Somaclonal Variation

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1 Tissue-culture cycle involves: dedifferentiation in culture proliferation of cells (implies sev. cell generations removed from original differentiated cell) subsequent regeneration to plants no selection applied (although screening may be done, e.g. for pathogen resistance

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3 Negative consequences (of somaclonal var.) introduction of deleterious genes dominant alleles albinos, pollen sterility recessive alleles off-types that show up in progeny of seed-propagated cultivars carry-over effect from tissue culture common with asexually propagated plants symptom excessive and multiple branching of regenerated plants (lack of establishment of apical dominance)

4 Applications to crop improvement improvement of existing clonal (asexually propagated cultivars) sugarcane selections for higher yield & disease resistance potatoes yield & disease resistance improved geraniums (esp. scented varieties) woody ornamentals (e.g., Paulownia selection for leaf variegation

5 Applications to crop improvement overcoming barriers to genetic exchange embryo culture of interspecific hybrids (Lolium, Hordeum) selection for stable mitosis, fertility in a hybrid; e.g., intergeneric hybrids of barley x canada wild rye seed cultivar improvement (e.g., Fusarium resistance in celery, white-flowered Torenia, tomato cultivars with higher soluble solids, better "flesh" color)

6 Types of somaclonal variants genetic changes point mutations (e.g., Adh mutants in wheat) cytoplasmic (maternal inheritance) gene amplification (e.g., incr. gene copy no.) activation of transposable element

7 Types of somaclonal variants genetic changes cytogenetic (changes to genome structure)» aneuploidy gain or loss of 1 or more chromosomes» polyploidy gain or loss of an entire genome» translocation arms of chromosomes switched» inversion piece of chromosome inverted

8 Types of somaclonal variants epigenetic change in phenotype that isn't stable during sexual propagation may or may not be stable during asexual propagation usu. undesirable in a breeding program, not always undesirable in propagation habituation (most studied epigenetic change)

9 Types of somaclonal variants epigenetic habituation (most studied epigenetic change) defn loss of exogenous requirement for a growth factor ( usu. a PGR); e.g., auxin, cytokinin habituation detection callus may lose requirement for a PGR in the process of several transfers to fresh medium

10 Types of somaclonal variants epigenetic characteristics often occur gradually are regularly reversible (esp. in regenerated plants) are not seed-transmitted

11 Possible causes the dedifferentiation redifferentiation process axillary shoot proliferation vs. organogenesis & embryogenesis hypothesis of D'Amato somaclonal variants are rare in micropropagated plants (when multiplication is by axillary branching of shoot tips/buds) more common during shoot organogenesis & somatic embryogenesis (esp. w/a callus phase)

12 Possible causes the "culture environment" the hypothesis that tissue culture is inherently stressful to cultured plant cells environmental stress is known to cause: DNA methylation the methylation of cytosine is known to cause gene inactivation; this may occur during the redifferentiation process gene amplification can result in incr. gene expression

13 Possible causes the "culture environment" environmental stress is known to cause: transpositional changes inadequate control of the cell cycle (errors in microtubule synthesis, spindle formation) importance of PGRs» scant evidence of direct mutagenic action» more evidence for transient modifications of phenotype (e.g., dwarfing)

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