Chapter 25 Plant Processes. Biology II

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1 Chapter 25 Plant Processes Biology II

2 25.1 Nutrients and Transport Plants grow by adding new cells through cell division Must have steady supply of raw materials to build new cells

3 Nutrients (most) Plants are autotrophs Need CO 2 and water to make carbohydrates through photosynthesis Need O 2 for cellular respiration Plants also require small amounts of at least 14 minerals On next slide

4 Major Mineral Nutrients Required by Plants

5 Transport of Water Obtain water and mineral nutrients needed from soil Move up from roots to leaves but how? Step 1 water vapor exits the leaves through stomata by transpiration 90% of water taken in by roots is lost through transpiration Step 2 the loss of water creates a pull that draws water up through the xylem Step 3 water drawn into roots from the soil by osmosis moves up the stems

6 Guard Cells and Transpiration Stoma is surrounded by pair of guard cells Shaped like two cupped hands Changes in water pressure within the guard cells cause the stoma to open or close Take in water, swell. Guard cells that take in water bend away from each other opens the stoma allows transpiration to proceed. When water leaves the guard cells, they shorten and move closer to each other closes the stoma stops transpiration.

7 Guard Cells

8 VIDEO Video: Transpiration & Xylem

9 **Guttation Droplets of water appear on the edges of the leaves Look like dew, except form at tips of veins Forced out by root pressure, which develops as water moves into roots by osmosis Occurs only when the air is very moist and the stomata are closed.

10 Transport of Organic Compounds Organic compounds move through a plant with the phloem from a source to a sink Source part of the plant that provides organic compounds to another part of the plant Ex leaf makes starch during photosynthesis Sink part of a plant that organic compounds are delivered to Ex root tips and developing fruits Translocation movement of organic compounds from a source to a sink

11 Pressure-Flow Model Movement of organic compounds is more complex than movement of water 3 reasons Water flows freely through xylem cells, but organic compounds must pass through the cytoplasm of living phloem cells Water only moves up in xylem, organic compounds move in all directions in phloem Water can diffuse through cell membranes, but organic compounds cannot

12

13 8/animation_-_phloem_loading.html

14 25.2 Plant Processes Hormone a chemical that is produced in one part of an organism and transported to another part Causes a response Produced in small amounts, but have large effects Can stimulate or inhibit plant growth Same hormone can have different effect on different tissues Play role in plant s response to environment Require transfer of hormones from the part that detects change to the part that responds to change

15 Auxins Plants bend strongly towards a light source as they elongate

16 Gibberellins Produced in developing shoots and seeds Stimulate stem elongation, fruit development, and seed germination Commercially used to enlarge grapes Apples, cucumbers, mandarin oranges, and peaches as well

17 Cytokinins Stimulate cell division Produced in root tips and other actively growing tissues May slow aging of some plant organs Sprayed on cut flowers to keep them fresh longer Also on fruits and veggies

18 Ethylene Promotes the ripening of tomatoes, bananas, and other fruits harvested before they are ripe Loosens fruit of blueberries, cherries, and blackberries Easier to harvest mechanically

19 Abscisic Acid Often slows growth in plants Plays role in maintaining dormancy in seeds Prevent germination from occurring too early Helps withstand drought (causes stomata in leaves to close)

20 Tropisms Because plants are anchored, they can t move in response to environmental conditions Respond by adjusting rate of growth Tropisms are a plant s responses to environmental stimuli Triggered by hormones that regulate growth Plant grows toward or away from a stimulus Positive tropism grows toward stimulus Negative tropism grows away from stimulus Shoot grows up positive (towards light), negative (away from gravity)

21 Phototropism Directional movements in response to light Light causes auxin to accumulate on shaded side of shoot Causes cells the lengthen on the shaded side of shoot Bends towards light Heliotropism solar tracking sunflowers

22 Thigmotropism Growth responses to touch Tendrils or stems of climbing plants bend when they touch an object Vines use the support tissues of other plants to grow faster Don t have to have thick stems

23 Gravitropism Responses to gravity Appear to be regulated by accumulation of auxin on lower side of stems and roots

24 Seasonal Responses Shed leaves in fall, and grow new leaves in spring The principal way in which plants time seasonal responses is by sensing changes in night length

25 Photoperiodism Most plants can be categorized as one of three types short-day plants long-day plants day-neutral plants. Knowledge of photoperiodism is very important to the nursery and floral industries. Controlling the length of days and night in a greenhouse can force plants to flower at times of year when they ordinarily would not.

26 Flowering and Photoperiodism

27 Responses to Temperature Temperature affects growth and development in many plants. For example, most tomato plants will not produce fruit if nighttime temperatures are too high. Dormancy is the condition in which a plant or seed remains inactive, even when conditions are suitable for growth.

28 Plant Movements Some respond to an environmental stimulus but are not influenced by the direction of the stimulus. These movements are called nastic movements. Nastic movements are usually regulated by changes in the water content of special cells. Examples of nastic movements include the rapid closing of the leaves of a Venus flytrap and the closing of the leaves of a sensitive plant.

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