Introduction to Botany. Lecture 9
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1 Introduction to Botany. Lecture 9 Alexey Shipunov Minot State University September 17th, 2010
2 Outline Morphology of shoot 1 Morphology of shoot 2 morphology
3 Outline Morphology of shoot 1 Morphology of shoot 2 morphology
4 Exam 1 Morphology of shoot
5 Monday test Morphology of shoot
6 Arrangement of leaves: phyllotaxis One leaf per node: spiral arrangement Two leaves per node: opposite arrangement, they may be: All in same plane Each pair will rotate on 90 > 2 leaves per node: whorled arrangement (each whorle can also rotates) Each type of phyllotaxis has its own angle of divergence
7 Angles of divergence
8 Spiral phyllotaxis 1 Morphology of shoot Multiple types of leaf spiral leaf arrangement mostly follow Fibonacci rule Formulas of leaf arrangements is very similar to Finobacci fractions: 1 2, 1 3, 2 5, 3 8, 5 13, et cetera* Numerator is number of spiral circulations, denominator is number of leaves
9 Spiral phyllotaxis 2 Morphology of shoot
10 : ancient approach Herbs: soft stems Shrubs: multiple short-lived trunks Trees: one trunk
11 : dynamic approach Hardiness: sensitivity to all negative influence Woodiness: % of cells with secondary walls Slenderness: amount of vertical parts
12 Life cube Morphology of shoot Slenderness 7 2 Woodiness 7 1 Hardiness
13 : Raunkiaer s approach Phanerophytes: winter buds openly exposed Chamaephytes: winter buds under snow Hemicryptophytes: winter buds on soil surface Cryptophytes: winter buds in the soil Therophytes: no winter buds, only seeds
14 Raunkiaer classification (after Raunkiaer, 1937)
15 Raunkiaer classification again
16 : architectural models Developed for tropical trees, but also cover temperate forms which are less diverse Each model has a name of famous botanist, e.g. Thomlinson, Cook, Attims
17 Attims architectural model Many temperate trees are growing according to this model
18 s and stems Rhizomes: underground stems Tubers: enlarged portions of rhizomes Bulbs: storage shoots, leaves > 50% of mass Corms: storage shoots with minute leaves Thorns: defense shoots Cladophylls: leaf-like shoots Stolons (runners): aboveground horizontal shoots
19 Bulbs and corms Morphology of shoot
20 Tubers Morphology of shoot
21 Thorns Morphology of shoot
22 Cladophylls Morphology of shoot
23 Goethe s primary plant Famous Germat poet and writer Johann Wolfgang Goethe is also a founder of plant morphology. He invented an idea of primary plant where all organs were modifications of leaf.
24 External function and modifications Each external function requires a specific modification of organ. Function Stem Root FU Expansion Rhizomes, stolons Storage Bulbs, corms, tubers Photosynthesis Cladophylls Defense Thorns Support Insect catching Traps (bladderwort)
25 Traps of bladderwort (Utricularia)
26 morphology Definition, functions and features Lateral flattened organ of plant with restricted growth Functions: Photosynthesis Respiratoin Transpiration Synthesis of secondary chemicals Features: Have bud in the axil Do not grow by apex Do not produce new leaves Have hierarchical morphology
27 morphology Hierarchical levels in leaf morphology
28 morphology General characters General characters apply to the whole leaf Stipules (present or not, how many etc.) base (scheath etc.)
29 Stipules Morphology of shoot morphology
30 base Morphology of shoot morphology
31 morphology Repetitive characters Repetitive characters are the same on each level of leaf hierarchy Form Dissection Petiole (stalked/non-stalked etc.) Repetitive characters of same type may combine: single leaf could have several of them*
32 Form Morphology of shoot morphology
33 Dissection Morphology of shoot morphology
34 morphology Terminal characters Terminal (leaflet) characters are applicable only to terminal parts (normally, leaflets) of leaves Form of base Form of tip Type of margin Surface Venation
35 morphology Summary Spiral arrangement of leaves follows Fibonacci rule classifications are based primarily on characteristics of shoot Storage, defense and underground growth result in extensive modification of shoot Leaves have general, repetitive and terminal characters
36 Appendix For Further Reading For Further Reading Th. L. Rost, M. G. Barbour, C. R. Stocking, T. M. Murphy. Plant Biology. 2nd edition. Thomson Brooks/Cole, Chapter 5.4 and 6.1.
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