Hormonal and other chemical effects on plant growth and functioning. Bill Davies Lancaster Environment Centre, UK
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1 Hormonal and other chemical effects on plant growth and functioning Bill Davies Lancaster Environment Centre, UK
2 Integrating the impacts of soil drought and atmospheric stress High radiant load Reduced water availability Increasing soil strength Increased ionic stress High T High vpd Tendency to focus on individual factors but we need a mechanistic understanding of the operation of the whole plant if we are to take profit from new genetic opportunities and new management techniques
3 Summary Introduction - the sensitivity of plant growth and functioning to reduction in water availability Perception and effects of soil drying. Long distance chemical signalling ph and ABA signalling and the control of g s and shoot water status Some effects of ABA at the molecular level Conclusions
4 Impacts of soil drought and atmospheric stress on shoot functioning - Hydraulic effects High radiant load High vpd Soil drying
5 Impacts of soil drought and atmospheric stress on shoot functioning - Hydraulic effects High radiant load High vpd Reduced water uptake Soil drying
6 Impacts of soil drought and atmospheric stress on shoot functioning - Hydraulic effects High radiant load High vpd High Transpiration Reduced water uptake Soil drying
7 Impacts of soil drought and atmospheric stress on shoot functioning - Hydraulic effects High radiant load High vpd High Transpiration Reduced water uptake Shoot water deficit restricted growth, development and functioning Soil drying
8 However: growth and stomatal behaviour can be very sensitive to soil drying even when shoot water status is unaffected How can this occur? (Henson et al. 1989)
9 Impacts of soil drought and atmospheric stress on shoot functioning - Chemical effects Root signal generated
10 Impacts of soil drought and atmospheric stress on shoot functioning - Chemical effects Increased xylem ph Root signal generated
11 Impacts of soil drought and atmospheric stress on shoot functioning - Chemical effects Increased apoplastic ph Increased xylem ph Root signal generated
12 Impacts of soil drought and atmospheric stress on shoot functioning - Chemical effects High radiant load Increased apoplastic ph Increased xylem ph Root signal generated
13 Impacts of soil drought and atmospheric stress on shoot functioning - Chemical effects Reduced g s High radiant load Increased apoplastic ph Increased xylem ph Root signal generated
14 Impacts of soil drought and atmospheric stress on shoot functioning - Chemical effects Reduced g s High radiant load Increased apoplastic ph Control of shoot water status Regulation of development Increased xylem ph Root signal generated
15 Impacts of soil drought and atmospheric stress on shoot functioning - Chemical effects Reduced water flux Reduced g s High radiant load Increased apoplastic ph Control of shoot water status Regulation of development Increased xylem ph Root signal generated
16 theta (mv) g s (mmol m -2 s -1 ) [ ABA ] (nm) psi (bar) xylem ph DAY 12 NIGHT 24 DAY 36 NIGHT Time (hours) Xylem ph controls g s? note ABA and Ψ are not affected Sobeih et al 2004
17 ph signalling 1.1 leaf extension rate (mm/48h) H 2 O ph5.3 ph5.8 ph6.7 Wilkinson and Davies, days from start
18 Leaf apoplastic ph as affected by root sap ph value (a well watered, b droughted), transpiration rate (c high, d low) and ions (e nitrate, f ammonium) Jia and Davies, 2005
19 1 2 3 Leaf apoplastic ph as affected by root sap ph value (a well watered, b droughted), transpiration rate (c high, d low) and ions (e nitrate, f ammonium) Jia and Davies, 2005
20 Integrating the impacts of soil drought and atmospheric stress Reduced water flux Reduced g s 2 High radiant load Increased apoplastic ph 4 Control of shoot water status Regulation of development Increased xylem ph Root signal generated 1 and 3
21 Stomatal conductance (mmol m -2 s -1 ) FIRST EXPERIMENT r 2 = 0.69 r 2 = High radiant load above a threshold closes stomata by raising the ph in the apoplast High pressure xylem sap ph PPFD (umol m -2 s -1 ) Well-watered (r 2 =0.77) Wilkinson and Davies, 2002
22 ABA - xylem phloem HABA How does ph control g s? ph and ABA distribution 1 drought ph 7.2 normal conditions ph 6.3 Wilkinson et al. 1997
23 ABA signalling 8 meristem (salt) drying soil ph salt compaction ABA soil ABA root ABA soil ABA root irrigated soil ph salt compaction 1 Zhang and Davies, 1989
24 Functional categories of the genes induced in multiple water-deficit experiments of Arabidopsis Bray, E. A. J. Exp. Bot : ; doi: /jxb/erh270 Copyright restrictions may apply.
25 Elongation rates of the primary root (solid circles) and shoot (open triangles) of seedlings of four species at various water potentials Sharp, R. E. et al. J. Exp. Bot : ; doi: /jxb/erh276 Copyright restrictions may apply.
26 Primary root elongation rate as a function of root tip (apical 10 mm) ABA content for various maize genotypes growing under well-watered (water potential of MPa, open symbols) or water-stressed (water potential of -1.6 MPa, closed symbols) conditions (grown as described in Fig Sharp, R. E. et al. J. Exp. Bot : ; doi: /jxb/erh276 Copyright restrictions may apply.
27 The ABA biosynthetic pathway Taylor, I. B. et al. J. Exp. Bot : ; doi: /jexbot/ Copyright restrictions may apply.
28 Relative elongation rate as a function of distance from the apex of the primary root of maize (cv Sharp, R. E. et al. J. Exp. Bot : ; doi: /jxb/erh276 Copyright restrictions may apply.
29 Time-course for expression of five expansin genes (northern blot analysis) in the primary root tip of maize (cv Sharp, R. E. et al. J. Exp. Bot : ; doi: /jxb/erh276 Copyright restrictions may apply.
30 Hypothesized role of ABA accumulation in promoting the antioxidant system in the growth zone of water-stressed roots, and thereby preventing high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), excess ethylene production and growth inhibition Sharp, R. E. et al. J. Exp. Bot : ; doi: /jxb/erh276 Copyright restrictions may apply.
31 Similarities in EST profiles among different regions of the primary root of maize (cv Sharp, R. E. et al. J. Exp. Bot : ; doi: /jxb/erh276 Copyright restrictions may apply.
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