² = 16 30i 15 Equting imginry prts: b = 30 b = Equting rel prts: ² b² = 16 5 Substituting: = 16 4 Multiplying through by ²: 5 = = 0 This is qudrtic in ² nd cn be fctorised: (² 5)(² + 9) = 0 Since is rel, ² + 9 cnnot be equl to zero. Since > 0, the only possible solution is = b= b= = 3 5 = 5, b = 3 MEI, 17/03/06 6/7
7 Notice tht in this exmple you re finding the squre root of complex number. The squre root of 16 30i is 5 3i. You cn find the other squre root of this complex number by llowing to be negtive, so = -5 nd then b = 3. So the other squre root is i. As with rel numbers, one squre root is the negtive of the other. MEI, 17/03/06 7/7
Chapter 1: Fundamentals
Chpter 1: Fundmentls 1.1 Rel Numbers Types of Rel Numbers: Nturl Numbers: {1, 2, 3,...}; These re the counting numbers. Integers: {... 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3,...}; These re ll the nturl numbers, their negtives,
More informationI do slope intercept form With my shades on Martin-Gay, Developmental Mathematics
AAT-A Dte: 1//1 SWBAT simplify rdicls. Do Now: ACT Prep HW Requests: Pg 49 #17-45 odds Continue Vocb sheet In Clss: Complete Skills Prctice WS HW: Complete Worksheets For Wednesdy stmped pges Bring stmped
More informationARITHMETIC OPERATIONS. The real numbers have the following properties: a b c ab ac
REVIEW OF ALGEBRA Here we review the bsic rules nd procedures of lgebr tht you need to know in order to be successful in clculus. ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS The rel numbers hve the following properties: b b
More informationA-Level Mathematics Transition Task (compulsory for all maths students and all further maths student)
A-Level Mthemtics Trnsition Tsk (compulsory for ll mths students nd ll further mths student) Due: st Lesson of the yer. Length: - hours work (depending on prior knowledge) This trnsition tsk provides revision
More information20 MATHEMATICS POLYNOMIALS
0 MATHEMATICS POLYNOMIALS.1 Introduction In Clss IX, you hve studied polynomils in one vrible nd their degrees. Recll tht if p(x) is polynomil in x, the highest power of x in p(x) is clled the degree of
More informationapproaches as n becomes larger and larger. Since e > 1, the graph of the natural exponential function is as below
. Eponentil nd rithmic functions.1 Eponentil Functions A function of the form f() =, > 0, 1 is clled n eponentil function. Its domin is the set of ll rel f ( 1) numbers. For n eponentil function f we hve.
More information13.3 CLASSICAL STRAIGHTEDGE AND COMPASS CONSTRUCTIONS
33 CLASSICAL STRAIGHTEDGE AND COMPASS CONSTRUCTIONS As simple ppliction of the results we hve obtined on lgebric extensions, nd in prticulr on the multiplictivity of extension degrees, we cn nswer (in
More informationPre-Session Review. Part 1: Basic Algebra; Linear Functions and Graphs
Pre-Session Review Prt 1: Bsic Algebr; Liner Functions nd Grphs A. Generl Review nd Introduction to Algebr Hierrchy of Arithmetic Opertions Opertions in ny expression re performed in the following order:
More informationThe usual algebraic operations +,, (or ), on real numbers can then be extended to operations on complex numbers in a natural way: ( 2) i = 1
Mth50 Introduction to Differentil Equtions Brief Review of Complex Numbers Complex Numbers No rel number stisfies the eqution x =, since the squre of ny rel number hs to be non-negtive. By introducing
More informationMath 113 Exam 2 Practice
Mth Em Prctice Februry, 8 Em will cover sections 6.5, 7.-7.5 nd 7.8. This sheet hs three sections. The first section will remind you bout techniques nd formuls tht you should know. The second gives number
More informationEach term is formed by adding a constant to the previous term. Geometric progression
Chpter 4 Mthemticl Progressions PROGRESSION AND SEQUENCE Sequence A sequence is succession of numbers ech of which is formed ccording to definite lw tht is the sme throughout the sequence. Arithmetic Progression
More informationMATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS 1.2
MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS. Apply lgebric procedures in solving problems Eternlly ssessed 4 credits Electronic technology, such s clcultors or computers, re not permitted in the ssessment of this stndr
More informationSUMMER KNOWHOW STUDY AND LEARNING CENTRE
SUMMER KNOWHOW STUDY AND LEARNING CENTRE Indices & Logrithms 2 Contents Indices.2 Frctionl Indices.4 Logrithms 6 Exponentil equtions. Simplifying Surds 13 Opertions on Surds..16 Scientific Nottion..18
More informationBridging the gap: GCSE AS Level
Bridging the gp: GCSE AS Level CONTENTS Chpter Removing rckets pge Chpter Liner equtions Chpter Simultneous equtions 8 Chpter Fctors 0 Chpter Chnge the suject of the formul Chpter 6 Solving qudrtic equtions
More informationConsolidation Worksheet
Cmbridge Essentils Mthemtics Core 8 NConsolidtion Worksheet N Consolidtion Worksheet Work these out. 8 b 7 + 0 c 6 + 7 5 Use the number line to help. 2 Remember + 2 2 +2 2 2 + 2 Adding negtive number is
More informationBefore we can begin Ch. 3 on Radicals, we need to be familiar with perfect squares, cubes, etc. Try and do as many as you can without a calculator!!!
Nme: Algebr II Honors Pre-Chpter Homework Before we cn begin Ch on Rdicls, we need to be fmilir with perfect squres, cubes, etc Try nd do s mny s you cn without clcultor!!! n The nth root of n n Be ble
More informationLesson 2.4 Exercises, pages
Lesson. Exercises, pges A. Expnd nd simplify. ) + b) ( ) () 0 - ( ) () 0 c) -7 + d) (7) ( ) 7 - + 8 () ( 8). Expnd nd simplify. ) b) - 7 - + 7 7( ) ( ) ( ) 7( 7) 8 (7) P DO NOT COPY.. Multiplying nd Dividing
More informationChapter 1: Logarithmic functions and indices
Chpter : Logrithmic functions nd indices. You cn simplify epressions y using rules of indices m n m n m n m n ( m ) n mn m m m m n m m n Emple Simplify these epressions: 5 r r c 4 4 d 6 5 e ( ) f ( ) 4
More informationAbsolute values of real numbers. Rational Numbers vs Real Numbers. 1. Definition. Absolute value α of a real
Rtionl Numbers vs Rel Numbers 1. Wht is? Answer. is rel number such tht ( ) =. R [ ( ) = ].. Prove tht (i) 1; (ii). Proof. (i) For ny rel numbers x, y, we hve x = y. This is necessry condition, but not
More informationfractions Let s Learn to
5 simple lgebric frctions corne lens pupil retin Norml vision light focused on the retin concve lens Shortsightedness (myopi) light focused in front of the retin Corrected myopi light focused on the retin
More informationTHE DISCRIMINANT & ITS APPLICATIONS
THE DISCRIMINANT & ITS APPLICATIONS The discriminnt ( Δ ) is the epression tht is locted under the squre root sign in the qudrtic formul i.e. Δ b c. For emple: Given +, Δ () ( )() The discriminnt is used
More informationAQA Further Pure 2. Hyperbolic Functions. Section 2: The inverse hyperbolic functions
Hperbolic Functions Section : The inverse hperbolic functions Notes nd Emples These notes contin subsections on The inverse hperbolic functions Integrtion using the inverse hperbolic functions Logrithmic
More informationUNIT 5 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS Lesson 3: Creating Quadratic Equations in Two or More Variables Instruction
Lesson 3: Creting Qudrtic Equtions in Two or More Vriles Prerequisite Skills This lesson requires the use of the following skill: solving equtions with degree of Introduction 1 The formul for finding the
More informationThe Algebra (al-jabr) of Matrices
Section : Mtri lgebr nd Clculus Wshkewicz College of Engineering he lgebr (l-jbr) of Mtrices lgebr s brnch of mthemtics is much broder thn elementry lgebr ll of us studied in our high school dys. In sense
More informationPreparation for A Level Wadebridge School
Preprtion for A Level Mths @ Wdebridge School Bridging the gp between GCSE nd A Level Nme: CONTENTS Chpter Removing brckets pge Chpter Liner equtions Chpter Simultneous equtions 6 Chpter Fctorising 7 Chpter
More informationLesson 1: Quadratic Equations
Lesson 1: Qudrtic Equtions Qudrtic Eqution: The qudrtic eqution in form is. In this section, we will review 4 methods of qudrtic equtions, nd when it is most to use ech method. 1. 3.. 4. Method 1: Fctoring
More informationOperations with Polynomials
38 Chpter P Prerequisites P.4 Opertions with Polynomils Wht you should lern: How to identify the leding coefficients nd degrees of polynomils How to dd nd subtrct polynomils How to multiply polynomils
More informationChapter 8: Methods of Integration
Chpter 8: Methods of Integrtion Bsic Integrls 8. Note: We hve the following list of Bsic Integrls p p+ + c, for p sec tn + c p + ln + c sec tn sec + c e e + c tn ln sec + c ln + c sec ln sec + tn + c ln
More informationGeometric Sequences. Geometric Sequence a sequence whose consecutive terms have a common ratio.
Geometric Sequences Geometric Sequence sequence whose consecutive terms hve common rtio. Geometric Sequence A sequence is geometric if the rtios of consecutive terms re the sme. 2 3 4... 2 3 The number
More informationSample pages. 9:04 Equations with grouping symbols
Equtions 9 Contents I know the nswer is here somewhere! 9:01 Inverse opertions 9:0 Solving equtions Fun spot 9:0 Why did the tooth get dressed up? 9:0 Equtions with pronumerls on both sides GeoGebr ctivity
More informationFarey Fractions. Rickard Fernström. U.U.D.M. Project Report 2017:24. Department of Mathematics Uppsala University
U.U.D.M. Project Report 07:4 Frey Frctions Rickrd Fernström Exmensrete i mtemtik, 5 hp Hledre: Andres Strömergsson Exmintor: Jörgen Östensson Juni 07 Deprtment of Mthemtics Uppsl University Frey Frctions
More informationA new algorithm for generating Pythagorean triples 1
A new lgorithm for generting Pythgoren triples 1 RH Dye 2 nd RWD Nicklls 3 The Mthemticl Gzette (1998; 82 (Mrch, No. 493, pp. 86 91 http://www.nicklls.org/dick/ppers/mths/pythgtriples1998.pdf 1 Introduction
More informationEquations and Inequalities
Equtions nd Inequlities Equtions nd Inequlities Curriculum Redy ACMNA: 4, 5, 6, 7, 40 www.mthletics.com Equtions EQUATIONS & Inequlities & INEQUALITIES Sometimes just writing vribles or pronumerls in
More informationLecture 2: Fields, Formally
Mth 08 Lecture 2: Fields, Formlly Professor: Pdric Brtlett Week UCSB 203 In our first lecture, we studied R, the rel numbers. In prticulr, we exmined how the rel numbers intercted with the opertions of
More informationVyacheslav Telnin. Search for New Numbers.
Vycheslv Telnin Serch for New Numbers. 1 CHAPTER I 2 I.1 Introduction. In 1984, in the first issue for tht yer of the Science nd Life mgzine, I red the rticle "Non-Stndrd Anlysis" by V. Uspensky, in which
More informationQUADRATIC EQUATIONS OBJECTIVE PROBLEMS
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS OBJECTIVE PROBLEMS +. The solution of the eqution will e (), () 0,, 5, 5. The roots of the given eqution ( p q) ( q r) ( r p) 0 + + re p q r p (), r p p q, q r p q (), (d), q r p q.
More informationThe Regulated and Riemann Integrals
Chpter 1 The Regulted nd Riemnn Integrls 1.1 Introduction We will consider severl different pproches to defining the definite integrl f(x) dx of function f(x). These definitions will ll ssign the sme vlue
More informationUniversitaireWiskundeCompetitie. Problem 2005/4-A We have k=1. Show that for every q Q satisfying 0 < q < 1, there exists a finite subset K N so that
Problemen/UWC NAW 5/7 nr juni 006 47 Problemen/UWC UniversitireWiskundeCompetitie Edition 005/4 For Session 005/4 we received submissions from Peter Vndendriessche, Vldislv Frnk, Arne Smeets, Jn vn de
More informationMath Solutions to homework 1
Mth 75 - Solutions to homework Cédric De Groote October 5, 07 Problem, prt : This problem explores the reltionship between norms nd inner products Let X be rel vector spce ) Suppose tht is norm on X tht
More informationPhysics 116C Solution of inhomogeneous ordinary differential equations using Green s functions
Physics 6C Solution of inhomogeneous ordinry differentil equtions using Green s functions Peter Young November 5, 29 Homogeneous Equtions We hve studied, especilly in long HW problem, second order liner
More information8. Complex Numbers. We can combine the real numbers with this new imaginary number to form the complex numbers.
8. Complex Numers The rel numer system is dequte for solving mny mthemticl prolems. But it is necessry to extend the rel numer system to solve numer of importnt prolems. Complex numers do not chnge the
More informationSection 3.2: Negative Exponents
Section 3.2: Negtive Exponents Objective: Simplify expressions with negtive exponents using the properties of exponents. There re few specil exponent properties tht del with exponents tht re not positive.
More informationRudimentary Matrix Algebra
Rudimentry Mtrix Alger Mrk Sullivn Decemer 4, 217 i Contents 1 Preliminries 1 1.1 Why does this document exist?.................... 1 1.2 Why does nyone cre out mtrices?................ 1 1.3 Wht is mtrix?...........................
More informationIn this skill we review equations that involve percents. review the meaning of proportion.
6 MODULE 5. PERCENTS 5b Solving Equtions Mening of Proportion In this skill we review equtions tht involve percents. review the mening of proportion. Our first tsk is to Proportions. A proportion is sttement
More informationUNIT 1 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR INVERSES Lesson 1.4: Logarithmic Functions as Inverses Instruction
Lesson : Logrithmic Functions s Inverses Prerequisite Skills This lesson requires the use of the following skills: determining the dependent nd independent vribles in n exponentil function bsed on dt from
More informationPART 1 MULTIPLE CHOICE Circle the appropriate response to each of the questions below. Each question has a value of 1 point.
PART MULTIPLE CHOICE Circle the pproprite response to ech of the questions below. Ech question hs vlue of point.. If in sequence the second level difference is constnt, thn the sequence is:. rithmetic
More informationREVIEW Chapter 1 The Real Number System
Mth 7 REVIEW Chpter The Rel Number System In clss work: Solve ll exercises. (Sections. &. Definition A set is collection of objects (elements. The Set of Nturl Numbers N N = {,,,, 5, } The Set of Whole
More informationp-adic Egyptian Fractions
p-adic Egyptin Frctions Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Trditionl Egyptin Frctions nd Greedy Algorithm 2 3 Set-up 3 4 p-greedy Algorithm 5 5 p-egyptin Trditionl 10 6 Conclusion 1 Introduction An Egyptin frction
More informationNUMERICAL INTEGRATION
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION How do we evlute I = f (x) dx By the fundmentl theorem of clculus, if F (x) is n ntiderivtive of f (x), then I = f (x) dx = F (x) b = F (b) F () However, in prctice most integrls
More informationChapters Five Notes SN AA U1C5
Chpters Five Notes SN AA U1C5 Nme Period Section 5-: Fctoring Qudrtic Epressions When you took lger, you lerned tht the first thing involved in fctoring is to mke sure to fctor out ny numers or vriles
More informationLesson 25: Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions
Lesson 2: Adding nd Subtrcting Rtionl Expressions Student Outcomes Students perform ddition nd subtrction of rtionl expressions. Lesson Notes This lesson reviews ddition nd subtrction of frctions using
More information2.4 Linear Inequalities and Interval Notation
.4 Liner Inequlities nd Intervl Nottion We wnt to solve equtions tht hve n inequlity symol insted of n equl sign. There re four inequlity symols tht we will look t: Less thn , Less thn or
More informationACCESS TO SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND AGRICULTURE: MATHEMATICS 1 MATH00030 SEMESTER /2019
ACCESS TO SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND AGRICULTURE: MATHEMATICS MATH00030 SEMESTER 208/209 DR. ANTHONY BROWN 7.. Introduction to Integrtion. 7. Integrl Clculus As ws the cse with the chpter on differentil
More informationImproper Integrals. Type I Improper Integrals How do we evaluate an integral such as
Improper Integrls Two different types of integrls cn qulify s improper. The first type of improper integrl (which we will refer to s Type I) involves evluting n integrl over n infinite region. In the grph
More informationUSA Mathematical Talent Search Round 1 Solutions Year 21 Academic Year
1/1/21. Fill in the circles in the picture t right with the digits 1-8, one digit in ech circle with no digit repeted, so tht no two circles tht re connected by line segment contin consecutive digits.
More informationLogarithms. Logarithm is another word for an index or power. POWER. 2 is the power to which the base 10 must be raised to give 100.
Logrithms. Logrithm is nother word for n inde or power. THIS IS A POWER STATEMENT BASE POWER FOR EXAMPLE : We lred know tht; = NUMBER 10² = 100 This is the POWER Sttement OR 2 is the power to which the
More informationset is not closed under matrix [ multiplication, ] and does not form a group.
Prolem 2.3: Which of the following collections of 2 2 mtrices with rel entries form groups under [ mtrix ] multipliction? i) Those of the form for which c d 2 Answer: The set of such mtrices is not closed
More informationSummary Information and Formulae MTH109 College Algebra
Generl Formuls Summry Informtion nd Formule MTH109 College Algebr Temperture: F = 9 5 C + 32 nd C = 5 ( 9 F 32 ) F = degrees Fhrenheit C = degrees Celsius Simple Interest: I = Pr t I = Interest erned (chrged)
More informationNatural examples of rings are the ring of integers, a ring of polynomials in one variable, the ring
More generlly, we define ring to be non-empty set R hving two binry opertions (we ll think of these s ddition nd multipliction) which is n Abelin group under + (we ll denote the dditive identity by 0),
More informationMATH34032: Green s Functions, Integral Equations and the Calculus of Variations 1
MATH34032: Green s Functions, Integrl Equtions nd the Clculus of Vritions 1 Section 1 Function spces nd opertors Here we gives some brief detils nd definitions, prticulrly relting to opertors. For further
More informationInfinite Geometric Series
Infinite Geometric Series Finite Geometric Series ( finite SUM) Let 0 < r < 1, nd let n be positive integer. Consider the finite sum It turns out there is simple lgebric expression tht is equivlent to
More informationP 3 (x) = f(0) + f (0)x + f (0) 2. x 2 + f (0) . In the problem set, you are asked to show, in general, the n th order term is a n = f (n) (0)
1 Tylor polynomils In Section 3.5, we discussed how to pproximte function f(x) round point in terms of its first derivtive f (x) evluted t, tht is using the liner pproximtion f() + f ()(x ). We clled this
More informationThe graphs of Rational Functions
Lecture 4 5A: The its of Rtionl Functions s x nd s x + The grphs of Rtionl Functions The grphs of rtionl functions hve severl differences compred to power functions. One of the differences is the behvior
More informationChapter Direct Method of Interpolation More Examples Civil Engineering
Chpter 5. Direct Method of Interpoltion More Exmples Civil Engineering Exmple o mximie ctch of bss in lke, it is suggested to throw the line to the depth of the thermocline. he chrcteristic feture of this
More informationMath Lecture 23
Mth 8 - Lecture 3 Dyln Zwick Fll 3 In our lst lecture we delt with solutions to the system: x = Ax where A is n n n mtrix with n distinct eigenvlues. As promised, tody we will del with the question of
More informationAdding and Subtracting Rational Expressions
6.4 Adding nd Subtrcting Rtionl Epressions Essentil Question How cn you determine the domin of the sum or difference of two rtionl epressions? You cn dd nd subtrct rtionl epressions in much the sme wy
More informationHow do we solve these things, especially when they get complicated? How do we know when a system has a solution, and when is it unique?
XII. LINEAR ALGEBRA: SOLVING SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS Tody we re going to tlk bout solving systems of liner equtions. These re problems tht give couple of equtions with couple of unknowns, like: 6 2 3 7 4
More informationMTH 4-16a Trigonometry
MTH 4-16 Trigonometry Level 4 [UNIT 5 REVISION SECTION ] I cn identify the opposite, djcent nd hypotenuse sides on right-ngled tringle. Identify the opposite, djcent nd hypotenuse in the following right-ngled
More informationLecture 3 ( ) (translated and slightly adapted from lecture notes by Martin Klazar)
Lecture 3 (5.3.2018) (trnslted nd slightly dpted from lecture notes by Mrtin Klzr) Riemnn integrl Now we define precisely the concept of the re, in prticulr, the re of figure U(, b, f) under the grph of
More informationState space systems analysis (continued) Stability. A. Definitions A system is said to be Asymptotically Stable (AS) when it satisfies
Stte spce systems nlysis (continued) Stbility A. Definitions A system is sid to be Asymptoticlly Stble (AS) when it stisfies ut () = 0, t > 0 lim xt () 0. t A system is AS if nd only if the impulse response
More informationSOLUTIONS FOR ADMISSIONS TEST IN MATHEMATICS, COMPUTER SCIENCE AND JOINT SCHOOLS WEDNESDAY 5 NOVEMBER 2014
SOLUTIONS FOR ADMISSIONS TEST IN MATHEMATICS, COMPUTER SCIENCE AND JOINT SCHOOLS WEDNESDAY 5 NOVEMBER 014 Mrk Scheme: Ech prt of Question 1 is worth four mrks which re wrded solely for the correct nswer.
More informationMarkscheme May 2016 Mathematics Standard level Paper 1
M6/5/MATME/SP/ENG/TZ/XX/M Mrkscheme My 06 Mthemtics Stndrd level Pper 7 pges M6/5/MATME/SP/ENG/TZ/XX/M This mrkscheme is the property of the Interntionl Bcclurete nd must not be reproduced or distributed
More informationJim Lambers MAT 169 Fall Semester Lecture 4 Notes
Jim Lmbers MAT 169 Fll Semester 2009-10 Lecture 4 Notes These notes correspond to Section 8.2 in the text. Series Wht is Series? An infinte series, usully referred to simply s series, is n sum of ll of
More informationTHE QUADRATIC RECIPROCITY LAW OF DUKE-HOPKINS. Circa 1870, G. Zolotarev observed that the Legendre symbol ( a p
THE QUADRATIC RECIPROCITY LAW OF DUKE-HOPKINS PETE L CLARK Circ 1870, Zolotrev observed tht the Legendre symbol ( p ) cn be interpreted s the sign of multipliction by viewed s permuttion of the set Z/pZ
More informationAdministrivia CSE 190: Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction
Administrivi CSE 190: Reinforcement Lerning: An Introduction Any emil sent to me bout the course should hve CSE 190 in the subject line! Chpter 4: Dynmic Progrmming Acknowledgment: A good number of these
More informationa a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a In this section, we introduce a general formula for computing determinants.
Section 9 The Lplce Expnsion In the lst section, we defined the determinnt of (3 3) mtrix A 12 to be 22 12 21 22 2231 22 12 21. In this section, we introduce generl formul for computing determinnts. Rewriting
More informationMath 360: A primitive integral and elementary functions
Mth 360: A primitive integrl nd elementry functions D. DeTurck University of Pennsylvni October 16, 2017 D. DeTurck Mth 360 001 2017C: Integrl/functions 1 / 32 Setup for the integrl prtitions Definition:
More informationBest Approximation in the 2-norm
Jim Lmbers MAT 77 Fll Semester 1-11 Lecture 1 Notes These notes correspond to Sections 9. nd 9.3 in the text. Best Approximtion in the -norm Suppose tht we wish to obtin function f n (x) tht is liner combintion
More informationthan 1. It means in particular that the function is decreasing and approaching the x-
6 Preclculus Review Grph the functions ) (/) ) log y = b y = Solution () The function y = is n eponentil function with bse smller thn It mens in prticulr tht the function is decresing nd pproching the
More informationExponentials - Grade 10 [CAPS] *
OpenStx-CNX module: m859 Exponentils - Grde 0 [CAPS] * Free High School Science Texts Project Bsed on Exponentils by Rory Adms Free High School Science Texts Project Mrk Horner Hether Willims This work
More informationList all of the possible rational roots of each equation. Then find all solutions (both real and imaginary) of the equation. 1.
Mth Anlysis CP WS 4.X- Section 4.-4.4 Review Complete ech question without the use of grphing clcultor.. Compre the mening of the words: roots, zeros nd fctors.. Determine whether - is root of 0. Show
More informationModule 6: LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS
Module 6: LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS. Trnsformtions nd mtrices Trnsformtions re generliztions of functions. A vector x in some set S n is mpped into m nother vector y T( x). A trnsformtion is liner if, for
More information38 Riemann sums and existence of the definite integral.
38 Riemnn sums nd existence of the definite integrl. In the clcultion of the re of the region X bounded by the grph of g(x) = x 2, the x-xis nd 0 x b, two sums ppered: ( n (k 1) 2) b 3 n 3 re(x) ( n These
More informationIntroduction to Group Theory
Introduction to Group Theory Let G be n rbitrry set of elements, typiclly denoted s, b, c,, tht is, let G = {, b, c, }. A binry opertion in G is rule tht ssocites with ech ordered pir (,b) of elements
More informationMath 4310 Solutions to homework 1 Due 9/1/16
Mth 4310 Solutions to homework 1 Due 9/1/16 1. Use the Eucliden lgorithm to find the following gretest common divisors. () gcd(252, 180) = 36 (b) gcd(513, 187) = 1 (c) gcd(7684, 4148) = 68 252 = 180 1
More informationNumber systems: the Real Number System
Numer systems: the Rel Numer System syllusref eferenceence Core topic: Rel nd complex numer systems In this ch chpter A Clssifiction of numers B Recurring decimls C Rel nd complex numers D Surds: suset
More informationf(x) dx, If one of these two conditions is not met, we call the integral improper. Our usual definition for the value for the definite integral
Improper Integrls Every time tht we hve evluted definite integrl such s f(x) dx, we hve mde two implicit ssumptions bout the integrl:. The intervl [, b] is finite, nd. f(x) is continuous on [, b]. If one
More informationMath 113 Fall Final Exam Review. 2. Applications of Integration Chapter 6 including sections and section 6.8
Mth 3 Fll 0 The scope of the finl exm will include: Finl Exm Review. Integrls Chpter 5 including sections 5. 5.7, 5.0. Applictions of Integrtion Chpter 6 including sections 6. 6.5 nd section 6.8 3. Infinite
More informationNew Expansion and Infinite Series
Interntionl Mthemticl Forum, Vol. 9, 204, no. 22, 06-073 HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikri.com http://dx.doi.org/0.2988/imf.204.4502 New Expnsion nd Infinite Series Diyun Zhng College of Computer Nnjing University
More informationMath 3B Final Review
Mth 3B Finl Review Written by Victori Kl vtkl@mth.ucsb.edu SH 6432u Office Hours: R 9:45-10:45m SH 1607 Mth Lb Hours: TR 1-2pm Lst updted: 12/06/14 This is continution of the midterm review. Prctice problems
More informationRudin s Principles of Mathematical Analysis: Solutions to Selected Exercises. Sam Blinstein UCLA Department of Mathematics
Rudin s Principles of Mthemticl Anlysis: Solutions to Selected Exercises Sm Blinstein UCLA Deprtment of Mthemtics Mrch 29, 2008 Contents Chpter : The Rel nd Complex Number Systems 2 Chpter 2: Bsic Topology
More informationMath 113 Exam 2 Practice
Mth 3 Exm Prctice Februry 8, 03 Exm will cover 7.4, 7.5, 7.7, 7.8, 8.-3 nd 8.5. Plese note tht integrtion skills lerned in erlier sections will still be needed for the mteril in 7.5, 7.8 nd chpter 8. This
More informationINTRODUCTION TO LINEAR ALGEBRA
ME Applied Mthemtics for Mechnicl Engineers INTRODUCTION TO INEAR AGEBRA Mtrices nd Vectors Prof. Dr. Bülent E. Pltin Spring Sections & / ME Applied Mthemtics for Mechnicl Engineers INTRODUCTION TO INEAR
More informationSection 7.1 Integration by Substitution
Section 7. Integrtion by Substitution Evlute ech of the following integrls. Keep in mind tht using substitution my not work on some problems. For one of the definite integrls, it is not possible to find
More informationLinear Inequalities. Work Sheet 1
Work Sheet 1 Liner Inequlities Rent--Hep, cr rentl compny,chrges $ 15 per week plus $ 0.0 per mile to rent one of their crs. Suppose you re limited y how much money you cn spend for the week : You cn spend
More information1 PYTHAGORAS THEOREM 1. Given a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
1 PYTHAGORAS THEOREM 1 1 Pythgors Theorem In this setion we will present geometri proof of the fmous theorem of Pythgors. Given right ngled tringle, the squre of the hypotenuse is equl to the sum of the
More informationBernoulli Numbers Jeff Morton
Bernoulli Numbers Jeff Morton. We re interested in the opertor e t k d k t k, which is to sy k tk. Applying this to some function f E to get e t f d k k tk d k f f + d k k tk dk f, we note tht since f
More informationSCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT. Mathematics
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & BUIL ENVIRONMEN Mthemtics An Introduction to Mtrices Definition of Mtri Size of Mtri Rows nd Columns of Mtri Mtri Addition Sclr Multipliction of Mtri Mtri Multipliction 7 rnspose
More informationHW3, Math 307. CSUF. Spring 2007.
HW, Mth 7. CSUF. Spring 7. Nsser M. Abbsi Spring 7 Compiled on November 5, 8 t 8:8m public Contents Section.6, problem Section.6, problem Section.6, problem 5 Section.6, problem 7 6 5 Section.6, problem
More informationThings to Memorize: A Partial List. January 27, 2017
Things to Memorize: A Prtil List Jnury 27, 2017 Chpter 2 Vectors - Bsic Fcts A vector hs mgnitude (lso clled size/length/norm) nd direction. It does not hve fixed position, so the sme vector cn e moved
More information