THE LEAF Structure and function. thin, flat large surface green chlorophyll photosynthesis intercellular cavities gas exchange transpiration
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1 THE LEAF
2 THE LEAF Structure and function thin, flat large surface green chlorophyll photosynthesis intercellular cavities gas exchange transpiration
3 Leaf types Cotyledon (emerges from seed) Foliage leaf: leaf base + leaf stalk / petiole + leaf blade / lamina Sub-foliage leaves: below the level of foliage leaves e.g. scale leaves of rhizomes, fleshy scales of bulbs Above-foliage leaves: above the level of foliage leaves, usually protective role e.g. bracts of flowers, inflorescences, spathe inflorescence of Araceae
4 LEAF ARRANGEMENT number and position of leaves on a node goosefoot (Chenopodium album) decussate Lysimachia distichon oregano (Origanum) (Galium sp.)
5 LEAF MORPHOLOGY I. Leaf Shape
6 LEAF MORPHOLOGY I. Leaf Shape
7 LEAF MORPHOLOGY I. Leaf shape cordate (lime/linden Tilia cordata) deltoid (ivy Hedera helix) oval (smokebush Cotinus coggygria) elliptic (privet Ligustrum vulgare)
8 LEAF MORPHOLOGY I. Leaf shape reniform (Asarum europaeum) narrow (rosemary Rosmarinus) lanceolate (Eucalyptus)
9 LEAF MORPHOLOGY I. Leaf Shape narrow lanceolate lanceolate narrow ovate ovate bog labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum) Tasmanian blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) common beech (Fagus sylvatica)
10 LEAF MORPHOLOGY I. Leaf Shape narrow elliptic elliptic-oval broad elliptic orbicular green forsythia (Forsythia viridissima) plum (Prunus domestica) common aspen (Populus tremula)
11 LEAF MORPHOLOGY I. Leaf Shape cordate rectangular deltoid reniform small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata) tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) black poplar (Populus nigra) Judas tree (Cercis siliquastrum)
12 LEAF MORPHOLOGY II. Leaf Apex / Leaf Tip
13 LEAF MORPHOLOGY II. Leaf tip acute (Saponaria officinalis) acuminate (Parietaria) truncate (Alnus glutinosa) obtuse (Rheum rhaponticum)
14 LEAF MORPHOLOGY III. Leaf Base
15 LEAF MORPHOLOGY III. Leaf base cordate (Aristolochia clematitis) sagittate (Rumex acetosa) rounded (Cotoneaster lancasteri)
16 LEAF MORPHOLOGY IV. (1) Simple (2) Compound Undivided entire Divided b) dentate with teeth a) serrate c) crenate d) undulate Magnolia tripetala hazelnut (Corylus avellana) grapevine (Vitis vinifera) sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) common aspen (Populus tremula)
17 LEAF MORPHOLOGY IV. (1) Simple (2) Compound Undivided Divided palmately lobed pinnately palmately pinnately lobed oak (Quercus) lobate/lobed cleft segmented completely segmented ivy (Hedera helix) hawthorn (Crataegus) hop (Humulus lupulus)
18 LEAF MORPHOLOGY IV. Compound Leaves pinnately: rachis leaflets on mid-vein palmately: leaflets radiate from tip of petiole pinnately compound palmately compound odd pinnate terminal leaflet even pinnate 3 leaflets 3 leaflets, terminal leaflet with petiole 7 leaflets black locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia) carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua) common laburnum (Laburnum anagyroides) paperbark maple (Acer griseum) horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)
19 LEAF MORPHOLOGY IV. (1) Simple (2) Compound Pinnately compound Palmately compound odd pinnate even pinnate 3 leaflets 7 leaflets elderberry (Sambucus nigra) senna (Cassia) waterbog (Menyanthes trifoliata) horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)
20 LEAF MORPHOLOGY V. Leaf Venation Pinnate: 1 main vein: base tip, smaller veins branch off the main vein Reticulate: veins net-like pattern Palmate: veins radiate from base of leaf Parallel: veins parallel to each other Dichotomous: veins branch off each other (like branches of a tree) dichotomous
21 LEAF MORPHOLOGY V. Venation reticulate pinnate palmate goat willow (Salix caprea) alpine buckthorn (Rhamnus alpinus) sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) parallel: ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata) wild garlic (Allium ursinum)
22 Leaf Histology Epidermis: - primary - often cuticle, wax layer - stomata (guard cells with chloroplast) - usually one-layered Mesophyll: - assimilatory ground tissue (chlorenchyma) - closed collateral bundles (sometimes: open collateral) Homogenous: 1cell type: isolateral homogenous (spongy parenchyma) Heterogenous: dorsiventral / bifacial (palisade + spongy parenchyma) inverse dorsiventral isolateral heterogenous
23 Leaf Histology upper epidermis palisade parenchyma vein (vascular bundle) bundle sheath spongy parenchyma lower epidermis stoma
24 Leaf Mesophyll (cross section) dorsiventral palisade parenchyma xylem upper epidermis isolateral homogenous phloem lower epidermis spongy parenchyma
25 upper multiple epidermis Ficus levél km 10x CaCO 3 crystal Ficus sp. leaf cross section palisade parenchyma (chlorenchyma) i spongy parenchyma (chlorenchyma) lower multiple epidermis closed collateral bundles intercellular cavity (i)
26 marshmallow spongy parenchyma (chlorenchyma) palisade parenchyma (chlorenchyma) Althaeae folium_10x intercellular cavity closed collateral vascular bundle Ca(COO) 2 crystals upper epidermis cover hairs lower epidermis
27 senna (Cassia sp.) closed collateral Cassia leaf c.s._200x bundle: x ph x: xylem, ph: phloem lower epidermis with mucilage cells upper epidermis with mucilage cells spongy parenchyma palisade parenchyma (shorter cells) palisade parenchyma (long cells with wavy cell walls)
28 lower epidermis Citrus levélkm20x spongy parenchyma palisade parenchyma (chlorenchyma) upper epidermis lysigenous essential oil cavity lemon (Citrus sp.)
29 MONOCOT LEAF epidermis Allium levél km4x palisade parenchyma (chlorenchyma) spongy parenchyma (chlorenchyma) mesomorphic stoma closed collateral vascular bundle Allium sp. leaf
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