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2 TARGET STUDY MATERIAL Plus-1 Botany VOL I
3 TARGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION Target Educational institution is the one and only Entrance coaching and CBSE 10 th coaching centre at Mukkam with advanced technologies and facilities started by a group of highly qualified teachers and professionals. Our main idea is to provide a good teaching atmosphere with our Hi-Fi features and well qualified teachers. Along with coaching we are also providing soft skill development classes including interactive sessions by professionals, which will definitely help the student to explore their skill to achieve their goal. OUR FEATURES JEE (main),neet,keam (Med/Engg entrance coaching) Providing Entrance oriented booklets and study materials High facility A/C Class rooms Highly experienced and talented faculties Projector based video classrooms Elaborated library facility
4 THIS VOLUME INCLUDES 1. Biological classification 2. Plant kingdom 3. Morphology of flowering plants 4. Anatomy of Flowering Plants 5. Cell : The Unit of Life 6. Cell Cycle and Cell Division 7. Transport in Plants 8. Mineral Nutrition 9. Photosynthesis in Higher Plants 10. Respiration in Plants 11. Plant Growth and Development
5 Anatomy of Flowering Plants The Meristematic Tissues:- A tissue is a group of cells having a common origin and performing the same function. On the basis of their ability to divide, plant tissues can be divided into o meristematic tissue o permanent tissue Meristematic Tissue Meristems - specialized region of cell division where growth is restricted Primary meristem = Apical meristem + Intercalary meristem Axillary bud These are buds constituted by some apical meristems left behind during the elongation of stems and leaves. These buds are capable of forming branches and flowers. In course of formation of primary plant body, specific regions of apical meristem produce dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Following division in both primary and secondary meristems, the new cells so formed lose the capacity to divide and become permanent tissues. The Permanent Tissues :- Based on the structural differences, plant permanent tissues are of two types: o Simple permanent tissues o Complex permanent tissues
6 Simple permanent tissues: The Tissue System - Epidermal, Ground, and Vascular :- On the basis of their structure and location, tissue systems can be divided into o epidermal tissue system o ground tissue system o vascular or conducting tissue system
7 Epidermal Tissue System Forms the outermost covering of plant body The Ground Tissue System Except epidermis and vascular bundles, all tissues are part of ground tissue system. Consists of simple tissues such as parenchyma, schlerenchyma, or collenchyma. In primary stem and roots ground tissue is represented by parenchyma present in cortex, pericycle, pith, and medullary rays In leaves - ground tissue is represented by mesophyll (thin-walled chloroplast containing cells) The Vascular Tissue System Vascular tissue system consists of vascular bundles. Vascular bundles = Xylem + Phloem There are two types of vascular bundles: Xylem and phloem can be arranged in two different kinds of arrangement within a vascular bundle. o Radial arrangement - when xylem and phloem are present in alternate manner on different radii
8 o Conjoint arrangement - when xylem and phloem are present in same radii Such arrangement usually has phloem located outer to xylem. Anatomy of Dicot and Monocot Plants :- Dicot and Monocot Root Tissue organization Dicot Monocot Figure Epidermis Has a single layer of epidermal cells, some of which protrude to form root hairs Same as that of dicot root Cortex Has several layers of thin-walled parenchymatous cells, with intercellular spaces Same as that of dicot root Endodermis Single layer of barrel-shaped cells, without intercellular space, and contains Casparian strips (water impermeable layer consisting of waxy suberin) Same as that of dicot root Pericycle Has thick-walled parenchyma In these cells, initiation of lateral cambium and vascular bundles responsible for secondary growth takes place. Secondary growth is absent in monocots. Pith Small and inconspicuous Large and well-developed Vascular Single (Monoarch) More than six (Polyarch)
9 bundle Conjunctive tissue These are the parenchymatous cells that lie between xylem and phloem. On maturity, cambium rings develop between xylem and phloem. Stele structure represented by all tissues on inner side of endodermis such as pericycle, pith, vascular bundle Dicot and Monocot Stem Tissueorganizatio n Dicot stem Monocot stem Figure Epidermis Covered by cuticle Same as dicot stem Cortex (divided into three parts) Hypodermis Cortical layer Endodermis Contains few layers of collenchymatous cells Contains parenchymatous cells with conspicuous intercellular spaces Rich in starch Contains few layers of sclerenchymatous cells - Rich in starch Pericycle On the inside of endodermis and above the phloem in the form of semi-lunar patches of sclerenchyma Same as dicot stem Vascular bundle These are arranged in a ring. This arrangement is a Vascular bundles are scattered and closed with peripheral bundles being smaller than
10 characteristic of dicot stem. They are conjoint, open, and have endarch protoxylem. central. Phloem parenchyma is absent and water containing cavities are present. Pith Present Absent Dicot and Monocot Leaf Tissue organizatio n Dicot leaf (Dorsiventral) Monocot leaf (isobilateral ) Figure Epidermis Covers both upper (adaxial - bearing less/no stomata) and lower (abaxial - bearing more stomata) surface of leaf and bears a cuticle Stomata present on both sides Mesophyll Differentiated into palisade (has parallel arranged elongated cells) and parenchyma (with loosely arranged oval/round cells); it possesses chlorophyll Not differentiated into palisade and parenchyma Vascular Bundle Present in midrib and veins (reticulate venation); surrounded by bundle sheath cells Leaves have parallel venation. Bulliform cells (modified epidermal cells) are present along the vein which absorb water and make the cells turgid. Secondary Growth in Stem and Root:- Secondary Growth
11 Primary growth: The growth of the root and the stem lengthwise; brought about by the apical meristem Secondary growth: Increase in girth exhibited by most dicot plants The tissues involved in secondary growth are collectively known as lateral meristems. Lateral meristems consist of: o Vascular cambium o Cork cambium Vascular Cambium Meristematic layer responsible for vascular tissue formation In the young stem, it is present in patches between the xylem and the phloem; later, it forms a ring Formation of the cambial ring: o Intrafascicular cambium cells of the cambium present between the xylem and the phloem in a dicot stem o Cells of medullary rays adjoining the intrafascicular cambium also become meristematic, and are called interfascicular cambium thereafter. o Thus, a continuous ring of cambium is formed. Activity of the cambial ring: o Cambial ring cuts off cells both on the inner and the outer sides; generally active on the inner side o Cells towards the pith form the secondary xylem, and those towards the periphery form the secondary phloem. Since the activity towards the inner side is greater, more xylem is produced than phloem. o This may lead to the crushing of phloem at some places due to continuous accumulation of the secondary xylem. o At some places, the cambium forms narrow bands of parenchyma known as medullary rays. These pass through the secondary xylem and phloem in a radial
12 fashion, and so they are known as secondary medullary rays. Secondary Growth in Roots In a dicot root, the vascular cambium is completely secondary. It originates from a portion of the pericycle below phloem bundles. Formed in a wavy manner, but later on becomes circular Further events are similar to the secondary growth in a dicot stem
13 Products of Secondary Growth :- Spring Wood and Autumn Wood The activity of cambium is under the control of many physiological and environmental factors. In spring season, cambium is very active and produces a large number of xylary elements with wider vessels. This wood is called spring wood or early wood. It is lighter and has lower density. In winters, xylem is less active and forms fewer xylary elements with narrow vessels. This wood is called autumn wood or late wood. It is darker and has higher density. Annual ring: When two kinds of wood appear in alternate concentric rings; these help us to estimate the age of a tree Heart wood and Sap wood Heartwood: o Composed of dead elements, with highly lignified walls o Imparts dark brown colour to the older trees as organic compounds such as tannins, resins, essential oils, gums, etc., are deposited on it o Makes the plant durable and resistant to attack by microbes and pests o Non-conducting Sapwood: o Constitutes the peripheral region of the secondary xylem o Lighter in colour o Conducting Cork Cambium (Phellogen) As secondary growth starts, the outer cortical and the epidermis layer break down. These are replaced by another meristematic tissue called the cork cambium. Made of narrow, thin-walled, rectangular cells, and is a couple of layers thick Leads to the formation of cells on both sides: o Outer cells Differentiate into the cork (Phellem) o Inner cells Differentiate into the secondary cortex (Phelloderm) Phellogen + Phellem + Phelloderm = Periderm Phellogen exerts pressure on its peripheral layers, and due to this, these layers die. Cork has suberin deposits on the cell wall. This makes it impervious to water. Bark:Tissues exterior to the vascular cambium At some regions, the phellogen cuts off closely arranged parenchymatous cells, which rupture to form lens-shaped openings called lenticels. These openings permit the exchange of gases.
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