STUDIES IN PHRENOLOGY, No. 2, BY FRANCIS DARWIN.

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1 FRANCS DARWN STUDS N PHRNOOGY,, 10. BY FRANCS DARWN. s paper is a continuation of my "Phaenological Study" pub- 1 lished in Nos. and of The New Phytologist, 1, November and December, 11. All my earlier observations (1, 11 and 11) were made at Brookthorpe near Gloucester. The present series is indeed based principally on observations in that locahty, but it also includes observations made at Cambridge and in the heathy country near Gomshall in Surrey. The record of temperatures, which is the principal condition affecting the date of flowering, is (as in my former paper) taken from the "ly Weather Reports of the Meteorological Office." For the Gloucestershire observations have taken the temperatures at Clifton, the observational centre nearest to Brookthorpe. For the Surrey observations have taken the Wisley temperatures. For those in Cambridgeshire the temperatures at Cambridge. Table Temperature from "ly Weather Report of the Meteorological Office 10. no. ending Mean temp. F. Deviation trom normal no. ending Mean temp. F. Deviation from normal 1 1 Jan. Feb. Mar O ' (No re cord) O ne 1 Aug o-o i-l i O 'O -^- + O O O- --O

2 Studies in Phonology have also given the 11 temperatures as being of interest in connexion with the comparison of the flowering dates of that year with those of no. ending Mean temp. F. Deviation from normal no. ending Mean temp. F. Deviation irom normal Jan. 1 Feb. 1 Mar. 1 0 i ne O i-o o-i O- o-o O * * Aug. Sep. Oct. 1 Nov. 1 Dec o ' O O O- - -O- + - i-o -O The most obvious feature in the conditions niling in 10 is the relatively high temperature of the winter and spring. Thus from Jan. to March, i.e. observations, there are only two cases of temperatures below normal, viz. Feb., - 0- F.^ and March, 0; the temperatures above normal varying from + i-i to + -. n the list (Table ) which follows, the first column gives the locality of the observation: thus the plants marked C were found in Cambridgeshire; those marked S were found near Gomshall in Surrey. The remainder (not marked with a letter) were found near Brookthorpe in Gloucestershire. Then follow (in separate columns) By - o F. is meant a fifth of a degree below the daily mean temperature. The weeks are described by their later date, thus Feb. means the week Feb. -.

3 FRANCS DARWN the current numbers of the observations (from i to ). the date of observation and the name of the plant. Finally, for the sake of comparison, the flowering dates for 1, 11 and 11 are given so far as they are available. Alongside these dates are placed the letters and, indicating earlier or later occurrence than in 10. Table C C c c Q 0 1 Jan. Feb. Mar Ranunculus repens Primula vulgaris Tussilago petasites Galanthus nivalis Capsella Bursa-pastoris Ulmus campestris (J Ranunculus Ficaria amium album Taraxacum Dens-leonis Tussilago Farfara Caltha palustris Mercurialis perennis Cardamine pratensis Chrysosplenium oppositifolium Fragaria vesca (wild) amium Galeobdolon Oxalis acetosella Primula veris Nepeta Glechoma Viola canina Anemone nemorosa Viola odorata ychnis diuma Scilla nutans Chaerophyllum sylvestre Stellaria holostea Alliaria ofiscinalis Vicia sepium Heracleum Sphondyliuin Arum maculatum ychnis diurna (plenty; see ) Vinca minor Ranunculus auricomus var. depauperata amium maculatum Veronica Chamaedrys Paris quadrifolia Pedicularis sylvatica Plantago lanceolata? Acer Pseudo-platanus Plantago lanceolata ^ Geranium Robertianum Chelidonium majus Ranunculus acris 1 1., Feb. Feb. 1 Jan. Mar. <JFe. Mar. 1 Mar. 1 Mar Mar. Mar. Jan <S Mr > 1

4 Studies in Phonology Table continued ^ -A ' ' Veronica montana Zrataegus oxycantha Ranunculus repens (see Jan. ) Asperula odorata Veronica hederaefolia Ajuga reptans Viburnum lantana Heracleum sphondylium Anthoxanthum odoratum Pyrus Aucuparia Trifolium pratense Drchis morio Ranunculus bulbosus Allium ursinum Alopecurus pratensis Ranunculus aquaticus Veronica serpyllifolia Trifolium agrarium Poterium sanguisorba $ Sanicula europaea $ Scrophularia nodosa Acer campestre Cardamine amara Geum urbanum Geranium moue Rhinanthus Crista-galli Polygala vulgaris Chrysanthemum leucan themum lex Aquifolium Bunium denudatum Sonchus oleraceus Trifolium procumbens ychnis Flos-cuculi Veronica Beccabunga Rubus caesius Sonchus arvensis Orchis maculata Potentilla Tormentilla Sanicula europaea Parietaria officinalis $ stage Anthriscus Cerefolium Bryonia dioica uphraisia officinalis Hypochaeris radicata Rosa canina Chaerophyllum temulum vonymus europaeus Cornus sanguinea Sambucus nigra Orchis latifolia igopodium Podagraria Parietaria officinalis <? stage 1 eaves not spotted. Aug l} r ^., i No sex given (?,

5 FRANCS DARWN Table continued O no Tamus communis Sherardia arvensis otus corniculatus ychnis vespertina Ranunculus arvensis Solanum Dulcamara Onobrychis sativa Trifolium repens Hieracium pilosella Galium aparine Scrophularia aquatica Poa pratensis inaria cymbalaria (average) olium perenne Potentilla reptans Potentitla anserina Qinanthe crocata Rumex acetosa Urtica dioica <J (average) inum catharticum Stachys sylvatica Helianthemum vulgare Avena pratensis Rumex aquaticus (?) Neottia Nidus-avis Plantago media Tragopogon pratense Milium effusum Bromus arvensis Dactylis glomerata Genista tinctoria Briza media istera ovata Polygonum aviculare Rosa arvensis pilobium montanum Ophrys apifera Rubus fruticosus, var. glandulosus Spiraea ulmaria athyrus pratensis apsana communis Arrhenatherum avenaceum Galium cruciatum (gathered nth in full flower) Ophrys muscifera Carduus palustris onicera Periclymenum Rubus fruticosus Cephalanthera Orchis pyramidalis Carduus acaulis (?My (J ^ (JMy (Jju. 1 Q Q i T

6 Studies in Phcenology Table continued * y" 1 J«i i 1 i ^ ^ Reseda luteola Thymus Serpyllum Sedum acre igustrum vulgare onicera Xylosteum Centaurea nigra Cynosunis cristatus Pimpinella Saxifraga, var. p dissectifolia Papaver Rhoeas actuca muralis Herminium Monorchis Geranium moue Scabiosa arvensis Malva moschata Geranium pratense Circaea lutetiana Carduus nutans Hypericum hirsutum Silaus pratensis Campanula glomerata Agrimonia upatoria Vicia tetrasperma Holcus lanatus Hordeum pratense Ranunculus sceleratus Anagallis arvensis Matticaiia Chamomilla Scabiosa Columbaria Verbascum nigrum Centaurea scabiosa Medicago sativa (?) Plantago major Campanula Trachelium Asperula cynanchica pilobium parviflorum ysimachia Nummulana Achillea Millefolium Chlora perfoliata Valeriana officinalis Carduus arvensis.sthusa cynapium Aira caespitosa Glyceria fluitans Galium verum Vicia cracca Agropyrum caninum Hypericum perforatum Tilia Pyrola minor pilobium hirsutum Convolvulus arvensis Baxtsia Odontites Hypericum hirsutum Aug. 1 B Z 0 ->

7 FRANCS DARWN Table continued s s s OO 01 O 0 0^ 0' y ' Aug. Apium nodiflorum Helosciadium nodi florum Cnanthe pimpinelloide Convolvulus sepium Ballota nigra Scabiosa succisa Scabiosa arvensis Sedum album Digraphis arundinacea Carduus acanthoides Brachypodium pinnatum Habeneria viridis' Senecio Jacoboea Anthemis arvensis Agrostis alba Hypericum hirsutum (not pale form) Bromus asper Ononis spinosa Campanula rotundifolia Helminthia echioides pilobium tetragonum Origanum vulgare Clematis Vitalba Veronica Buxbaumii Arctium appa Stachys Betonica nula Conyza iupatorium cannabinum Rumex Acetosella Calluna vulgaris Artemisia vulgaris ycopsis arvensis inaria vulgaris Ulex europaea rica cinerea Hypericum humifusum Teucrium scorodonium Potentilla argentea Spergularia rubra Cuscuta europaea Corydalis claviculata!)mithopus perpusillus irodium cicutarium Viola tricolor Antirrhinum Orontium fasione montana Trifolium arvense Jartsia odontites solidago Virga-aurea iypericum perforatum ialeopsis tetrahit allota nigra - 1 Aug. 1 Aug. 1 [uly 1 1 ro Found 11 in advanced condition. Aug. Aug

8 Studies in Phcenology Table continued S 1 S S S S S C C C C 0 C 1 C C C C C C C C 0 1 C Aug. 1 1 Sep. Daucus Carota amium amplexicaule Fumaria ofcinalis Sedum Telephium Senecio sylvaticus^ Polygonum convolvulus Calamintha menthifolia Delphinium consolida Humulus lupulus (? wild) ycopus europseus Solanum nigrum Sagittaria sagittifoha ycium barbarum Stachys palustris nula dysenterica ychnis Githago jrthrum sahcaria Mentha sativa SeUnum carvifolia Scabiosa succisa Sison amomum Gentiana Amarella - Aug. 0 1 Aug. Aug. ^ should perhaps have been noted on a slightly earher date. The letters and in Table show (as above stated) the broad relations between the dates of 10 and those of 1, 11 and 11. The letter means that the species so marked flowered later than in 10; in the same way indicates earuer flowering. What is at once obvious is that the 1 dates are universally later thcin the corresponding entries for 10. The same thing is, roughly, true of 11, there being only three cases in the first 0 which are earuer than 10, and one plant flowered on the same day in 11 and 10. n 11 the case is different. Taking the same material, viz. to, we have: March -April 11 April - - i 1 equal equal The sums are... 0 equal We see that the cases in which the spring flowers of 11 (March - ) were earlier than those of 10 are in number: the cases in which 11 is later being 0; there are also four cases

9 V. H. BACKMAN of equality. Thus out of a total of cases per cent, are early, per cent, late and per cent, are equal. t should be noted that among the early cases a majority occurs between March and April 11. n conclusion, it may be pointed out that there is a general resemblance between 10 and 11, inasmuch as the springtime flowerings are early in both these years. And this fact we must connect with the relatively high temperatures ruling in the spring of these two years. Thus from the week ending Jan., 11, to week ending Feb. 1 we have deviations from the normal of -- - to + -. And, again, from March 1 to April the deviations are + though not so well marked as those quoted. The early spring flowerings of 10 also correspond with the relatively high temperatures ruling from the week ending Jan., 10, to that ending Feb., 10. TH THORY OF GOTROPC RSPONS BY V. H. BACKMAN N recent numbers of this journal (1, pp. - and 0-) Pro-. fessor Small has put forward a theory to explain the geotropic response in plants, and particularly the difference in the behaviour of the stem and the root. This theory rejects the movement of comparatively large cell particles (such as starch grains) as the first step in the chain of processes which lead to geotropic curvature, and relates the response to changes in the plasma itself under the action of gravity. The particles or drops forming the disperse phase of the colloidal protoplasm are supposed to be lighter than the surrounding fluid (continuous phase) and to rise to a marked extent under the action of gravity, a phenomenon which is described as "creaming." As these particles are electrically charged their movement should produce a difference of potential or alter the difference of potential already existing in the cell. The particles axe supposed to be electropositive in the root and electro-negative in the stem; the differences of potential produced, and the electric currents to which they give rise, would thus be in opposite directions in the two organs. These currents are supposed to affect the permeability and growth of the cells and so bring about the geotropic curvature. The nature of the geotropic response (even if the statolith theory be accepted) is one of the most obscure of physiological phenomena.

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