Study Guide for Exam 2

Transcription

1 Study Guide for Exam 2 Evolution can occur through a variety of mechanisms. Which of these is NOT one of those? a. Mutations, or random changes in genes b. Drift, in which small populations may change due to isolation c. Intervention, when an unknown entity creates species d. Natural selection, wherein the environment acts to favor certain traits One argument against evolution says that only half of a structure is useless to an organism, with a common example being the human eye. Why is this argument invalid? a. Not all eyes need to be like a human eye to be useful. b. Different environments would select for different eye complexities depending on the organisms needs. c. This argument assumes that perfection is actually perfect, and that human eyes are the best around. d. This argument assumes perfection must be instantaneous. Which of the following is FALSE about belief and Evolution? What was the greatest contribution by Charles Darwin to evolutionary thought? a. He proposed that species evolve over time b. He proposed that species don t evolve over time but were all created by a being c. He proposed a mechanism by which species evolve over time d. He proposed that all species have evolved from a common ancestor e. He proposed that all species were created in a single event Why is the argument, "No one saw Evolution happen" invalid? a. Some phenomenon, like gravity, cannot be observed directly, but this does not make them invalid. b. Evolution has been observed, and there is copious evidence for species to change over time c. Because seeing is not believing, and just because you see something happen does not make it true d. a and c e. a and b Which if these is NOT one of the postulates Darwin suggested for Natural Selection? a. Variation exists among organisms b. Individuals that leave more offspring will go extinct c. There is a struggle for existence among organisms d. Variation among organisms is heritable e. Environmental factors determine who gets to leave more offspring 1

2 A famous evolutionary biologist once said that, "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution." What did he mean by this? a. That one cannot understand the process and mechanisms of biology unless they understand evolution b. That once cannot understand the views and beliefs of biologists unless you accept evolution c. That evolution is the answer for all biological questions d. That one can accept evolution and still not understand the process and mechanisms of biology e. That everyone who accepts evolution must be a biologist There are many views about what is responsible for how the natural world works. Which of these is NOT an example of the Continuum of Beliefs covered in class? a. Flat Earthism: the Earth is flat based on a literal interpretation of the Christian Bible b. Geocentrism: the Earth is the center of the Universe based on a literal interpretation of the Christian Bible c. Evolutionary Creationism: A higher being directly guides Evolution and natural laws d. Panspermia Creationism: Species were brought to Earth by intelligent beings e. Materialist Evolutionism: Evolution is the process by which new species arose and no God(s) exist Before Darwin, the general public, and most scientists believed that: a. Evolution was the process that created new species b. The Earth and all of nature was constantly changing c. All life was created as is and it was unchanging d. Natural selection was a mechanism that could lead to Evolution e. All of the above There are four main categories of arguments that are made against evolution. These include all of the following EXCEPT: a. Analogy. Complex structures like watches imply a watchmaker. Therefore complex beings, like humans must also have a maker. b. Belittlement. Evolution is only a theory so it cannot be correct. c. Consensus. Not all scientists agrees about evolution so it must be wrong. d. Imperfection. Science has been wrong before so how do we know it is right now? e. Authority. Many important people don t believe in evolution. Which of the following is a threat to biodiversity today? a. Introduced species, that may kill or out compete native species b. The loss of habitat through human destruction c. Climate change that could affect patterns of temperature and precipitation d. Human population growth into new areas e. All of the above 2

3 Which of the following is/are true about the Influenza virus? a. It has DNA as its genetic molecule b. It has RNA as its genetic molecule c. Different strains can be distinguished by three antigens called H, N, and T d. It can often be killed by antibiotics e. All of the above The Spanish flu outbreak of 1918 killed about how many people worldwide? a. 1-2 billion b million c million d. 500,000-1 million e. 100, ,000 Which major similarity between viruses and human cells does the virus exploit in order to make viral proteins? a. the genetic code b. cell membranes c. cell nucleus d. proteins e. All of the above David Vetter, known as the Boy in the Bubble, had a rare genetic disease that left him without any way to fight off infections. His case illustrates: a. that bacteria are relatively harmless to humans. b. the importance of our immune system in keeping us healthy. c. that children who grew up in isolation can grow up normally. d. that scientists should not attempt to cure people with rare diseases. e. that some people with some genetic combinations should not have children. The hypothesis called Endosymbiosis: a. explains how Eukaryotes first arose, and where individual free living cells took up residence in a single cell b. explains how Prokaryotes first arose, and where individual free living cells took up residence in a single cell c. explains how Eukaryotes first arose, and how the oxygen in the atmosphere rose to its current levels d. explains how Prokaryotes first arose, and how the oxygen in the atmosphere rose to its current levels e. explains how Eukaryotes first arose, and how cells became specialized into performing certain tasks within cells Herb Boyer and Stanley Cohen discovered restriction enzymes and that could: a. be used to cause bacterial DNA to kill infectious diseases like the flu b. be used for splicing DNA fragments into the DNA molecule of a host cell c. fool a host cell to treat a new piece of foreign RNA as its own DNA d. not be used for any meaningful purpose e. a and b 3

4 Which is NOT a current application of genetic engineering? a. gene therapy b. patenting of organisms c. improving plants and animals d. creating new species e. All of the above What molecule is produced by your immune system to destroy the antigens of invaders? a. antibodies b. antihosts c. antibiotics d. antihistamines e. antivaders Antigenetic Shifts in viral populations usually occur as the results of: a. random mutations b. gene mixing among viruses c. response to antibiotics d. annual changes in virus populations e. All of the above Which of the following is/are true about bacteria? a. They are the most abundant life on Earth b. The can divide slowly c. The vary in size from meters d. They divide by sexual reproduction e. All of these Even though prokaryotes and eukaryotes are different they share some basic structure and functions including: a. Single cells b. Cell membranes around Organelles c. Energy via Anaerobic respiration d. Energy via Aerobic respiration e. None of the above Which statement best describes a virus? a. It is a simple form of life b. It can only affect bacteria c. It is a non-living particle d. It is can reproduce rapidly be itself e. It can be killed by antibiotics Bacteria are the most important form of life on Earth, and are important for: a. processing of waste materials b. for symbiotic relationships with other organisms c. help to produce different products, like antibiotics d form the base of most food chains 4

5 The following are attributes that make plants unique EXCEPT: a. green color that is important for photosynthesis b. they have dependant embryos that require nutrients from the parent c. they have a waxy cuticle that prevents water loss d. are multicelluar allowing for specialized functions of certain cells e. they have root and stems to move water and nutrients around There are approximately species of plants, of which the vast majority are. a. 350,000, Seedless Vascular b. 300,000, Seeded Vascular c. 12,000, Seedless Vascular d. 350,000, Seeded Vascular e. 200,000, Non-Vascular The shoot of a plant is most important to a plant as: a. the uptake system for water and nutrients b. the transport system of water and nutrients c. the energy production system d. the systems to attach the plant to a base e. All of these The leaves of plants contain a variety of structures. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. Phloem b. Chloroplasts c. Stomata d. Xylem e. Mesophyll The three major types of nutrients that plants require are: a. Nitrogen, Magnesium, Carbon b. Gold, Silver, Platinum c. Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium d. Phosphorous, Nitrogen, Copper e. Carbon, Phosphorous, Potassium The female reproductive organ of the plant is the, whereas the male reproductive organ is the. a. Carpel; Stamen b. Stamen; Stigma c. Carpel; Stigma d. Stamen; Filament e. Stamen; Pollen 5

6 Seed dispersal is an important in plants for which of the following reasons? a. It can help reduce competition for resources between parents and offspring b. It can help plants spread to new areas c. It can help plants attract new pollinators d. All of the above e. a and b Pretend you are a Honey Bee. Which of the following flowers would you most likely be attracted to? a. a red flower with a landing platform with lots of nectar b. a large orange tubular flower with no smell and dilute nectar c. a blue open flower with pollen and nectar d. a flower that smells like rotting meat and has no rewards e. a large white flower with a strong odor Photosynthesis is thought to have arisen about 3.5 billion years ago. Which of these statements is consistent with that finding? a. Cynaobacteria, which form stromatolites, first appeared b. At about the same time, the iron ore on Earth began to rust, suggesting an increase in the oxygen levels of the planet c. Levels of oxygen in the atmosphere reached 21% d. a and b What factors have plants evolved to allowed them to survive despite the fact everyone wants to eat them? a. Novel ways to obtain nutrients, light, water and protect themselves from predators b. Novel ways to move, obtain nutrients, light, water, protect themselves from predators, and reproduce c. Novel ways to move, to obtain light and water, protect themselves from predators, and reproduce d. Novel ways to obtain nutrients, protect themselves from predators, and reproduce e. Novel ways to obtain nutrients, light, water, protect themselves from predators, and reproduce How long ago did oxygen levels reach the current 21%? a billion years ago b billion years ago c billion years ago d billion years ago e billion years ago What is a way that plants can use other organisms to get nutrients? a. Plants can use mycrorrhizae, which are fungi, to obtain certain nutrients from the soil b. Plants can use nodules, which are bacteria, to obtain certain nutrients from the soil c. Plants can use mycrorrhizae, which are bacteria, to obtain certain nutrients from the soil d. Plants can use nodules, which are fungi, to obtain nitrogen from the air e. Plants can use mycrorrhizae, which are fungi, to obtain nitrogen from the air 6

7 What are ways that plants may attract a pollinator? a. visually, thorough bright colors b. odor, through the production of certain smells c. rewards, through the production of nectar d. a and b Sponges were the first animals to have which of the following characteristics that are found in all animals? a. Cell differentiation b. Photosynthesis c. Nervous tissue d. Bilateral symmetry e. Sexual reproduction The human body is amazingly complex. In addition to muscles, neurons, and air passages, a typical human body contains: a. 196 bones, 100 trillion cells, and about 50,000 miles of blood vessels b. 206 bones, 200 trillion cells, and about 75,000 miles of blood vessels c. 190 bones, 200 trillion cells, and about 75,000 miles of blood vessels d. 100 bones, 100 trillion cells, and about 60,000 miles of blood vessels e. 206 bones, 100 trillion cells, and about 60,000 miles of blood vessels The Cnidarians have a symmetry known as radial, which has which of the following characteristics? a. Only top and bottom orientation b. Irregular repeating pattern around a central axis c. Left and right orientation d. Paired sense organs, allowing for complex behavior like hunting e. Enhanced and coordinated mobility Just like humans, muscles in Sea anemones and jelly fish work through the action of what two types of proteins and what fuels their movement? a. myosin, sarcomere, DNA b. actin, myosin, ATP c. actin, myosin, photosynthesis d. chloroplasts, myosin, ATP e. enzyme, actin, ATP The flatworms are perhaps the earliest active hunters, because they were the first to evolve a. bilateral symmetry enabling the localization of sensory organs in a head b. radial symmetry enabling the localization of sensory organs in a head c. radial symmetry enabling the decentralization of sensory organs throughout the body d. bilateral symmetry enabling the for internal fertilization e. bilateral symmetry enabling the decentralization of sensory organs throughout the body 7

8 What statements are true about aquatic flatworms? a. They possess dull or drab colored markings b. They are poisonous and brightly colored c. They are hermaphrodites d. They are active hunters or free living prey e. b, c, and d Which of the following are innovations of the Cnidarians? a. muscles, bilateral symmetry, nerves b. muscles, nerves, simple digestive tract c. bilateral symmetry, simple digestive tract, nerves d. radial symmetry, nerves, first hunters e. nerves, simple digestive tract, first hunters The bilateral body plan shared by humans and flatworms has led to all of the following EXCEPT: a. Paired sense organs located near a brain which allows rapid sensing of the external environment b. Two halves of our body which are mirror images of each other c. Sense organs arranged in a wheel-like pattern allowing for 360 degree views of the world d. Paired appendages allowing for great swiftness and stability in movement e. None of these The two parasitic flatworm groups are the: a. Blood Flukes and Jelly fish b. Tapeworms and Scolex c. Blood Flukes and Tapeworms d. Tapeworms and Cephalopods e. Tapeworms and Anemones Cephalopods possess all of the following EXCEPT: a. large, complex eyes similar to humans b. the ability to change color to match their environment c. the largest brain to body size ratio of any invertebrate d. a propensity to be parasites within the human digestive tract e. the ability to learn An animal can be defined as: a. having cell differentiation b. being responsive to environment c. having the ability to obtain energy by consuming other organisms d. locomotion e. All of these 8

9 The experiment wherein octopuses have been shown to exhibit learning involved: a. a crab in a jar, wherein two octopuses would work together to open the jar b. a octopus in a jar, who would learn how to open the jar from the inside c. a octopus in a jar, wherein one octopus would learn by watching another octopus how to quickly open the jar d. a crab in a jar, wherein one octopus would open the jar and give it to another octopus e. a crab in a jar, wherein one octopus would learn by watching another octopus how to quickly open the jar Which of the following is the correct order of the biological classification system? a. Domain, Kingdom, Order, Family, Genus, Species, Class, Phylum b. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Family, Order, Genus, Species, Domain c. Phylum, Domain, Class, Order, Kingdom, Family, Genus, Species d. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species e. Domain, Phylum, Class, Kingdom, Order, Family, Genus, Species Today, scientists recognized about how many distinct ANIMAL phyla? How many existed during the Cambrian? a. 16, 21 b. 35, 50 c. 8, 35 d. 21, 50 e. 8, 21 Fossils come in many forms. Which of these methods leads to the formation of a fossil? a. Mineralization of tissues and bones (replacement fossils) b. Remains of tracks, footprints, and eggs (trace fossils) c. Plant resins secreted by trees that capture small animals like insects (resin fossils) d. a and b Which is NOT a method by which fossils may be accurately dated? a. Radiometric dating b. Stratigraphy c. Meteors d. Index fossils Who invented the classification system of organisms we still use today? a. Charles Darwin b. Carolus Linnaeus c. Herbert Boyer d. O. C. Marsh and Edward Cope e. Antoine Lavoisier 9

10 Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a good example of the evolutionary arms race. This resistance can be prevented by all of the following EXCEPT: a. taking antibiotics only for living organisms b. taking them whenever you feel sick c. taking them only if you need them d. remembering to finish the course of antibiotics e. taking ones that are specific to certain kinds of bacteria Which of the following are explanations for the suddenness of the Cambrian explosion. a. Ecological changes, increase in oxygen concentrations, Evolutionary arms races b. Warming of inlands seas, decrease in oxygen concentrations, Evolutionary arms races c. Evolutionary arms races, Ecological changes, formation of the Moon d. Warming of inlands seas, formation of the Moon, increase in oxygen concentrations e. Ecological changes, decrease in oxygen concentrations, Evolutionary arms races Bats are successful mammals. How many species of bats are there, and what system do some species use to capture insects at night. a. 4,400 species, sight b. 900 species, sight c. 900 species, echolocation d. 1,100 species, echolocation e. 4,400, smell Which of the following are true about the Cheetah? a. Cheetahs kill over 80% of the gazelles they chase b. Cheetahs can accelerate to a top speed of 35 mph c. Cheetahs are only 20% successful in their chases d. Cheetahs can run fast over very long distances e. Cheetahs are the second fastest land animal The perfect Cheetah hunter is not possible. Why not? a. As the cheetahs become better at hunting gazelles, the gazelles also become better at escaping b. As the cheetahs become better at hunting gazelles, the gazelles become harder to find c. As the cheetahs become better at hunting gazelles, they don t have to hunt as often so they get slower d. As the cheetahs become better at hunting gazelles, cheetahs produce too many offspring which means many cheetahs starve e. As the cheetahs become better at hunting gazelles, the gazelles become slower In the example of the Evolutionary Arms race between clams and their predators, which statement was TRUE about clam defenses? a. Clams evolved before their predators, therefore they went extinct once predators evolved b. Clams developed defenses to predators, like burrowing, to prevent being eaten c. Clams evolved to live on land once predators evolved d. Clam species declined after the evolution of predators, so now only a few species exist e. Clams evolved the ability to kill and eat their predators, thus becoming predators themselves 10

11 The estimate of the total number of species on Earth was created using which of the following techniques? a. spraying insecticide into tree in the rain forest and using the number of beetles that were caught b. catching fish from deep areas of the oceans and using the number of new species found c. identifying the number of bacterial species on a typical human being d. using the fossil record as a way to estimate the number of species that have gone extinct e. a and b The process by which random, sometimes annual changes in the genetic make-up of a virus arise is known as. An is a molecule on the surface of viruses that your body recognizes as foreign. For some flu viruses to be able to infect humans, it first has to acquire the ability to become. The bacteria that causes the is estimated to have killed 25 million people in Europe in the mid Some bacteria, also known as, can tolerate conditions of high temperature and pressure that would be lethal for most other organisms. The typical human is covered with approximately bacteria. Special types of are proteins that were discovered by Boyer and Cohen that allow the splicing of genetic material from one organism to another. Plants have specialized structures called that allow them to obtain water and nutrients from the soil. Because nutrients are often in short supply in nature, plants have evolved relationships with bacteria and fungi to allow them to acquire them. About 3.5 billion years ago, an increase in oxygen caused the or rusting of iron ore deposits on Earth. The of a plant is usually species specific, which reduces the amount of cross pollination. Nodules that are attached to the roots of some plants are actually colonies of bacteria. These bacteria can fix from the air that the plant needs for growth. Although humans like to think that many flowers are pretty and smell wonderful just for us, plants have actually evolved such traits in order to attract. is the process by which pollen meets the egg within a flower. 11

12 12 In order to attract pollinators, some plants use deception by having flowers that female insects to fool a male into mating with it. Two species of squids, known as the and squids are the largest known invertebrates, although to date there have been no videos of them in their natural environment. are in every aquatic habitat on Earth, although they cannot move and are considered the simplest animals. The octopus is one of the deadliest creatures on Earth, with enough venom to kill over a dozen humans. The extracellular matrix of a sponge contains a protein called that helps hold cells together. Although probably not a good idea, were at one time marketed as a weight loss cure. With about 800 species, the are a group of animals thought to be highly intelligent for their big brains. Flatworms are the original hunters. The two ways a flatworm can be a hunter is by eating free living prey or by being a. Squids and octopus use specialized cells called to change color. The idea called the hypothesis is taken from the Lewis Carroll s Through the Looking-Glass and is a perfect analogy for the evolutionary arms race. A Swedish botanist invented the classification system that is used by modern biologists, which relies on traits to distinguish among species. The explosion was a period in time in the early oceans when there was a sudden emergence of animal forms. Charles Walcott discovered the, which turned out to be a major scientific discovery because many of fossils found there are so bizarre that many do not have counterparts among living species. About half of all species on Earth belong to the group known as the. One method of dating fossils uses the layers of the rock that the fossil is in to determine the age. This methods is called. Humans are also currently experiencing the Evolutionary Arms race with, which often can evolve new ways to circumvent our defenses and kill us. Scientists currently have identified species on Earth.

13 Natural Selection acts on, although Evolution is based on changes in. The process by which small populations evolve due to being isolated is called. Darwin postulated that new species arose through a process by which nature selected for the best traits. He came up with this idea, in part, through his participation in the voyage of the ship known as the. There have been several during the history of life on Earth, in which many or most species were wiped out. 13