ROGH Docent Program Week 4: Orchid Biology.

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2 Orchid Classification, Structure & Diversity Monocots (one seed leaf) with parallel venation Derived from Lily-relative Fossilized orchid pollen - 76 to 84 million years ago (Late Cretaceous) Allopolyploidy (genetic redundancy) - allows gene mutation without loss of function Useful mutations allow new species to evolve faster; helps explain diversity in Orchid Family Worldwide 25,000 30,000 orchid species Diversity - shapes, sizes, pollinator interactions

3 Hierarchical Classification* * More detailed information found in Training Module: Nomenclature The House cat Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae Genus: Felis Species: Felis domesticus Yellow lady s slipper orchid Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Anthophyta Class: Monocotyledons Order: Asperagales Family: Orchidaceae Genus: Cypripedium Species: Cypripedium parviflorum

4 Purpose of Taxonomic Classification* * More detailed information found in Training Module: Nomenclature Organize information about taxa based on genetic relatedness as indicated by similarities in structures, DNA, physiology, etc. Reflects relationships among species that are a result of evolutionary divergence. Orchids Increasing complexity

5 Plant Classification Overview Usually, only the Family, Genus and species are of concern to the gardener, but sometimes subspecies, variety or cultivar are included to identify a particular plant, especially orchid plants. Each group has the characteristics of the level above it, but has some distinguishing features. The further down the scale you go, the more minor the differences become, until you end up with a classification which applies to only one plant species. Differences in variety or form, or hybridization, follows Genus species name here.

6 GENUS Genus & species Most familiar plant name ex. Papaver (Poppy), Aquilegia (columbine). Recognizable by group Genus name Capitalized SPECIES Level that defines an individual plant. Unique Genus and species name for only one plant. Written after the Genus name, species, lower case.

7 Orchid Flower Parts Major Characteristics Lip/Labellum as landing-pad Column (nose-shaped) Parts in 3s Pollen waxy, 2 4 packets Variations ex. Lady s-slippers Lip/Labellum pouch-shaped (temporary trap) Column (flattened shaped) Parts fused (ex. lateral sepals)

8 Common Orchid Groups Photo credits: C. Bracker, lower right.; center: D. Reichard; All others: C. LeBlanc

9 Phalaenopsis Moth Orchid Only about 60 orchid species Native to southeast Asia to the Philippines & northern Australia. Named for similarity to large moths in flight. Most popular in the orchid trade, with 1000s of easily grown artificial hybrids Photo credits: top, & right: C. LeBlanc; left: D. Reichard

10 Cattleyas Corsage Orchid Some of the most showy orchids #3 largest group of orchids 1,200+ species in related genera Cattleyas & relatives (Alliance) Only about 30 Cattleya species From Mexico, Central & South America Cattleya Alliance species used to create many spectacular orchid hybrids Photo credits: upper : C. LeBlanc; lower: B. Daughtery

11 Slipper-shaped pouches (modified lip) Lady s Slippers Found in Asia, Central America and North America Pouch - temporary insect trap Often in fragile habitats (rocky slopes, wetlands) Paphiopedilum (Asia), Phragmipedium (C. Amer.), & Cypripedium (N. Amer.) ` Photo credits: top: C. LeBlanc; left: D. Reichard; left: S. Verhoorn

12 Dendrobiums #2 Genus - 1,200+ species From SE Asia and Australia Dendron (Greek for tree ), bios ( life ) Mentum (projection) Wide variety of habitats Dormancy in dry season Flowers open 1 day - many weeks Some Asian species used in traditional medicines Heavily used in hybrid breeding and cut flower trade Photo credit: top right: C. Bracker

13 Bulbophyllums #1 Genus with over 2,800 species From Papua New Guinea, S. Asia, Madagascar, Africa, S. America Bulbo ( bulb-like ) and phyllum ( leaf ) refers to pseudobulb Wide variety of habitats Many fly-pollinated species (fetid) Photo credits: lower right: D. Reichard; all others: C. LeBlanc

14 Orchid Pollination

15 Pollinator & Flower Color Bees visit yellow, blue, purple flowers. Butterflies visit red, orange, yellow, pink, and blue flowers Moths visit white and light-colored flowers Moths are almost exclusive pollinators for white flowers with long nectar spurs Flies and gnats visit green, brown, burgundy, white or cream colored flowers Bats - rare as orchid pollinators, visit large light-colored night-scented flowers. Hummingbirds visit red, orange, purple/red tubular flowers. Photo credit: C. Bracker

16 Orchid Pollination - Bees Primary attractant: Scent

17 Orchid Pollination Flies & Gnats Primary attractants: Scent and color

18 Orchid Pollination - Butterflies & Moths Primary attractants: Nectar, flower shape

19 Orchid Pollination UV Primary attractant: flower color

20 Pollinator Specialization Bucket Orchid Darwin - Comet Orchid Video (4:36 min) Images: CleBlanc; ;

21 Mimicry, Deception & Methods Flowers mimic their pollinator Trichoceros species (fly mimics) Ophrys (bee mimics) Appears as female insect; male insect attempts to mate with flower Pollen carried to another flower; pollination occurs Mechanism encourages out-crossing Science Friday Video ( 2:44 min)

22 Orchid Pollination Mimicry & Deception Primary attractant: flower shape. Often no reward Video (3 min.)

23 Photo credit: C. Bracker

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