Lecture Materials are available on the 321 web site
|
|
- Tracey Alexander
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 MENDEL AND MODELS Explore the Course Web Site Lecture Materials are available on the 321 web site BUT, they are absolutely not a substitute for coming to class or reading the textbook-- See cautionary comments on web page 1
2 GENETIC TERMINOLOGY Essential to the mastery of genetics is a thorough knowledge and understanding of the vocabulary of this science. New terms will be introduced and defined routinely in the lectures. You are required to know all terms defined in lecture. 2
3 What are the 4 X 6 Cards that your instructor carries with her? To help me learn who you are and to encourage student participation during lecture, I will call on students (at random) using a deck of 3X5 cards. Each card has the name of a student and his/her photo. When I call your name, you will automatically get a check mark ( ) if you are in attendance. You will then be responsible for addressing whatever question is at hand 3
4 Options for responding to the question 1. Always best: a correct or mostly correct answer ( another check mark) 2. Also OK: a serious but incorrect answer which often can be a useful starting point for a discussion ( also gets a check) 3. Another option: decline and wait for a different question later in the lecture (no check mark but no black mark either ) Best approach try to answer question even if you are unsure of your answer. At the end of the quarter, students who have lots of check marks will be considered good class participants 4
5 5
6 In the 19 th century Mendel articulated the fundamental laws of heredity that apply to all eukaryotic organisms Many biologists in Mendel s time were interested in heredity, but Mendel succeeded in elucidating these basic rules of heredity where others failed What experimental strategies (still in use today) did Mendel use to discover the basic laws of heredity? What experimental strategies (still in use today) did Mendel use to discover the basic laws of heredity? 6
7 Inspired choice of an appropriate Model Organism Use of modern scientific methodology and careful quantitative analysis of his data: Mendel collected and examined large numbers of progeny from each genetic cross and repeated his experiments to determine if the same results were consistently obtained Used a simple symbolism to represent abstract hereditary determinants (genes and alleles) Applied the basic rules of probability to explain his data (progeny phenotypes and ratios) 7
8 We can t study all organisms, so we single out a collection of model organisms to study What do we mean by the term model organism? What does this term imply about the research done on this organism or about the knowledge gained from studying this organism? Note: this question is not asking about specific features that make good model organisms 8
9 model system or model organism: a label we apply to species that we (i) study in detail (ii) use as a basis for constructing a general understanding of how biological processes work 9
10 What are the favorite model organisms of geneticists? 1. Start with the classic and still trendy multicellullar eukaryote? 2. Classic and still trendy single-celled eukaryote? Hint: 3. Trendy, classy, and approaching classic (Nobel winning animal)? 4. Not classic yet, but a very trendy weedy plant? 5. Classic prokaryotic model? 10
11 Some Favorite Eukaryotic Model Organisms Drosophila melanogaster Saccharomyces cerevisiae: bakers and brewers yeast Caenorhabditis elegans: free-living roundworm Arabidopsis thaliana: small flowering plant in the mustard family What question comes to mind when you view these organisms? 11
12 This is a seemingly funky collection of organisms. Why have these particular organisms been picked by geneticists for intensive study? Speculate on what features would make a good model organism for a geneticist: 12
13 Features of good models can be raised in the lab easily and inexpensively produce large numbers of progeny (why is this important?) short generation time phenotypic variants are readily available some aspect of the habit or life-cycle of the organism lends itself to scientific inquiry an element of serendipity has entered into the choice of some models Model Organisms Guides
14 model system or model organism: a label we apply to species that we (i) study in detail (ii) use as a basis for constructing a general understanding of how biological processes work 14
15 HUH? Okay so HOW or WHY can what we learn about worms or flies or a plant tell us about how a human functions or what kinds of genes we have? We can justify the use of these organism based on practical arguments (limited time, space, money, etc.) But how do we establish the biological (theoretical) credibility for using studying these organisms This argument is based on knowledge of history of life on earth In other words, why is a fly or a worm a credible model system for other organisms? Why do biologists care so much about the genome projects of non-human animals? 15
16 Because of our common evolutionary lineage, all organisms share fundamental biological processes that are controlled by genes that are conserved among distantly related organisms 16
17 Figure (9th edition of IGA) The distribution of human proteins according to the identification of significantly related proteins in other species. Note that about 1/5 of human proteins have been identified only within the vertebrate lineage whereas, at the other extreme, 1/5 have been identified in all of the major branches of the evolutionary tree. Vertebrate only: 22% of human genes are vertebrate specific (interestingly, the Nature paper did not parse out mammalian specific genes for this figure) Vertebrates and other animals: 24% are found in invertebrates as well as vertebrates No animal homology: 1% not found in other organisms Animals and other eukaryotes: 32% are also found in non-animal eukaryotes which would include -----? Euks and proks: 21% of human genes are shared with eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms Prokaryotic only: <1% of human are also found in prokaryotes and other vertebrates but not in other eukaryotes (huh?) 17
18 Figure 38 from Nature 409: 902 Feb 15, 2001 Initial Sequencing and Analysis of the Human Genome Distribution of homologs of predicted human proteins. For each protein, a homolog to phylogenetic lineage was considered present if a search of the NCBI nonredundant protein sequence database, using the gapped BLASTP program, gave a random expectation E value of < Additional searches for probable homologs with lower sequence conservation were also performed and used the same E value cutoff. 18
19 Using the common pea as a model organism, Mendel elucidated basic principles of inheritance that could be applied to all eukaryotic organisms One of the reasons that Mendel s experiments were so successful is that he chose an appropriate organism to work with: After investigating and discarding other candidates, Mendel chose the pea plant Pisum sativum for practical reasons. Peas are cheap and easy to propagate They have a relatively short reproductive cycle. This facilitated the collection of data from a large number of plants Reproduction of the pea plant can be artificially manipulated A large number of different varieties of this species were available from the local seedsmen. So how did Mendel actually approach his study of hereditary determinants? 19
20 If you are a molecular geneticist, you know you are looking at a gene when you examine a stretch of DNA and see that it codes for protein and has a promoter in front of it >gi gb U HUMHBB Human beta globin region on chromosome 11 TCTTATTTGTGTAATAAGAAAATTGGGAAAACGATCTTCAATATGCTTACCAAGCTGTGATTCCAAATATTACGTAAAT ACACTTGCAAAGGAGGATGTTTTTAGTAGCAATTTGTACTGATGGTATGGGGCCAAGAGATATATCTTAGAGGGAGGG CTGAGGGTTTGAAGTCCAACTCCTAAGCCAGTGCCAGAAGAGCCAAGGACAGGTACGGCTGTCATCACTTAGACCTCA CCCTGTGGAGCCACACCCTAGGGTTGGCCAATCTACTCCCAGGAGCAGGGAGGGCAGGAGCCAGGGCTGGGCATAAA AGTCAGGGCAGAGCCATCTATTGCTTACATTTGCTTCTGACACAACTGTGTTCACTAGCAACCTCAAACAGACACCATG GTGCACCTGACTCCTGAGGAGAAGTCTGCCGTTACTGCCCTGTGGGGCAAGGTGAACGTGGATGAAGTTGGTGGTGAG GCCCTGGGCAGGTTGGTATCAAGGTTACAAGACAGGTTTAAGGAGACCAATAGAAACTGGGCATGTGGAGACAGAGA AGACTCTTGGGTTTCTGATAGGCACTGACTCTCTCTGCCTATTGGTCTATTTTCCCACCCTTAGGCTGCTGGTGGTCTAC CCTTGGACCCAGAGGTTCTTTGAGTCCTTTGGGGATCTGTCCACTCCTGATGCTGTTATGGGCAACCCTAAGGTGAAGG CTCATGGCAAGAAAGTGCTCGGTGCCTTTAGTGATGGCCTGGCTCACCTGGACAACCTCAAGGGCACCTTTGCCACACT GAGTGAGCTGCACTGTGACAAGCTGCACGTGGATCCTGAGAACTTCAGGGTGAGTCTATGGGACCCTTGATGTTTTCTT TCCCCTTCTTTTCTATGGTTAAGTTCATGTCATAGGAAGGGGAGAAGTAACAGGGTACAGTTTAGAATGGGAAACAGAC GAATGATTGCATCAGTGTGGAAGTCTCAGGATCGTTTTAGTTTCTTTTATTTGCTGTTCATAACAATTGTTTTCTTTTGTT TAATTCTTGCTTTCTTTTTTTTTCTTCTCCGCAATTTTTACTATTATACTTAATGCCTTAACATTGTGTATAACAAAAGGA AATATCTCTGAGATACATTAAGTAACTTAAAAAAAAACTTTACACAGTCTGCCTAGTACATTACTATTTGGAATATATG TGTGCTTATTTGCATATTCATAATCTCCCTACTTTATTTTCTTTTATTTTTAATTGATACATAATCATTATACATATTTATG GGTTAAAGTGTAATGTTTTAATATGTGTACACATATTGACCAAATCAGGGTAATTTTGCATTTGTAATTTTAAAAAATGC TTTCTTCTTTTAATATACTTTTTTGTTTATCTTATTTCTAATACTTTCCCTAATCTCTTTCTTTCAGGGCAATAATGATACA ATGTATCATGCCTCTTTGCACCATTCTAAAGAATAACAGTGATAATTTCTGGGTTAAGGCAATAGCAATATTTCTGCAT ATAAATATTTCTGCATATAAATTGTAACTGATGTAAGAGGTTTCATATTGCTAATAGCAGCTACAATCCAGCTACCATT CTGCTTTTATTTTATGGTTGGGATAAGGCTGGATTATTCTGAGTCCAAGCTAGGCCCTTTTGCTAATCATGTTCATACCT CTTATCTTCCTCCCACAGCTCCTGGGCAACGTGCTGGTCTGTGTGCTGGCCCATCACTTTGGCAAAGAATTCACCCCACC AGTGCAGGCTGCCTATCAGAAAGTGGTGGCTGGTGTGGCTAATGCCCTGGCCCACAAGTATCACTAAGCTCGCTTTCTT GCTGTCCAATTTCTATTAAAGGTTCCTTTGTTCCCTAAGTCCAACTACTAAACTGGGGGATATTATGAAGGGCCTTGAGC ATCTGGATTCTGCCTAATAAAAAACATTTATTTTCATTGCAATGATGTATTTAAATTATTTCTGAATATTTTACTAAAAA GGGAATGTGGGAGGTCAGTGCATTTAAAACATAAAGAAATGAAGAGCTAGTTCAAACCTTGGGAAAATACACTATA 20
21 But, how do you know that you are looking at a gene if you are a classical geneticist and don t know the molecular language of DNA? How did Mendel identify the existence of a gene? 21
22 In classical genetic methodology, the existence of a gene controlling a trait is inferred from phenotypic variation between individual organisms or groups of organisms. In other words, using traditional genetic methodology, a gene is defined by specific phenotypic differences. 22
23 A large number of different lines or varieties of peas were available to Mendel from his local seedsmen. For each trait, his lines exhibited one of two alternative variations or forms.. Note that some of the phenotypes that Mendel examined are properties of the peas (seeds) and others are properties of the plant. This variation in phenotype provided Mendel with the raw material for his classical genetic studies 23
24 Reproduction of the pea plant can be artificially manipulated Mendel was clever enough to choose a model organism that facilitated the artificial manipulation of its reproduction In the pea plant the male and female reproductive parts are present in the same flower and are enclosed in a compartment which prevents pollination from outside sources. So accidental fertilization by foreign pollen can not easily occur in this organism. Pea plants will self-pollinate unless the anthers of the flower are removed by the experimenter before they release pollen. self-pollinate = self = self-fertilize: pollen from a given flower fertilizes the ovules from the same flower or from a different flower on the same plant Mendel was able to artificially cross-pollinate (= cross) two different pea plants by removing the immature anthers from the flowers of one plant and then dusting it with pollen taken from a flower on another plant 24
25 Before starting his experimental analysis, Mendel subjected his different varieties of pea plants to a two year trial to confirm that he was working with true-breeding or pure lines. What is a true-breeding line and why is it important? 25
26 Truebreeding line: a pure line, when selfed or crosspollinated within the same breeding line, will only give rise to progeny identical to the parents. This important step demonstrated that the outcome of selfing (or crossing within) the various strains was predictable and consistent. Therefore, deviations following cross-pollination between different strains would be scientifically significant. 26
27 What were the questions about heredity that Mendel s research addressed? What are the basic mechanisms of heredity? The question is so broadly phrased that it must be broken down into a series of more specific questions in order to be approached in a logical, systematic way: Do males and females contribute equally to the appearance of their offspring? Are parental traits irreversibly blended in the offspring? Are there basic rules, which can be described mathematically, for the transmission of hereditary elements from one generation to another? The first two questions reflected the confusing thinking about heredity that existed in the mid-19 th century 27
28 The third question reflects Mendel s training in physics and mathematics: 19 th Century physics attributed everything in nature to the action of a small number of laws, the starting point of which was the existence of certain indivisible patterns of matters The laws of nature were written in the language of mathematics and the task of the researcher was to discover the existence and activity of these indivisible particles of matter Crosses and data on BOARD 28
29 Inheritance of a single trait: round or wrinkled seeds Parental: Mendel crossed a true-breeding line that had round seeds with a true-breeding line with wrinkled seeds F1 (for first filial) generation: All of the progeny seeds resulting from this cross were round. [Subsequent generations are indicated as F2, F3, and so on.] Reciprocal: Mendel then did a reciprocal cross and obtained the same result. What was the significance of the results of the reciprocal crosses? 29
30 Mendel planted the F1 seeds and allowed the F1 plants to selfpollinate In this F2 generation, he observed Discrete classes of round and wrinkled seeds. No seeds of intermediate phenotype were observed round and 1,850 wrinkled seeds, which represents a ratio of round: wrinkled equal to 2.96 to 1. This is essentially a 3 to 1 ratio. In other words, about 3/4 of the F2 seeds were round and 1/4 were yellow. 30
31 31
32 Mendel had made the striking observation that even though the wrinkled form had disappeared in the F1 generation, it reappeared in the F2 generation. THERE WAS NO IRREVERSIBLE BLENDING OF THE TRAITS To describe this result, he designated the round phenotype as the dominant phenotype since it appeared in the F1 and the wrinkled phenotype as recessive. 32
33 Mendel repeated these experiments with the six other traits and obtained similar results: 1. The results of reciprocal crosses were the same 2. One form of the trait was always dominant. The F1 progeny only showed the dominant trait and did not exhibit any intermediate phenotype. 3. In the F2 generation, the ratio of plants with the dominant and recessive phenotypes was 3 to 1. 33
34 FROM THESE AND OTHER DATA Mendel proposed that the hereditary determinants for each trait are discrete and do not become blended together in the F1, but maintain their integrity from generation to generation. Mendel also proposed that, for each trait examined, the pea plant contains two copies of the hereditary determinant (gene) controlling the trait, one copy coming from each parent 34
35 Write up genotypes of crosses MENDEL USED A SIMPLE SYMBOLISM TO CONNECT THEORY AND OBSERVATIONS. Mendel developed a simple symbolism to show how his principle of segregation could be used to explain his observations. He designated the genotype or genetic composition of a given pea plant in the following manner. Each pair of genes, was symbolized by a different letter. The dominant form of the gene was indicated by an upper-case letter and the recessive form by a lower-case letter. These alternative forms of a gene are called alleles. Returning to the experiments on seed form, the dominant round allele is designated by R and the recessive wrinkled allele by r (Figure 4). The genotype of the true-breeding parental round line is RR indicating that it carries two copies of the round allele in each cell. Such pure lines are said to be homozygous (homo -meaning identical ) for the round allele. The genotype of the parental wrinkled line is rr indicating it is homozygous for the recessive wrinkled allele. The F1 round progeny contain a dominant allele for round contributed by the round parent and a recessive allele for wrinkled contributed by the wrinkled parent. The F1 plants are Rr or heterozygous (hetero- meaning different ) for the two different alleles. 35
You are required to know all terms defined in lecture. EXPLORE THE COURSE WEB SITE 1/6/2010 MENDEL AND MODELS
1/6/2010 MENDEL AND MODELS!!! GENETIC TERMINOLOGY!!! Essential to the mastery of genetics is a thorough knowledge and understanding of the vocabulary of this science. New terms will be introduced and defined
More informationMendel and the Gene Idea. Biology Exploring Life Section Modern Biology Section 9-1
Mendel and the Gene Idea Biology Exploring Life Section 10.0-10.2 Modern Biology Section 9-1 Objectives Summarize the Blending Hypothesis and the problems associated with it. Describe the methods used
More informationBiology Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics
Biology Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics Meiosis - The mechanism that halves the number of chromosomes in cells is a form of cell division called meiosis - Meiosis consists of two successive nuclear
More information1 Mendel and His Peas
CHAPTER 3 1 Mendel and His Peas SECTION Heredity BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is heredity? How did Gregor Mendel study heredity? National
More informationUnit 2 Lesson 4 - Heredity. 7 th Grade Cells and Heredity (Mod A) Unit 2 Lesson 4 - Heredity
Unit 2 Lesson 4 - Heredity 7 th Grade Cells and Heredity (Mod A) Unit 2 Lesson 4 - Heredity Give Peas a Chance What is heredity? Traits, such as hair color, result from the information stored in genetic
More information9-1 The Work of Gregor
9-1 The Work of Gregor 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Mendel 1 of 32 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Gregor Mendel s Peas Gregor Mendel s Peas Genetics is the scientific study of heredity. Gregor Mendel
More informationGenetics_2011.notebook. May 13, Aim: What is heredity? Homework. Rd pp p.270 # 2,3,4. Feb 8 11:46 PM. Mar 25 1:15 PM.
Aim: What is heredity? LE1 3/25/11 Do Now: 1.Make a T Chart comparing and contrasting mitosis & meiosis. 2. Have your lab out to be collected Homework for Tuesday 3/29 Read pp. 267 270 p.270 # 1,3 Vocabulary:
More informationIntroduction to Genetics
Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics Section 11 1 The Work of Gregor Mendel (pages 263 266) This section describes how Gregor Mendel studied the inheritance of traits in garden peas and what his conclusions
More informationHEREDITY: Objective: I can describe what heredity is because I can identify traits and characteristics
Mendel and Heredity HEREDITY: SC.7.L.16.1 Understand and explain that every organism requires a set of instructions that specifies its traits, that this hereditary information. Objective: I can describe
More informationMendelian Genetics. Introduction to the principles of Mendelian Genetics
+ Mendelian Genetics Introduction to the principles of Mendelian Genetics + What is Genetics? n It is the study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms. n Genes control each trait of a living
More information11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel. The Work of Gregor Mendel
11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel The Work of Gregor Mendel Gregor Mendel s Peas! Gregor Mendel s Peas Genetics is the scientific study of heredity. " Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk. His work was important
More informationClass Copy! Return to teacher at the end of class! Mendel's Genetics
Class Copy! Return to teacher at the end of class! Mendel's Genetics For thousands of years farmers and herders have been selectively breeding their plants and animals to produce more useful hybrids. It
More informationFamily resemblance can be striking!
Family resemblance can be striking! 1 Chapter 14. Mendel & Genetics 2 Gregor Mendel! Modern genetics began in mid-1800s in an abbey garden, where a monk named Gregor Mendel documented inheritance in peas
More informationSection 11 1 The Work of Gregor Mendel
Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics Section 11 1 The Work of Gregor Mendel (pages 263 266) What is the principle of dominance? What happens during segregation? Gregor Mendel s Peas (pages 263 264) 1. The
More informationChapter Eleven: Heredity
Genetics Chapter Eleven: Heredity 11.1 Traits 11.2 Predicting Heredity 11.3 Other Patterns of Inheritance Investigation 11A Observing Human Traits How much do traits vary in your classroom? 11.1 Traits
More informationName Class Date. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. 33
Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics Chapter Vocabulary Review Matching On the lines provided, write the letter of the definition of each term. 1. genetics a. likelihood that something will happen 2. trait
More information1 Mendel and His Peas
CHAPTER 6 1 Mendel and His Peas SECTION Heredity 7.2.d California Science Standards BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is heredity? Who was
More informationCh 11.Introduction to Genetics.Biology.Landis
Nom Section 11 1 The Work of Gregor Mendel (pages 263 266) This section describes how Gregor Mendel studied the inheritance of traits in garden peas and what his conclusions were. Introduction (page 263)
More information1 Mendel and His Peas
CHAPTER 5 1 Mendel and His Peas SECTION Heredity BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is heredity? How did Gregor Mendel study heredity? National
More information11.1 Traits. Studying traits
11.1 Traits Tyler has free earlobes like his father. His mother has attached earlobes. Why does Tyler have earlobes like his father? In this section you will learn about traits and how they are passed
More information1. What is genetics and who was Gregor Mendel? 2. How are traits passed from one generation to the next?
Chapter 11 Heredity The fruits, vegetables, and grains you eat are grown on farms all over the world. Tomato seeds produce tomatoes, which in turn produce more seeds to grow more tomatoes. Each new crop
More informationChapter 5. Heredity. Table of Contents. Section 1 Mendel and His Peas. Section 2 Traits and Inheritance. Section 3 Meiosis
Heredity Table of Contents Section 1 Mendel and His Peas Section 2 Traits and Inheritance Section 3 Meiosis Section 1 Mendel and His Peas Objectives Explain the relationship between traits and heredity.
More informationInteractive Biology Multimedia Courseware Mendel's Principles of Heredity. Copyright 1998 CyberEd Inc.
Interactive Biology Multimedia Courseware Mendel's Principles of Heredity Copyright 1998 CyberEd Inc. Mendel's Principles of Heredity TEACHING OBJECTIVES The following subject areas are illustrated throughout
More informationOutline for today s lecture (Ch. 14, Part I)
Outline for today s lecture (Ch. 14, Part I) Ploidy vs. DNA content The basis of heredity ca. 1850s Mendel s Experiments and Theory Law of Segregation Law of Independent Assortment Introduction to Probability
More informationAnimal Genetics - MENDELU
Mendel and his experiments Animal Genetics Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884) was born in Heinzendorf, (nowadays in the Czech Republic). During the period in which Mendel developed his theory of heredity,
More informationIntroduction to Genetics
Introduction to Genetics The Work of Gregor Mendel B.1.21, B.1.22, B.1.29 Genetic Inheritance Heredity: the transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring The study of heredity in biology is
More informationTHE WORK OF GREGOR MENDEL
GENETICS NOTES THE WORK OF GREGOR MENDEL Genetics-. - Austrian monk- the father of genetics- carried out his work on. Pea flowers are naturally, which means that sperm cells fertilize the egg cells in
More informationName Date Class CHAPTER 10. Section 1: Meiosis
Name Date Class Study Guide CHAPTER 10 Section 1: Meiosis In your textbook, read about meiosis I and meiosis II. Label the diagrams below. Use these choices: anaphase I anaphase II interphase metaphase
More informationI. GREGOR MENDEL - father of heredity
GENETICS: Mendel Background: Students know that Meiosis produces 4 haploid sex cells that are not identical, allowing for genetic variation. Essential Question: What are two characteristics about Mendel's
More informationis the scientific study of. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk. He is considered the of genetics. Mendel carried out his work with ordinary garden.
11-1 The 11-1 Work of Gregor Mendel The Work of Gregor Mendel is the scientific study of. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk. He is considered the of genetics. Mendel carried out his work with ordinary
More informationWhat is a sex cell? How are sex cells made? How does meiosis help explain Mendel s results?
CHAPTER 6 3 Meiosis SECTION Heredity BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is a sex cell? How are sex cells made? How does meiosis help explain
More informationMeiosis and Mendel. Chapter 6
Meiosis and Mendel Chapter 6 6.1 CHROMOSOMES AND MEIOSIS Key Concept Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have. Body Cells vs. Gametes You have body cells and gametes body cells
More information-Genetics- Guided Notes
-Genetics- Guided Notes Chromosome Number The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance genes are located in specific on chromosomes. Homologous Chromosomes chromosomes come in, one from the male parent and one
More informationFamily Trees for all grades. Learning Objectives. Materials, Resources, and Preparation
page 2 Page 2 2 Introduction Family Trees for all grades Goals Discover Darwin all over Pittsburgh in 2009 with Darwin 2009: Exploration is Never Extinct. Lesson plans, including this one, are available
More informationName Class Date. KEY CONCEPT Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have.
Section 1: Chromosomes and Meiosis KEY CONCEPT Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have. VOCABULARY somatic cell autosome fertilization gamete sex chromosome diploid homologous
More informationName Date Class. Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Concept Mapping Meiosis I and Meiosis II Complete the events chains about meiosis I and meiosis II. These terms may be used more than once: chromosomes, condense, cytokinesis, equator, line up, nuclei,
More informationBiology 211 (1) Exam 4! Chapter 12!
Biology 211 (1) Exam 4 Chapter 12 1. Why does replication occurs in an uncondensed state? 1. 2. A is a single strand of DNA. When DNA is added to associated protein molecules, it is referred to as. 3.
More informationInterest Grabber. Analyzing Inheritance
Interest Grabber Section 11-1 Analyzing Inheritance Offspring resemble their parents. Offspring inherit genes for characteristics from their parents. To learn about inheritance, scientists have experimented
More informationAdvance Organizer. Topic: Mendelian Genetics and Meiosis
Name: Row Unit 8 - Chapter 11 - Mendelian Genetics and Meiosis Advance Organizer Topic: Mendelian Genetics and Meiosis 1. Objectives (What should I be able to do?) a. Summarize the outcomes of Gregor Mendel's
More informationReinforcement Unit 3 Resource Book. Meiosis and Mendel KEY CONCEPT Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have.
6.1 CHROMOSOMES AND MEIOSIS KEY CONCEPT Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have. Your body is made of two basic cell types. One basic type are somatic cells, also called body cells,
More informationObserving Patterns in Inherited Traits
Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits Chapter 10 Before you go on Review the answers to the following questions to test your understanding of previous material. 1. Most organisms are diploid. What does
More informationUnit 7 Genetics. Meiosis
NAME: 1 Unit 7 Genetics 1. Gregor Mendel- was responsible for our 2. What organism did Mendel study? 3. Mendel stated that physical traits were inherited as 4. Today we know that particles are actually
More informationChapter 11 INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS
Chapter 11 INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel I. Gregor Mendel A. Studied pea plants 1. Reproduce sexually (have two sex cells = gametes) 2. Uniting of male and female gametes = Fertilization
More informationFamily Trees for all grades. Learning Objectives. Materials, Resources, and Preparation
page 2 Page 2 2 Introduction Family Trees for all grades Goals Discover Darwin all over Pittsburgh in 2009 with Darwin 2009: Exploration is Never Extinct. Lesson plans, including this one, are available
More informationUnit 8 Meiosis and Mendel. Genetics and Inheritance Quiz Date: Jan 14 Test Date: Jan. 22/23
Unit 8 Meiosis and Mendel Genetics and Inheritance Quiz Date: Jan 14 Test Date: Jan. 22/23 UNIT 8 - INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS Although the resemblance between generations of organisms had been noted for
More informationAdmit Ticket. Take notes on Gregor Mendel: Great Minds watch? v=gtioetazg4w
Admit Ticket Take notes on Gregor Mendel: Great Minds https:// www.youtube.com/ watch? v=gtioetazg4w DUE TODAY CLASSWORK: Cell Processes and Microscope Quiz Agenda Item http://www.powerpointhintergrund.com/uploads/new-year-ppt-background-8.jpg
More informationSexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter Test A CHAPTER 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Part A: Multiple Choice In the space at the left, write the letter of the term, number, or phrase that best answers each question. 1. How many
More informationHeredity.. An Introduction Unit 5: Seventh Grade
Heredity.. An Introduction Unit 5: Seventh Grade Why don t you look like a rhinoceros? The answer seems simple --- neither of your parents is a rhinoceros (I assume). But there is more to this answer than
More informationHeredity and Evolution
CHAPTER 9 Heredity and Evolution Genetics Branch of science that deals with Heredity and variation. Heredity It means the transmission of features/ characters/ traits from one generation to the next generation.
More informationGuided Reading Chapter 1: The Science of Heredity
Name Number Date Guided Reading Chapter 1: The Science of Heredity Section 1-1: Mendel s Work 1. Gregor Mendel experimented with hundreds of pea plants to understand the process of _. Match the term with
More informationGenetics (patterns of inheritance)
MENDELIAN GENETICS branch of biology that studies how genetic characteristics are inherited MENDELIAN GENETICS Gregory Mendel, an Augustinian monk (1822-1884), was the first who systematically studied
More informationTable of Contents. Chapter Preview. 5.1 Mendel s Work. 5.2 Probability and Heredity. 5.3 The Cell and Inheritance. 5.4 Genes, DNA, and Proteins
Table of Contents Chapter Preview 5.1 Mendel s Work 5.2 Probability and Heredity 5.3 The Cell and Inheritance 5.4 Genes, DNA, and Proteins Chapter 5 Preview Questions 1. What carries the instructions that
More informationChapter 4 Lesson 1 Heredity Notes
Chapter 4 Lesson 1 Heredity Notes Phases of Meiosis I Prophase I Nuclear membrane breaks apart and chromosomes condense. 3.1 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Metaphase I Sister chromatids line up along
More informationHeredity and Genetics WKSH
Chapter 6, Section 3 Heredity and Genetics WKSH KEY CONCEPT Mendel s research showed that traits are inherited as discrete units. Vocabulary trait purebred law of segregation genetics cross MAIN IDEA:
More informationEssential Questions. Meiosis. Copyright McGraw-Hill Education
Essential Questions How does the reduction in chromosome number occur during meiosis? What are the stages of meiosis? What is the importance of meiosis in providing genetic variation? Meiosis Vocabulary
More informationChapter 6 Meiosis and Mendel
UNIT 3 GENETICS Chapter 6 Meiosis and Mendel 1 hairy ears (hypertrichosis)- due to holandric gene. (Y chromosome)-only occurs in males. Appears in all sons. 2 Polydactyly- having extra fingers Wendy the
More informationClass 10 Heredity and Evolution Gist of lesson
Class 10 Heredity and Evolution Gist of lesson Genetics : Branch of science that deals with Heredity and variation. Heredity : It means the transmission of features / characters/ traits from one generation
More informationChapter 1: Mendel s breakthrough: patterns, particles and principles of heredity
Chapter 1: Mendel s breakthrough: patterns, particles and principles of heredity please read pages 10 through 13 Slide 1 of Chapter 1 One of Mendel s express aims was to understand how first generation
More informationLabs 7 and 8: Mitosis, Meiosis, Gametes and Genetics
Biology 107 General Biology Labs 7 and 8: Mitosis, Meiosis, Gametes and Genetics In Biology 107, our discussion of the cell has focused on the structure and function of subcellular organelles. The next
More informationJust to review Genetics and Cells? How do Genetics and Cells Relate? The cell s NUCLEUS contains all the genetic information.
Just to review Genetics and Cells? How do Genetics and Cells Relate? The cell s NUCLEUS contains all the genetic information. It s called: DNA A. Describe what Gregor Mendel discovered in his experiments
More informationThe history of Life on Earth reflects an unbroken chain of genetic continuity and transmission of genetic information:
9/26/05 Biology 321 Answers to optional challenge probability questions posed in 9/23/05lecture notes are included at the end of these lecture notes The history of Life on Earth reflects an unbroken chain
More informationMeiosis -> Inheritance. How do the events of Meiosis predict patterns of heritable variation?
Meiosis -> Inheritance How do the events of Meiosis predict patterns of heritable variation? Mendel s peas 1. Genes determine appearance (phenotype) 2. Genes vary and they are inherited 3. Their behavior
More informationCh. 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics. p
Ch. 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics p. 270 - 10.1 Meiosis p. 270-276 Essential Question Main Idea! Meiosis produces haploid gametes Where are the instructions for each trait located in a cell?! On
More informationBIOLOGY 321. Answers to text questions th edition: Chapter 2
BIOLOGY 321 SPRING 2013 10 TH EDITION OF GRIFFITHS ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT SET #1 I have made every effort to prevent errors from creeping into these answer sheets. But, if you spot a mistake, please send
More informationHomework Assignment, Evolutionary Systems Biology, Spring Homework Part I: Phylogenetics:
Homework Assignment, Evolutionary Systems Biology, Spring 2009. Homework Part I: Phylogenetics: Introduction. The objective of this assignment is to understand the basics of phylogenetic relationships
More informationTeachers Guide. Overview
Teachers Guide Overview BioLogica is multilevel courseware for genetics. All the levels are linked so that changes in one level are reflected in all the other levels. The BioLogica activities guide learners
More informationUnit 3 Life: Growth, Development, and Reproduction
Unit 3 Life: Growth, Development, and Reproduction Content Area: Science Course(s): Science 7 Time Period: November Length: 5 weeks Status: Published Transfer Life: Growth, Development, and Reproduction
More informationDarwin, Mendel, and Genetics
Darwin, Mendel, and Genetics The age old questions Who am I? In particular, what traits define me? How (and why) did I get to be who I am, that is, how were these traits passed on to me? Pre-Science (and
More informationUNIT 8 BIOLOGY: Meiosis and Heredity Page 148
UNIT 8 BIOLOGY: Meiosis and Heredity Page 148 CP: CHAPTER 6, Sections 1-6; CHAPTER 7, Sections 1-4; HN: CHAPTER 11, Section 1-5 Standard B-4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the molecular
More informationDirected Reading B. Section: Traits and Inheritance A GREAT IDEA
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading B Section: Traits and Inheritance A GREAT IDEA 1. One set of instructions for an inherited trait is a(n) a. allele. c. genotype. d. gene. 2. How many sets of the same
More informationThe Work of Gregor Mendel
11-1 The 11-1 Work of Gregor Mendel The Work of Gregor Mendel Who was Gregor Mendel? Define genetics. Define heredity. In Mendel s time there were primarily two hypotheses concerning the mechanism of heredity.
More informationVOCABULARY somatic cell autosome fertilization gamete sex chromosome diploid homologous chromosome sexual reproduction meiosis
6.1 CHROMOSOMES AND MEIOSIS Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have. VOCABULARY somatic cell autosome fertilization gamete sex chromosome diploid homologous
More informationGregor Mendel and Heredity (Lexile 1010L)
Gregor Mendel and Heredity (Lexile 1010L) 1 Traits are the part of our genetic code that makes us who we are. You may have brown or blond hair, dark or light skin, or a blood type of,,, or O. These are
More informationHeredity and Evolution
Heredity and Variation Heredity and Evolution Living organisms have certain recognisable heritable features such as height, complexion, colour of hair and eyes, shape of nose and chin etc. These are called
More informationGuided Notes Unit 6: Classical Genetics
Name: Date: Block: Chapter 6: Meiosis and Mendel I. Concept 6.1: Chromosomes and Meiosis Guided Notes Unit 6: Classical Genetics a. Meiosis: i. (In animals, meiosis occurs in the sex organs the testes
More informationUnit 6 Reading Guide: PART I Biology Part I Due: Monday/Tuesday, February 5 th /6 th
Name: Date: Block: Chapter 6 Meiosis and Mendel Section 6.1 Chromosomes and Meiosis 1. How do gametes differ from somatic cells? Unit 6 Reading Guide: PART I Biology Part I Due: Monday/Tuesday, February
More informationgenome a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another gene the passing of traits from one generation to the next
genetics the study of heredity heredity sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait genome a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another gene trait the passing
More informationSummary The Work of Gregor Mendel Probability and Punnett Squares. Name Class Date
Chapter 11 Summary Introduction to Genetics 11 1 The Work of Gregor Mendel The scientific study of heredity is called genetics. Gregor Mendel used purebred pea plants in a series of experiments to understand
More information12.1 Mendel s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
314 Chapter 12 Mendel's Experiments and Heredity 12.1 Mendel s Experiments and the Laws of Probability By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe the scientific reasons for the success of
More informationIntroduction to population genetics & evolution
Introduction to population genetics & evolution Course Organization Exam dates: Feb 19 March 1st Has everybody registered? Did you get the email with the exam schedule Summer seminar: Hot topics in Bioinformatics
More informationHEREDITY AND EVOLUTION
HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION 1. What is a gene? Answer. Gene is the unit of inheritance. Gene is the part of a chromosome which controls the appearance of a set of hereditary characteristics. 2. What is meant
More informationGenetics 275 Notes Week 7
Cytoplasmic Inheritance Genetics 275 Notes Week 7 Criteriafor recognition of cytoplasmic inheritance: 1. Reciprocal crosses give different results -mainly due to the fact that the female parent contributes
More informationObjectives. Announcements. Comparison of mitosis and meiosis
Announcements Colloquium sessions for which you can get credit posted on web site: Feb 20, 27 Mar 6, 13, 20 Apr 17, 24 May 15. Review study CD that came with text for lab this week (especially mitosis
More information7.014 Problem Set 6. Question 1. MIT Department of Biology Introductory Biology, Spring 2004
MIT Department of Biology 7.014 Introductory Biology, Spring 2004 Name: 7.014 Problem Set 6 Please print out this problem set and record your answers on the printed copy. Problem sets will not be accepted
More informationIntroduction to Genetics
Introduction to Genetics We ve all heard of it, but What is genetics? Genetics: the study of gene structure and action and the patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring. Ancient ideas
More informationIntroduction to Genetics
Introduction to Genetics We ve all heard of it, but What is genetics? Genetics: the study of gene structure and action and the patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring. Ancient ideas
More informationBENCHMARK 1 STUDY GUIDE SPRING 2017
BENCHMARK 1 STUDY GUIDE SPRING 2017 Name: There will be semester one content on this benchmark as well. Study your final exam review guide from last semester. New Semester Material: (Chapter 10 Cell Growth
More informationT TT Tt. T TT Tt. T = Tall t = Short. Figure 11 1
Chapt 11 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The principles of probability can be used to a. predict the traits of the offspring of genetic
More informationBIOLOGY. Monday 29 Feb 2016
BIOLOGY Monday 29 Feb 2016 Entry Task Grab a half sheet worksheet from the front table and tape into today s science notebook page. Complete the questions. Entry Task Agenda Entry Task Housekeeping Section
More informationChapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Section 1: Meiosis Section 2: Mendelian Genetics Section 3: Gene Linkage and Polyploidy Click on a lesson name to select. Chromosomes and Chromosome Number! Human body
More informationFull file at CHAPTER 2 Genetics
CHAPTER 2 Genetics MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Chromosomes are a. small linear bodies. b. contained in cells. c. replicated during cell division. 2. A cross between true-breeding plants bearing yellow seeds produces
More informationREVISION: GENETICS & EVOLUTION 20 MARCH 2013
REVISION: GENETICS & EVOLUTION 20 MARCH 2013 Lesson Description In this lesson, we revise: The principles of Genetics including monohybrid crosses Sex linked traits and how to use a pedigree chart The
More informationMeiosis. ~ fragmentation - pieces split off and each piece becomes a new organism - starfish
** We are starting with section 3 because in order to understand Genetics, we must first understand how the cells and chromosomes divide to form the gametes! Meiosis 5 3 Just know the ones that are highlighted!
More informationUNIT 3: GENETICS 1. Inheritance and Reproduction Genetics inheritance Heredity parent to offspring chemical code genes specific order traits allele
UNIT 3: GENETICS 1. Inheritance and Reproduction Genetics the study of the inheritance of biological traits Heredity- the passing of traits from parent to offspring = Inheritance - heredity is controlled
More informationPRINCIPLES OF MENDELIAN GENETICS APPLICABLE IN FORESTRY. by Erich Steiner 1/
PRINCIPLES OF MENDELIAN GENETICS APPLICABLE IN FORESTRY by Erich Steiner 1/ It is well known that the variation exhibited by living things has two components, one hereditary, the other environmental. One
More informationTeaching unit: Meiosis: The Steps to Creating Life
Lesson Title: Meiosis Teacher s Name: I. Identification Course title: Biology/Life Science Teaching unit: Meiosis: The Steps to Creating Life CDE Standards Addressed: Biology/Life Sciences a. Students
More informationHeredity and Evolution
CHAPTER 9 Heredity and Evolution Multiple Choice Questions 1. Exchange of genetic material takes place in (a) vegetative reproduction (b) asexual reproduction (c) sexual reproduction (d) budding 2. Two
More informationEVOLUTION ALGEBRA Hartl-Clark and Ayala-Kiger
EVOLUTION ALGEBRA Hartl-Clark and Ayala-Kiger Freshman Seminar University of California, Irvine Bernard Russo University of California, Irvine Winter 2015 Bernard Russo (UCI) EVOLUTION ALGEBRA 1 / 10 Hartl
More informationLaboratory III Quantitative Genetics
Laboratory III Quantitative Genetics Genetics Biology 303 Spring 2007 Dr. Wadsworth Introduction Mendel's experimental approach depended on the fact that he chose phenotypes that varied in simple and discrete
More informationPicture from "Mendel's experiments: Figure 3," by Robert Bear et al
Plant Genetics Learning Objectives: Understand the basics o genetics Understand how genetics is used in Plant Science today Learn the basics o extracting DNA Learn how to make crosses between plants and
More information