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2 -\ NKl Mn Bl[.,,,,h[0 Da,e 2* tutc 0 Lessn Objectives fffi, dentif.v the three subatmic parlicles fbund in atms' {ffi Explain hu, all f the istpes f an element are similar and hw they are different. fffi Explain hw cmpunds are different fim their cmpnent elements. {trr#; Describe the tw main types f chemical bnds' Lessn SummarY rr,,i, ri! jr; The atm is the basic unit f matter. made up f-three subatmic particles. r,:,. Prtns have a psitive charge and neutrns arry n charge. Strng frces bind prtns and neutrns tgether in the nucleus. i. An electrn is a negatively charged particle that has nly abut 1/1840 the mass f a prtn. Electrns cnstantly mve arund the space surrunding the atm's nucleus.,ir:;r. Because an atm has the same number f prtns and electrns, if it is electrically neutral. l.i,:i;.,'i,r.;;'l1.,ll; ;"',, 1; i'::trr,-,rrl',,,,,,.;:')'-i A chemical element is a pure substance that cnsists entireiy f ne type f attn. :! Atms f the sarne element that differ in the number f neutrns are called istpes. stpes are identified by their mass number. the ttal number f-prtt]s and neutrtrs in the nucleus. Because they have the same number f electrns in each atrn. all istpes f an element have the same chemical prperties. i:,. Radiactive istpes have unstable nuclei and break dwn at a cnstant rate' i;i':1,:i:"r:.:,l;; ",- '.';.,,'t A chcmical cmpund is a substance fbrmed by the chemical cmbinatin f tw r ffre elements irr definite prprtins. The physical and chemical prperties f a cmpund are usually very ditferent lim thse {'the elements fi'rn whiir it is fbrmed. Scientisti use fbrmulas t shw'the rati f elements that make up a cmpund. i,,lrr i ii r ll,:r-: : r.j,,t.,:,,',,,r'itr:,r The atms in cmpunds are held tgether by chemical bnds. Electrns that are available t fbrm brrds are called valence electrns. i,, An inic bnd frms when ne r mre electrns are transfbrred firn ne atm t anther, fblning ins. An atm that lses electrns becmes psitively charged. An atm that gains electrns becmes negatively charged. ir,, A cvalent bnd frms when electrns are shared rather than transferred. The structure frmed by atms jined by cvalent bnds is called a mlecule. The mlecule is the smallest unit f mst cmpunds. tri. When mlecules are clse tgether, a slight attractin can frm between the ppsitely charged prtins f nearby mlecules. These intermlecular frces f attractin are called van der Waals frces. 16

3 r) - ( rnrc 0-6!a 7i 1= 5@ t+ --l rp = (r, * 5L z- t c) :r ( rfl 13 -d :i= A5 36 t+ \\..r,:iiit.,$):.,::; ō 3 C) rc C) 0) s.s) 5- ( - + rr -! 6-A = =U 3@ l+! U't _ e' 3 ) Z + 6 p.s 2 C O O rc U C C) L je '- ) 0 J' ( lrn rc ltr l;. tj - l-r r) :r _-. a- ' --i

4 Name Class Date 1. The diagram shws a mdel f a carbn atm, with an atmic number f 6. Cmplete the diagram by drawing in the rest f the atmic particles, including their charges. Label all particles and the nucleus. ) diagrams shw mdels f carbn istpes. Cmplete the diagrams by drawing in the rest f the atmic particles, including their charges. Nnradiactive carbn-13 Radiactive carbn-14 Use yur cmpleted diagrams t answer Questins?4. 3. dentifu tw differences between carbn-l2 and carbn-l4. 4. dentify tw ways in which carbn-lz, carbn-3, and carbn-l4 are alike. Fr Questins *7, cmplete each statement by writing the crrect wrd r wrds. 5. A chemical element is a pure substance that cnsists entirely f ne type f 6. Atms f the same element that differ in the number f neutrns they cntain are called 7. An atm is made up f prtns, neutrns, and 17

5 \ Name Class,. Date :!. 8. What is a chemical cmpund? 9. What d the frmulas fr table salt, NaCl, and water, HzO, indicate abut these cmpunds?!./a i. r iii tl'',.i.,,-...,.... lri ".,,.,.- -.a " 10. Sea salt cntains calcium chlride (CaClz), an inic cmpund similar t table salt. One atm f calcium (atmic number 20) bnds t tw atms f chlrirre (atmic number 17). Fill in the number f prttrs and electrns in each itr. ",**'*!59&1a,. #lw:..:.:::1.11a:: % -- '4 # w\.rw *cl-1 * & E,,# Chlride in Calcium rn Chlride in Prtns Prtns Prtns Electrns Electrns Electrns 11. What is the difference between an inic bnd and a cvalent bnd? 12. Hw are chemical bnds imprtant in metablism? 18

6 Name Class,," gleq Jues 4aftek,,-A: C.d hdfq'##..t".'ff,..*"difl':, " s Lessn Objectives ilh Discuss the unique prperlies f water.!!-t:t n!a- tr, t, e,& Differentiate between slutins and suspensins (H Explain what acidic slutins and basic slutins are. Lessn Summary?he Water *Wie*ulg water mlecules (HzO) are plar because f an uneven distributin f electrns, creating a slight negative (-) charge in the xygen atm and a slight psitive (+) charge in each hydrgen atm. The attractin between a hydrgen atm f ne water mlecule and the xygen atm f anther water mlecule is called a hydrgen bnd. & Chesin is an attractin between mlecules f the same substance. t causes water mlecules t be drawn tgether, prducing surface tensin k Adhesin is an attractin between mlecules f different substances. t causes capillary actin, an effect that causes water t rise in a narrw tube against the frce f gravity. \-- $truti*;3g erid $*rsp*$si*rls A mixture is a material cmpsed f tw r mre elements r cmpunds that are physically mixed tgether but nt chemically cmbined. A slutin is a mixture in which all the cmpnents are evenly spread ut: the substance disslved is the slute; the substance that causes the disslving is the slvent. Mixtures f water and undisslved materials are suspensins. A*ids, &aw*s, erid pn A water mlecule (HzO; can split apartt frm a hydrgen in (H*) and a hydrxide in (OFl). &b The ph scale measures the cncentratin f hydrgen ins in a slutin. The scale ranges frm 0 t 14. Pure water has a ph f 7. P An acid is any cmpund that frms H* ins in slutin. Acidic slutins have ph values belw 7. A base is a cmpund that frms OH- ins in slutin. Basic, r alkaline, slutins have ph values abve 7. & Buffers are weak acids r bases that canreactwith strng acids r bases t prevent sudden changes in ph. Fr Questins 1-4, write True r False n the line prvided. 1. Water is a plar mlecule. 2. Hydrgen bnds are an example f adhesin. 3. Cvalent bnds give water a lw heat capacity. 4. A hydrgen bnd is strnger than a cvalent bnd. 19

7 Name Class Date r "- '.:..,,.".: '' 5. Cmplete the table.ii,rif Physical cmbinatin f tw r mre substances Cinnamn sugar Slute Salt in saltwater Mixture f water and nndisslved substance Bld Slutin, i,* 6. What makes pure water neutral? 7. What des the ph scale measure? 8. On the ph scale, indicate which directin is increasingly acidic and which is increasingly basic. 7S9:t*1'l 7ft 11 u.ft E- zp-\a R:E}i!tu4 i. r E ; sn, T fre- i 9. dentify tw slutins that have mre H* ins than Olf ins. 10. dentifiz tw slutins that have mre OF ins than H* ins. 11. Hw wuld yu buffer a slutin that has a ph f 12? 12. Why are buffers imprtant t living things?

8 .1 6l l El >l E,.El 3l c,,l Oven clener Blech ) -Ti ) ()!) ș q Neutrl Milk q 0).q G e Lemn iuice P O : Stmch cid C O a rc u c O c) il (]) 'ō U

9 Name X "m ffi m rim*:p m ffi *:,:p ffil+ tr{} tubi rfi fl$ *il;.,"* \\4;f13ry. dcilstlt Lessn Objectives W Describe the unique qualities f carbn. W Describe the structures and functins f each f the fur grups f macrmlecules. Lessn Summary Yhe Sflem$xtny f Smrfumrx Organic chemistry is the study f cmpunds with bnds between carbn atms. Carbn atms have fur valence electrns, allwing them t frm strng cvalent bnds with many ther elements, including hydrgen, xygen, phsphrus, sulfur, and nitrgen. Living rganisms are made up f mlecules made f carbn and these ther elements. &. One carbn atm can bnd t anther t frm chains and rings. & Carbn can frm millins f different large and cmplex structures. trwacrcm*lecaxfl*g Many f the carbn mlecules in living things are s large they are called macrmlecules. Macrmlecules frm by plymerizatin, in which smaller units called mnmers jin tgether t frm plymers. Bichemists srt the macrmlecules in living things int grups based n their chemical cmpsitin. &. Carbhydrates (starches and sugars) are cmpsed fcarbn, hydrgen, and xygen. Carbhydrates are the main energy surce fr living things. Plants and sme animals als use carbhydrates fr structural purpses. Mlecules with ne sugar mnmer are mnsaccharides. A disaccharide is made f tw mnsaccharides. h Lipids (fats, ils, and waxes) are made mstly f carbn and hydrgen atms. Lipids can be used t stre energy and frm parts f bilgical membranes and waterprf cverings. Sterids manufactured by the bdy are lipids as well. & Nucleic acids cntain hydrgen, xygen, nitrgen, carbn, and phsphrus. They are plymers f nucletides. A nucletide has three parts: a 5-carbn sugar, a phsphate (- PO+) grup, and b nitrgenus base. Nucleic acids stre and transmit hereditary (genetic) infrmatin. There are tw kinds f nucleic acids: DNA (dexyribnucleic acid) and RNA (ribnucleic acid). & Prteins are made up f nitrgen, carbn, hydrgen, and xygen. Prteins are pl5zmers f amin acids. An amin acid mlecule has an amin grup (-NHz) n ne end and a carbxyl grup (-COOH) n the ther end. Prteins cntrl the rate f reactins, regulate cell prcesses, frm cellular structures, carry substances int r ut fcells, and help fight disease.. Mre than2} different amin acids are fund in nature. Any amin acid can bnd with any ther.. Cvalent bnds called peptide bnds link amin acids tgether t frm a plypeptide.. Amin acids are assembled int plypeptide chains accrding t instructins cded in DNA. 21

10 n r CL."\ r--- l. tl \_/., \-n r--c) n-n-t /i _\, T\.,' \/, rc cl c) () J q) ;0 2 : s (lj (D e = rc u c) L -t l _ U

11 Nitrgenus bse Nucleic Acid 5<rbn sugr Y 0 0 0i :).q) q 0) 3 O U E C i- ō a rc u c) L ),C U Generl Structure f Amin Acids Amin grup Crbxyl grup,$.? a.:$t!-c- /r H Cil, Alqnine Frmlin f Peptide Bnd HrO \ Tu/ T --4 )-f-.+- N-c-c H ch^ ' i cl^ ' Peptide d, bnd / n

12 Clss Dqte :! i ri i 1.. it m.m rgnic Mlecules.; A. Visuql Gluiz dentify each mlecule pictured-belw as ne f the fllwing: amin acid' mnsaccharide' cmplex carbfuydraii fifi, ^g.nucletiie.fft.t, explain wiich physical features f each ml-ecule helped yu t identify it' 1. What type f mlecule is shwn in A? 2. Hw can Yu tell? i 3. What type f mlecule is shwn in B? i 4. Hw can Yu tell?.,a& C. s. ffihat type f mlecule is shwn in C? 6. Hw can Yu tel?! D. -'@- 7. What type f mlecule is shwn in D? 8. Hw can Yu tell? il E. \ T? N-C-C-,i.1,, g. What type f mlecule is shwn in E? 10. Hw can YuJell? Peqrsn Eductin; lnc', r its ffilites' All Rights Reserved' 3

13 Name Class Date CHAPTER Sf:*stly F*gh yu have been hired t prepare drawings fr a children's science bk. Divide the bx int tw halves. On the left, draw and clr an ice fish. On the right, write a shrt descriptin f the characteristics f an ice fish. 6s n *.r*^ Macrfil0tecules Amin acids are the mnmers f prteins. Each amin acid has three distinct parts: an amin grup, an R grup, and a carbxyl grup. An amin grup has the frmula -NHz, a carbxyl grup is -COOH, and the R grup varies frm ne amin acid t anther. Tw amin acids are jined in a chemical reactin that links them by a peptide bnd. Fllw the directins. Then answer the questins. L. Lk at the diagram f the general structure f an amin acid. Clr the amin grup green. 2. Clr the carbxyl grup blue. 3. Clr the R grup red. 4. Clr the same grups in the amin acids alanine and serine. G*nerul Skuefur* l Anrir Aeieh ;.1H0 rlrf i,, )^.:' t\<--l HAbn Arnins Carhryl grup gr0up HHH \13.. l{ Frrnsli*n f Fep$de Brard N-C---C + l'l-c-c /l\,, l\ H Ln:., OH H CH- 'H Alc,nine Jr' $Prins * H ll \tr )'-f-t 'r i- H cil^ ilc l_ P*ptide r bnd H t- L_L a { 1r* 5. Hw many xygen atms are fund in the carbxyl grup? A.1 C D.4 6. What is the R grup fund in alanine? A. CH: C. HzO B. CHzOH D. COOH 21