Weed resistance in European cereal production: Status, causes and perspectives Per Kudsk Aarhus University Denmark

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1 Weed resistance in European cereal production: Status, causes and perspectives Aarhus University Denmark

2 Content of presentation Overview of wheat and maize production in Europe Status on herbicide resistance in Europe Herbicide resistance in wheat Herbicide resistance in maize Pesticide legislation in the EU Conclusions

3 Cereal production in Europe Source: Eurostat

4 1.000 ha Cereal production in Europe WW+maize Cereal

5 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Croatia Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Tons/ha Wheat yields 12,0 10,0 8,0 6,0 4,0 2,0 0,0

6 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Croatia Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom ha Maize production Grain and silage maize (2010) Grain maize: 8.054,700 ha Silage maize: 5.264,600 ha Grain Silage 500 0

7 Unique cases of herbicide resistance in different parts of the world USA Europe Australia Canada

8 Weed resistance in Europe Ian Heap, WeedSceince.org 2015

9 Resistant weed species in wheat Alopecurus myosuroides Apera spica-venti Avena fatua Avena sterilis Bromus sterilis Bromus tectorum Capsella bursa-pastoris Centaurea cyanus Lolium perenne Lolium multiflorum Lolium rigidum Matricaria chamomilla Papaver rhoeas Phalaris paradoxa Polygonum persicaria Senecio vulgaris Sinapis arvensis Sonchus asper Spergula arvensis Stellaria media Tripleurospermum inodorum

10 Resistant weed species in wheat Alopecurus myosuroides Matricaria chamomilla Apera spica-venti Avena fatua Avena sterilis Bromus sterilis Bromus tectorum Capsella bursa-pastoris Centaurea cyanus Lolium perenne Papaver rhoeas 10 grass weed species 11 broadleaved weed species Phalaris paradoxa Polygonum persicaria Senecio vulgaris Sinapis arvensis ALS, ACCase and NTSR ALS and synthetic auxins Sonchus asper Spergula arvensis Stellaria media Lolium multiflorum Tripleurospermum inodorum Lolium rigidum

11 Resistant grass weeds in European wheat production

12 Resistant broadleaved weeds in European wheat production +2,4-D

13 Important maize producing areas in Europe Meissle et al., 2010)

14 Important weeds in European maize production Meissle et al., 2010)

15 Important weeds in European maize production Important monocots: Echinocloa crus-galli, Setaria viridis, Sorghum halepense (south), Elymus repens and Poa annua (north) Important dicots: Chenopodium album, Amaranthus sp., Polygonum sp. and Solanum nigrum Late germinating annual weed spcies and perennial weed species are increasing problems Very common Common Less common/rare Very rare Jensen et al., 2011; Meissle et al., 2010)

16 Region Herbicide use in European maize production Percentage area treated with herbicides Number of pre- /post-emergence applications Hungary (Bekes) /1.0 Hungary (Tolna) /1.1 Italy (Po Valley) /0.5 Spain (Ebro Valley) /1.0 France (Southwest) /0.4 France (Grand-Ouest) /1.0 France (Normandy) /0.7 Netherlands /1.1 Denmark /2.3 Germany (Southwest) /0.9 Poland (Southwest) /1.3 Meissle et al., 2010)

17 Resistant weed species in maize Abutilon theophrastis Amaranthus blitum Amaranthus cruentus Amaranthus hybridus Amaranthus powellii Amaranthus retroflexus Arenaria serpyllifolia Atriplex patula Bidens tripatita Bromus tectorum Chenopodium album Chenopodium ficifolium Chenopodium polyspermum Chenopodium simplex Conyza canadensis Digitaria sanguinalis Echinocloa crus-galli Epilobium tetragonum Galinsoga ciliata Panicum dichotomiflorum Polygonum aviculare Polygonum convolvolus Polygonum hydropiper Polygonum lapatifolium Polygonum persicaria Senecio vulgaris Setaria faberi Setaria glauca Setaria vertillicita Setaria viridis Solanum nirum Sonchus asper Sorghum halepense Stellaria media

18 Resistant weed species in maize Abutilon theophrastis Amaranthus blitum Amaranthus cruentus Amaranthus hybridus Amaranthus powellii Amaranthus retroflexus Arenaria serpyllifolia Atriplex patula Bidens tripatita Bromus tectorum Chenopodium album Chenopodium ficifolium Chenopodium polyspermum Chenopodium simplex Conyza canadensis Digitaria sanguinalis Echinocloa crus-galli Epilobium tetragonum Galinsoga ciliata Panicum dichotomiflorum Polygonum aviculare Polygonum convolvolus Polygonum hydropiper Polygonum lapatifolium Polygonum persicaria Senecio vulgaris Setaria faberi Setaria glauca Setaria vertillicita Setaria viridis Solanum nirum Sonchus asper Sorghum halepense Stellaria media 9 grass weed species 25 broadleaved weed species ALS and photosystem II ALS and photosystem II Resistance linked to maize monoculture (Italy, Spain & Hungary)

19 Europe is different from other continents No GM herbicide resistant crops Stricter pesticide regulation Fewer tools to prevent/delay resistance evolution

20 EU pesticide regulation Directive 91/414/EEC Review programme of existing pesticides In total: ca active ingredients Source: DG Health & Consumers

21 EU s new pesticide legislation Regulation 1107/2009 replacing Directive 91/414/EEC Directive 2009/128/EC on the sustainable use of pesticides Regulation 1185/2009 on the collection on statistics on PPP COM(2006) 778 final Directive 2009/127/EC on the placing on the market of pesticide application equipment 21

22 EU pesticide regulation Regulation 1107/2009 New features compared to Directive 91/414/EEC: Hazard ( cut-off ) criteria for active ingredients based on their inherent properties (4 related to health including endocrine disruption and 3 related to environment) Comparative assessment (benefits vs. risks) of plant protection products containing active ingredients classified as candidates for substitution Special procedures for low-risk products

23 Regulation 1107/2009 Impact study by Chemicals Regulation Directive in the UK done in 2009 Most likely affected by the hazard criteria: Amitrole Flumioxane Glufosinate Ioxynil Linuron Molinate Pendimethalin Tralkoxydim May be affected by the hazard criteria: 2,4 D Carbetamid Chlortoluron Fluometuton Metribuzin Picloram Tepraloxydim Triflusulfuron

24 Objective: EU pesticide regulation Directive 2009/128/EC To establish a framework to achieve a sustainable use of pesticides by reducing the risks and impacts of pesticide use on human health and the environment and promoting the use of integrated pest management and of alternative approaches or techniques such as non-chemical alternatives to pesticides. By 1 January 2014 all professional users of pesticides were supposed to have adopted the principles of IPM Herbicide resistance is currently the main driver for farmers to adopt integrated weed management practices

25 Conclusions Widespread herbicide resistance in European wheat and maize fields Resistance primarily to ALS, ACCase and photosystem II inhibitors Lack of diversity with regard to crops as well as herbicides main cause of resistance Strict pesticide regulation in the EU leaves IWM as the only option to combat herbicide resistance

26 Acknowledgement The following colleagues provided information on weed resistance in maize: Maurizio Sattin, Italy Andreu Taberner, Spain Rommy van der Weide, The Netherlands Gabriella Kazinczi, Hungary

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