Leaf Morphology Tree Biology-2012

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1 Leaf Morphology Tree Biology-2012

2 Leaf Morphology Outline Structure & Function Review Function Epidermis, mesophyll, vascular bundles, stoma Environment & Physical Variations Stoma density & climate change Leaf movements Extrafloral nectaries Intra-individual variation Evergreen vs. Deciduous Pigmentation

3 Leaf Morphology and Photosynthesis Water retention Cuticle of wax/fatty acids Stoma on lower leaf surface Lower surface trichomes Capture sunlight Flat, broad surface Concentrate photosynthetic cells and chloroplasts towards upper surface

4 Leaf Morphology and Photosynthesis Capture CO 2 /Release O 2 Leaf air spaces Stoma Reduce Heat Reflective surfaces or leaf movements Evaporation Convection Keep leaf surface clean Wax and drip tips

5 Internal Leaf Morphology

6

7

8 Leaf Venation--Science Friday

9 Stomata Represent 1% of leaf surface area Usually only lower epidermis Poplars (Populus) and alders (Alnus) tend to have stomata on both surfaces. Large deciduous trees may loose 40,000 liters of water through stoma in a summer Stoma open in presence of light Close in excess heat, high CO 2, or drought stress

10 Pinus flexilus Climate Change and Stomatal Density Fossil pack rat middens 15,000-12,000 years ago 30% increase in CO 2 17% decrease in stoma 15% increase in water use efficiency Salix herbacea Two intervals of CO 2 variation over 140,000 years Stomatal density track atmospheric CO 2 Fewer stoma when CO 2 densities are high

11 1 2 How many tree rings should be found at V? 3 V U 4 T

12 Diurnal Leaf Movements Common in Legumes Response to heat or water stress Paraheliotropism leaves move in response to high temperature and direct sunlight to reduce incident light;usually the leaves will orient vertically Diaheliotropism leaves track the sun and tend to remain perpendicular to the angle of incident light Morning Noon

13 Diurnal Leaf Movements Very common in Legumes Thigmonasty-leaf closure as a response to touch

14 Extrafloral Nectaries extrafloral= outside of the flower Catalpa speciosa

15 Extrafloral Nectaries Populus deltoides

16 Intra-tree Leaf Variation Heterophylly having different forms of leaves on the same plant Sassafras albidum Red Mulberry-Morus rubra

17 Intra-tree Variation Sun vs. Shade Leaves Sun leaves will have a thicker cuticle, thicker palisade mesophyll, but the leaves will be significantly smaller Quercus bicolor

18 Intra-tree Variation Sun vs. Shade Leaves Abies balsamea

19 Evergreen vs. Deciduous Evergreen leaves are more abundant in southern states and the tropics Produce a durable leaf with heavy investment in making the leaf long-lived Drip tips Thick cuticle Lots of vascular tissue

20 Evergreen vs. Deciduous Deciduous leaves Thin, low investment to durability Shed on annual basis Winter has the upper hand Protect apical meristems by scales and trichomes Take time to recover important nutrients from leave (i.e., nitrogen)

21 Dry Tropical Forests Exception to Evergreen Rule Trees lose leaves during dry season.

22 Leaves of Mountain Tops and Bogs short growing season, nutrient poor, and often dry Thick cuticle, Epidermal trichomes Remain covered in heart of winter

23 Why is the North Eastern U.S. Known for Great Autumn Color? Species composition Diversity as a mixed hardwood forest Climate Distinct seasons Autumn weather Bright sunny days Cool nights

24 Leaf Pigments Carotenoid Chlorophyll Anthocyanin Tannins--Brown

25 Chlorophyll is an unstable molecule (Greens) Sensitive to light and heat Continually produced during summer Hydrophobic tail in thylakoid; hydrophillic antennae near stroma Carotenoids are long-lived, stable molecules (yellow & orange) Always present Hydrophobic accessory pigments in thylakoid Anthocyanins purple and red Seasonal variation in abundance Hydrophillic-vacuolar Color variation related to small changes in ph Protective function

26 Phenolics-flavonoids Red, blue, purple Anthocyanins Water soluble and found in vacuoles Color of many fruits Influenced by ph, Fe/Al, and sugar availability

27 Anthocyanins & Carotenoids Fall Colors

28 Why fall color? Byproduct of senescence Sunscreen against high light intensity and UV light Anti-oxidant protection for cells and membranes Minimizing damage from drought and frost A coevolved signal to minimize insect infestation

29 Anthocyanins in Spring /Summer Leaves Why are young leaves red? Also note the orientation of the youngest leafs significance?

30 Why invest anthocyanins in Young and Senescing Leaves?

31

32 Many Young Tropical Tree Leaves are Red

33 Why invest anthocyanins in Young and Senescing Leaves? Anthocyanins are excellent antioxidants Sunscreen protection Membranes, Photosynthesis pigment centers DNA Most brilliant in intense sunlight May also protect from insect attack insects don t see red

34 Leaf Abscission Triggered by short days & long nights Leaves produce gaseous hormone ethylene Stimulate the formation of an abscission zone Deposition of suberin Small cube shape cells in separation layer Vascular tissue is plugged

35 Nutrient poor sites Species of tree Bright sunlight Cool temperatures Conditions Favoring Great Fall Color Why these conditions? Sunlight is necessary to make anthocyanins.

36 Stress induced early color change.

37 Why is the left side of this tree delayed in turning color?

38 Fall color along a branch of Nyssa sylvatica in Athens Georgia. Explain this pattern.

39 Sunlight and Chlorophyll are necessary for anthocyanin production

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