Increasing Processing Tomato Fruit Soluble Solids
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1 Increasing Processing Tomato Fruit Soluble Solids Diane M Beckles Department of Plant Sciences dmbeckles@ucdavis.edu Processing Tomato UC Davis December 13 th 2018
2 Soil Micronutrients Cultivar Light Soil Nitrogen Genotype Temperature Environment What influences Tomato Fruit Soluble Solids (TSS)? Management Practices Production System Harvest stage Irrigation Soil Salinity
3 TSS is determined by multiple, spatio-temporally separated, but interconnected, biological processes and is often negatively correlated with yield CO 2 Sucrose Starch Fructose Glucose Sucrose Sucrose PRODUCTION TRANSPORT UTILIZATION Source Sink
4 Can single gene modifications increase TSS with no negative effects on yield? Published studies suggest that this is possible: SlARF - suppress expression SlAGPase-L - modify response to negative effectors SlInv6 - suppress their negative regulators STOMSSF - suppress their negative regulators
5 How to target changes in these key genes?
6 Using CRISPR-Cas9 to create non-gmo plants altered in the target gene Edited plants with: (i) no foreign DNA and (ii) minor edits to the desired gene are selected.
7 Using CRISPR-Cas9 to create non-gmo plants altered in the target gene
8 Exploratory Costs using CRISPR-Cas9 to create non-gmo tomato plants To test for changes in TSS and yield in greenhouse-grown plants: Cost: $70-80,000. Time: 2 years.
9 Using CRISPR-Cas9 to create non-gmo tomato plants New germplasm: Advantages TSS (5-20%) Yield stability under environmental stress. Disadvantages Not ideal for all traits. Public perception. Patent landscape murky. The modification is specific. Non-GMO. Relatively easy & cheap. Multiple genes can be edited simultaneously. Proven for complex traits.
10 Bottom line The processing tomato industry in California has always been the first adopter of technologies that are able to move the industry forward. This has allowed California to stay competitive in this space. You are in a position to both lead and drive efforts that could revolutionize agriculture. Thank you for your attention
11 References Beckles (2012) Biochemical factors contributing to tomato fruit sugars: a review. Fruits 67: 49 Beckles (2012) Factors affecting tomato fruit soluble solids. Postharvest Biology & Technology 63: Ikeda et al (2016) Dynamic Metabolic Regulation by a Chromosome Segment from a Wild Relative During Fruit Development in a Tomato Introgression Line, IL8-3. Plant Cell Physiol. 57:1257 Sagar et al (2013) SlARF4, an Auxin Response Factor Involved in the Control of Sugar Metabolism during Tomato Fruit Development. Plant Physiology 16 (3):1362 Soyk et al., (2017) Bypassing Negative Epistasis on Yield in Tomato Imposed by a Domestication Gene. Cell 169: 1142 Stemmer, M., et al.,(2015) CCTop: An Intuitive, Flexible and Reliable CRISPR/Cas9 Target Prediction Tool. Plos One 10(4). Xing, H.L., et al., (2014) A CRISPR/Cas9 toolkit for multiplex genome editing in plants. BMC Plant Biology. 14. Zanor, et al (2009). RNA interference of LIN5 in tomato confirms its role in controlling Brix content, uncovers the influence of sugars on the levels of fruit hormones, and demonstrates the importance of sucrose cleavage for normal fruit development and fertility. Plant Physiol. 150, Zhang, Y., et al., (2016) Efficient and transgene-free genome editing in wheat through transient expression of CRISPR/Cas9 DNA or RNA. Nature Communications 7. Dong, S & Beckles, DM (Accepted) Dynamic changes in the starch-sugar interconversion within plant source and sink tissues promote a better abiotic stress response. Journal Plant Physiology. Yin, Y.G., et al.,(2010). Salinity induces carbohydrate accumulation and sugar-regulated starch biosynthetic genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. 'Micro-Tom') fruits in an ABA- and osmotic stress-independent manner. J Exp Bot 61(2), Thalmann, M., Santelia, D., (2017). Starch as a determinant of plant fitness under abiotic stress. New Phytol 214(3), Gao, C. (2018) The future of CRISPR technologies in agriculture. Nat Rev Mol. Cell Biology (19),
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