Taxonomy Botanic Nomenclature. Introduction to Horticulture. Purpose, Pronunciation & Format 1/31/18. Liz Woodward. Horticulture Defined
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1 Introduction to Horticulture Liz Woodward San Diego County Master Gardener Class of 2010 Horticulture Defined hortus (garden) + colere (to cultivate) Culture of Gardens vs. Fields of Crops Fruits, Vegetables, Ornamentals, Herbs, Specialty Crops Taxonomy Botanic Nomenclature Purpose, Pronunciation & Format 1
2 5 Kingdoms of Living Organisms What is a Plant? Member of the kingdom Plantae Living, immobile, no conscious Rigid cell walls made of cellulose Can regenerate lost tissues and organs Carry out photosynthesis They are able to make their own food (autotrophs) The Evolution of Plants Monocots Dicots Angiosperms 2
3 Carl Linnaeus Why use Scientific Names? Scientific names use the same language worldwide: Latin Unique name for each plant, often multiple common names Many scientific names have specific meaning or descriptors 3
4 Common Name Snow-in-Summer Cerastium tomentosum Melalueca linariifolia Phlomis fruticosa Jerusalem Sage Digitalis purpurea Foxglove Lady s Glove Agapanthus africanus Blue Lily Cape Agapanthus Fynbos Lily Lily of the Nile African Lily What s in a Latin name? alba white alpestris - alpine bellus beautiful broccolo flowering top caerule dark blue candicans hairy or wooly cereus - waxy coccinea scarlet cordata heart shaped crassu fleshy, thick dulcis sweet edulis edible ferox very thorny flavens yellowish glaber smooth; without hairs heli sun imbricata overlapping,like scales ingens enormous obesus fat phylla leaves (pertaining to) repens crawling, creeping ericeus - silky serpens creeping, snakelike vulgaris - common 4
5 Pronunciation Facts Horticulturists don t always agree on pronunciation Individual botanists rarely are completely consistent in pronunciation People tend to pronounce names the way they first learned them Website to try: davesgarden.com KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES Hierarchy of Scientific Classification Family Genus 640 Families suffix of: aceae; pronounced Aa-Cee-Ee General Format 17,000 Genera Genus is Capitalized & in Italics or underlined species 1,064,400 species species is lowercase & in italics or underlined hybrid, var., x Countless hybrids, sub-species, variations, trade names, etc. 5
6 Plant Family: Asteraceae Plant Family: Asteraceae Plant Family: Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia pulcherrima Breynia nivosa Euphorbia ingens 6
7 Plant Family: Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia pulcherrima Euphorbia ingens Breynia nivosa KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS Plantae (Plant) Magnoliophyta (Flowering Plant) ORDER Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledon) FAMILY Lamiales (Euastrid I group 24 families) GENUS Lamiaceae (Mint Family) SPECIES Tuscan Rosemary Rosmarinus (dew of the sea) officinalis (of official/medicinal use) CULTIVAR Tuscan Blue Common Abbreviations Lavandula stoechas, Lavandula canariensis, Lavandula dentate or.. Lavandula stoechas, L. canariensis, L. dentate Lavandula sp. Used when referring to one unknown species of Lavandula Lavandula spp. Used when referring to many unknown species of Lavandula 7
8 Another Helpful Web Site Tropicos.org A Web Site of Missouri Botanical Garden Search for Botanic Names all Genera within a Family, all Species within a Genus, etc. Botany Basics PLANT STRUCTURE 8
9 MERISTEMS Primary vs. Secondary Growth Apical Meristems - Primary growth - Occurs in roots and shoots - Increase in length Lateral Meristems - Secondary growth - Occur in cambium & similar tissue - Common in trees (wood and bark) - Increase in girth (width) ROOTS 9
10 Function of Roots Take up water and nutrients Store excess food Anchor the plant Synthesize essential compounds Reproductive organ Root Anatomy Types of Roots Taproot absorbs water deep in the ground (root vegetables, trees) Fibrous roots stay close to the top of the soil (bedding plants, tomato) Adventitious roots help anchor plant or help plant climb (strawberries, ivy, some grasses) 10
11 STEMS Structure of a Seed Plant Structure Herbaceous - flexible stems; leaves and stems die down to soil level at the end of every growing season. Woody form a new layer of woody tissue each year, increasing the diameter of the stem. Vine growth habit of trailing or climbing stems, lianas or runners Shrub woody plant this is smaller than a tree and has several main stems at or near the ground Tree woody perennial plant having a single stem or trunk growing to considerable height and bearing lateral branches at some distance from the ground. 11
12 Plant Vascular Tissue Xylem tissue conducts water & dissolved mineral nutrients from the roots upward. Phloem tissue conducts photosynthetically produced food & other compounds from the leaves to other plant parts up & down. Plant Vascular Tissue Monocot Cross Section Monocot epidermis vascular bundle xylem phloem Lily s, grasses, palms, etc. Plant Vascular Tissue Dicot Cross Section Herbaceous Woody phloem xylem phloem cambium xylem hardwood or pith 12
13 Stem Modifications Stolon or Runner Corm Tuber Bulb Rhizome LEAVES Stipule Stipule Parts of a Leaf 13
14 Leaf Arrangements Leaf Key Leaf Retention Evergreen Deciduous Semi-deciduous 14
15 Photosynthesis Respiration Transpiration 15
16 FLOWERS Flower Forms Lantana Inflorescence Why Do Plants Have Flowers? Aristolochia gigantea Dutchman s Pipe Platycerium Staghorn fern 16
17 Perfect Flower Pistil Stigma Style Pollen Anther Filament Stamen Petal Ovary Sepal Receptacle Ovules Pedicle (or Pedicel) A Perfect flower has the Pistil & Stamen on the same flower. Imperfect Flower Female - Pistillate Male - Staminate An Imperfect flower has a Pistil or Stamen, but not on the same flower. Sex and the Zucchini STAMEN STIGMA 17
18 4 Common Situations Flower Type: Perfect Plant Type: Bisexual/ Hermaphroditic Flower Type: Imperfect Plant Type: Monoecius Flower Type: Imperfect Plant Type: Dioecius Male Plant: Staminate Flower Type: Imperfect Plant Type: Dioecius Female Plant: Pistillate Flowers & Their Fruit Solanum lycopersicum Tomato Macadamia sp. Kigelia africana Sausage Tree Musa sp. Banana Pisum sativum Garden Pea SEEDS 18
19 Anatomy of a Seed Types of Seeds Seed Dispersal 19
20 Plant Characteristics Growth Habit Annual Perennial Biennial Climatic Adaptation 20
21 Classification Use Ornamental Edible Medicinal Native Economic Importance 21
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