Oikos. Appendix 1. Comparing mating system information from BiolFlor and from independent quantitative surveys OIK-02328

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1 Oikos OIK Munoz, F., Violle, C. and Cheptou, P.-O CSR ecological strategies and plant mating systems: outcrossing increases with competitiveness but stresstolerance is related to mixed mating. Oikos doi: /oik Appendix 1 Comparing mating system information from BiolFlor and from independent quantitative surveys By mainly referring to the review of Barrett et al. (1996) and to some later works (references below, along with the species names), we investigated whether the ordinal categories of BiolFlor (respectively, obligatory selfers, facultative selfers, mixed mating plants, facultative outcrossers and obligatory outcrossers; see main text) were consistent with direct quantitative estimates from surveys not included in the references of BiolFlor, and relying on genetic markers and progeny array analysis. We performed the comparison for a subset of 46 plant species (Fig. A1). We found the BiolFlor index to be consistent with the outcrossing estimates from independent surveys (Kendall s rank correlation τ = 0.72, p-value < 0.001). 1

2 Figure A1. Mating system index derived from the BiolFlor database (abscissa) compared to independent quantitative surveys (outcrossing rates on ordinates), for 46 plant species. Abbreviated BiolFlor categories are OblSelf = obligatory selfers, FacSelf = facultative selfers, Mix = mixed mating plants, FacOut = facultative outcrossers and OblOut = obligatory outcrossers. List of the 46 species, with corresponding progeny array data in brackets whenever the species is not included in Barrett et al. (1996): Abies alba, Abutilon theophrasti, Allium schoenoprasum, Amaranthus cruentus (Drzewiecki 2001), Amaranthus hypochondriacus (Drzewiecki 2001), Aquilegia vulgaris (Lavergne pers. comm.), Arabidopsis thaliana, Arrhenatherum elatius, Asclepias syriaca, Avena fatua, Borago officinalis (Leach et al. 1993), Brassica napus (Damgaard and Abbott 1995), Capsella bursa-pastoris, Carduus acanthoides, Carduus nutans, Centaurea solstitialis (Sun and Ritland 1998), Cynosurus cristatus, Daphne laureola (Medrano et al. 2005), Datura stramonium, Deschampsia cespitosa, Dianthus sylvestris (Collin and Shykoff 2003), Fagus sylvatica (Wang 2003), Helianthus annuus, Hordeum jubatum, Hordeum vulgare, Impatiens capensis, Larix decidua, Lathyrus latifolius, Lolium multiflorum, Malva moschata, Medicago polymorpha, Papaver dubium, Papaver somniferum, Picea abies, Pinus cembra (Lewandowski and Burczyk 2000), Pinus strobus (Rajora et al. 2002), Pinus sylvestris, Pisum sativum (Polowick et al. 2002), Plantago major, Primula vulgaris, Prunus avium (Gomory and Paule 2001), Sagittaria latifolia (Dorken et al. 2002), Senecio vulgaris, Spergularia media, Thymus vulgaris, Xanthium strumarium. References Barrett, S. C. H. et al The comparative biology of pollination and mating in flowering plants. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 351: Collin, C. L.and Shykoff, J. A Outcrossing rates in the gynomonoecious gynodioecious species Dianthus sylvestris (Caryophyllaceae). Am. J. Bot. 90: Damgaard, C. and Abbott, R. J Positive correlations between selfing rate and pollen ovule ratio within plant populations. Evolution 49: Dorken, M. E. et al The evolution and maintenance of monoecy and dioecy in Sagittaria latifolia (Alismataceae). Evolution 56: Drzewiecki, J Similarities and differences between Amaranthus species and cultivars and estimation of outcrossing rate on the basis of electrophoretic separations of urea-soluble seed proteins. Euphytica 119: Gomory, D. and Paule, L Spatial structure and mating system in wild cherry (Prunus avium) 2

3 population. Biologia 56: Leach, C. R. et al Quantitatively determined self-incompatibility. IV. Pollination and seed set in Borago officinalis. Theor. Appl. Genet. 85: Lewandowski, A. and Burczyk, J Mating system and genetic diversity in natural populations of European larch (Larix decidua) and stone pine (Pinus cembra) located at higher elevations. Silvae Genet. 49: Medrano, M. et al Mating system, sex ratio, and persistence of females in the gynodioecious shrub Daphne laureola L. (Thymelaeaceae). Heredity 94: Polowick, P. L. et al Field assessment of outcrossing from transgenic pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants. Transgenic Res. 11: Rajora, O. P. et al Mating system and reproductive fitness traits of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) in large, central versus small, isolated, marginal populations. Can. J. Bot. 80: Sun, M. and Ritland, K Mating system of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis), a successful colonizer in North America. Heredity 80: Wang, K. S Relationship between empty seed and genetic factors in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Silva Fenn. 37:

4 Appendix 2 Complementary information on the GLMM model (a) R script of the MCMC procedure used to estimate the influence of ecological strategies and life form on the ordinal variable of mating systems in the GLMM model require(mcmcglmmram) # prior installation is required # tree = phylogeny including all the species considered in the present survey; tip names are theirs latine binomial names # Calculation of the correlation structure associated to phylogenetic relatedness Ainv <- inversea(tree, node="tips")$ainv # data = dataset including the categorical mating system information (r.factor variable), and the combination of CSR strategies and life-form classes in a single categorical predictor (CSR.lf variable); the Binome variable provides species names associated with the tips of the phylogeny tree # Prior distribution for the fixed effect parameters (ecological strategies and life form) B.prior <- list(v=diag(13)*1e7, mu=rep(0,13)) # Prior distribution of the random phylogenetic effect, with parameter expansion (alpha.mu and alpha.v parameters) G.prior <- list(g1=list(v=1, nu=1, alpha.mu=0, alpha.v=1000) # The variance of the residuals is fixed to 0.5 R.prior <- list(v=0.5, nu=0.002, fixed = T) # Overall set of prior information prior.var.g <- list(b=b.prior, R=R.prior, G= G.prior)) # MCMC estimation of the parameters of the GLMM model mod <- MCMCglmm(r.factor ~ CSR.lf, prior=prior.var.g, family = "ordinal", random=~binome, ginverse=list(binome=ainv), data=data, verbose = FALSE, burnin=10000, nitt=300000, thin=100) 4

5 (b) Basic plots representing the variation of parameters over selected MCMC iterations (i.e. after burn-in period and with thinning), on the left, and their corresponding posterior distribution on the right. The last "Binome" plot represent the estimation of the phylogenetic random effect. The variation of fixed effect parameters over MCMC iterations is stationary and shows very little autocorrelation. 5

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