Unit Curriculum Mapping Unit: Cells, Cell Organization Grade:_8 Approx Date: September

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1 Unit: Cells, Cell Organization Grade:_8 Approx Date: September s to be mastered in this unit: SL1.1a Living things are composed of cells. Cells provide structure and carry on major functions to sustain life. Cells are usually microscopic in size. Introduced SL1.1b SL1.1c The way in which cells function is similar in all living things. Cells grow and divide, producing more cells. Cells take in nutrients, which they use to provide energy for the work that cells do and to make the materials that a cell or an organism needs. Most cells have cell membranes, genetic material, and cytoplasm. Some cells have a cell wall and/or chloroplasts. Many cells have a nucleus. SL1.1d Some organisms are single cells; others, including humans, are multicellular. SL1.1e SL1.1f SL1.1g SL1.1h SL1.2a SL1.2b Cells are organized for more effective functioning in multicellular organisms. Levels of organization for structure and function of a multicellular organism include cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Many plants have roots, stems, leaves, and reproductive structures. These organized groups of tissues are responsible for a plant s life activities. Multicellular animals often have similar organs and specialized systems for carrying out major life activities. Living things are classified by shared characteristics on the cellular and organism level. In classifying organisms, biologists consider details of internal and external structures. Biological classification systems are arranged from general (kingdom) to specific (species). Each system is composed of organs and tissues which perform specific functions and interact with each other, e.g., digestion, gas exchange, excretion, circulation, locomotion, control, coordination, reproduction, and protection from disease. Tissues, organs, and organ systems help to provide all cells with nutrients, oxygen, and waste removal. Cell theory states: All living things are composed of one or more cells Cells come from pre-existing cells The basic unit of functioning in an organism is the cell Each cell has structures that contribute to the functioning of the cell (organelles) and organism: Nutrition- some organisms make their own food, some eat other organisms Transport-movement of substances Respiration-energy from food is changed for use by the organism Excretion-removal of waste Synthesis-large molecules are built from smaller molecules Regulation- organism responds to internal and external changes Growth- increase in size Reproduction- production of offspring A group of cells working together makes up tissue, tissues form organs, organs form organ systems and organ systems form organisms. Organisms are classified by similarities at the cellular and organism level. Kingdoms are organized by increasing complexity of form and function.

2 Describe and explain the processes relating to cell and organism function Cells organize into tissues, organs, and organ systems One tool that scientists use to classify organisms is a dichotomous key Archaebacteria and Eubacteria are the simplest life forms because they are single celled and their cells have no organelles Protists are simple organisms that are single celled and have a nucleus Fungi are single or many celled and are heterotrophic- they do not make their own food. Plants are autotrophic many celled organisms Animals are heterotrophic, many celled organisms Do you know the functions of the five billion cells in your body? How do cells organize into more complex structures? What are the organelles and their functions in the cell? Can you classify organisms using the system outlined by Carolus Linnaeus? Using a dichotomous key, classify organisms. Activating prior knowledge -Brainstorm the qualities of living things - Brainstorm in groups (cooperative learning) what is a cell? What does a cell do? - KWL what do students know about cell parts and functions. - cell theory - pizza shop cell model Understand function of cell organelles related to cell processes - Guided notes cell organelles and cell functions celery and carnation osmosis demonstration - egg osmosis demonstration Compare structure and function of plant and animal cells - relate function of plant and animal cells to organelles - chloroplast and cell wall unique to plant cells Cells Alive Activity online: Activate prior knowledge - review parts of microscope - microscope lab looking at e and fibers - microscope lab using live protests - microscope lab using prepared slides showing nucleus - measure objects under the microscope Understand passive and active transport in cells - guided notes- cell transport - demonstration of selectively permeable membrane Introduce cloning

3 Refer to cloning article from website online: - read and highlight article on cloning - discuss the process of cloning on the cellular level construct a timeline of cloning developments: Clone a mouse: Learn about the first cloned animals: Current research on cloning: Key Terms: Osmosis, diffusion, active transport, passive transport, nutrition, respiration, photosynthesis, excretion, synthesis, growth, reproduction, endocytosis, exocytosis, cell, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane, lysosomes, nucleolus, tissue, organ, organ systems, classification, taxonomy, dichotomous key Higher level thinking/effective communications Microscope lab Microscope parts and cell lab quiz Test - Cell parts, function, organization Dichotomous Key Project Unit: Reproduction and Development Grade: 8_ Approx Date:_October Unit 2 s to be mastered in this unit: 4.1a Some organisms reproduce asexually. Other organisms reproduce sexually. Some organisms can reproduce both sexually and asexually. 4.1b There are many methods of asexual reproduction, including division of a cell into two cells, or separation of part of an animal or plant from the parent, resulting in the growth of another individual. 4.1c Methods of sexual reproduction depend upon the species. All methods involve the merging of sex cells to begin the development of a new individual. In many species, including plants and humans, eggs and sperm are produced. 4.1d Fertilization and/or development in organisms may be internal or external. Explain the role of sperm and egg cells in sexual reproduction. 4.2a The male sex cell is the sperm. The female sex cell is the egg. The fertilization of an egg by a sperm results in a fertilized egg. 4.2b In sexual reproduction, sperm and egg each carry one-half of the genetic information for the new individual. Therefore, the fertilized egg contains genetic information from each parent. Observe and describe developmental patterns in selected plants and animals (e.g., insects, frogs, humans, seed-bearing plants). 4.3a Multicellular organisms exhibit complex changes in development, which begin after fertilization. The fertilized egg undergoes numerous cellular divisions that will result in a multicellular organism, with each cell having identical genetic information. Introduce

4 4.3b In humans, the fertilized egg grows into tissue which develops into organs and organ systems before birth. 4.3c Various body structures and functions change as an organism goes through its life cycle. 4.3d Patterns of development vary among animals. In some species the young resemble the adult, while in others they do not. Some insects and amphibians undergo metamorphosis as they mature. 4.3e Patterns of development vary among plants. In seed-bearing plants, seeds contain stored food for early development. Their later development into adulthood is characterized by varying patterns of growth from species to species. 4.3f As an individual organism ages, various body structures and functions change. Observe and describe cell division at the microscopic level and its macroscopic effects. 4.4a In multicellular organisms, cell division is responsible for growth, maintenance, and repair. In some one-celled organisms, cell division is a method of asexual reproduction. 4.4b In one type of cell division, chromosomes are duplicated and then separated into two identical and complete sets to be passed to each of the two resulting cells. In this type of cell division, the hereditary information is identical in all the cells that result. 4.4c Another type of cell division accounts for the production of egg and sperm cells in sexually reproducing organisms. The eggs and sperm resulting from this type of cell division contain one-half of the hereditary information. 4.4d Cancers are a result of abnormal cell division. All living things must reproduce Some organisms reproduce asexually, that is when only one parent can produce offspring. Offspring are genetically identical to the parent Other organisms reproduce sexually- this involves two parents each contributing half the genetic material to the offspring Cells divide for reproduction, growth and repair There are two forms of cell division, mitosis and meiosis Organisms may be unicellular or multicellular Multicellular organisms show organization. Cells form tissue, tissues form organs, organs from organ systems and organ systems form organisms Multicellular organisms develop. Some development is complex (metamorphosis) Describe the processes of sexual and asexual reproduction Multicellular organisms are more complex than unicellular organisms Complex organisms show organization from cell to organism that begins after fertilization How do cells reproduce? How do multicellular organisms show organization from cells to organism? What is metamorphosis? How do mitosis and meiosis differ? What are the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction? Activating Prior knowledge - Brainstorm how organisms grow and develop- why are you bigger today than the day you were born? - KWL- what do you know about asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction

5 Understand the steps in cell division involving chromosome duplication and then cell division - Notes - Video Printout: - Demonstrate the steps in mitosis - Present the football game modes of mitosis - Practice the process using yarn chromosomes - Have students create a mitosis model using any materials they choose Understand the steps in production of gametes - demonstrate the steps in meiosis - practice the process using yarn chromosomes - Discuss the importance of reduction division in sexual reproduction Activating Prior Knowledge - have students recall how development occurs in humans compared with amphibians and butterflies - have students complete a diagram of metamorphosis Understand the process of metamorphosis - guided notes comparing complete and incomplete metamorphosis Venn diagram comparing complete and incomplete metamorphosis Key Terms: Mitosis, Asexual reproduction, Sexual Reproduction; Sex cell; Meiosis; Fertilization; Cloning; Embryo; Genetics; Gene; DNA; Variation; Mutation Higher level thinking Effective communications Quizzes Tests Mitosis Project Labs Unit: Maintenance of Life Grade:_8 Approx Date: November_Unit 3 s to be mastered in this unit: 5.1a Animals and plants have a great variety of body plans and internal structures that contribute to their ability to maintain a balanced condition. 5.1b An organism s overall body plan and its environment determine the way that the organism carries out the life processes. Introduce

6 5.1c All organisms require energy to survive. The amount of energy needed and the method for obtaining this energy vary among cells. Some cells use oxygen to release the energy stored in food. 5.1d The methods for obtaining nutrients vary among organisms. Producers, such as green plants, use light energy to make their food. Consumers, such as animals, take in energy-rich foods 5.1e Herbivores obtain energy from plants. Carnivores obtain energy from animals. Omnivores obtain energy from both plants and animals. Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, obtain energy by consuming wastes and/or dead organisms. 5.1f Regulation of an organism s internal environment involves sensing the internal environment and changing physiological activities to keep conditions within the range required for survival. Regulation includes a variety of nervous and hormonal feedback systems. 5.1g The survival of an organism depends on its ability to sense and respond to its external environment. Describe the importance of major nutrients, vitamins, and minerals in maintaining health and promoting growth, and explain the need for a constant input of energy for living organisms. Organisms interact with one another and with non living things in ecosystems The need for energy drives the relationships in an ecosystem Body structures are related to diet and habitat Describe relationships within ecosystems Organisms have different requirements for energy that are met by varying diets Based on their diet and habitat, organisms have different body plans that help in obtaining food and processing it for energy What does an herbivore eat? An omnivore? A carnivore? What is the role of green plants in any ecosystem? Describe the energy relationships among producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers. Activating prior knowledge - KWL- what do students know about herbivores, omnivores and carnivores - food chains and food webs Understand feeding/energy relationships in ecosystems - practice identifying the producers and various consumers in food chains first, then food webs construct a food chain using common organisms - construct food webs - From food webs, construct energy pyramids. Activating prior knowledge - brainstorm ideas for how one might identify the diet of an animal based on its physical features - brainstorm ideas for how an animal avoids predation based on body plan, structures or other features Understand that an animal s body is specially adapted for how it eats and avoids being eaten - guided notes on teeth, camouflage, weapons and defenses

7 - Planet Earth videos Independent Thinker/Effective Communicator Lifelong love of learning Food Webs, Food chains and energy pyramids Labs Quizzes Tests Vertebrate Webquest Activity Unit: DNA/Heredity Grade: 8 Approx Date:_January Unit 4 s to be mastered in this unit: 2.1a Hereditary information is contained in genes. Genes are composed of DNA that makes up the chromosomes of cells. 2.1b Each gene carries a single unit of information. A single inherited trait of an individual can be determined by one pair or by many pairs of genes. A human cell contains thousands of different genes. 2.1c Each human cell contains a copy of all the genes needed to produce a human being. 2.1d In asexual reproduction, all the genes come from a single parent. Asexually produced offspring are genetically identical to the parent. 2.1e In sexual reproduction typically half of the genes come from each parent. Sexually produced offspring are not identical to either parent. Describe simple mechanisms related to the inheritance of some physical traits in offspring. 2.2a In all organisms, genetic traits are passed on from generation to generation. 2.2b Some genes are dominant and some are recessive. Some traits are inherited by mechanisms other than dominance and recessiveness. 2.2c The probability of traits being expressed can be determined using models of genetic inheritance. Some models of prediction are pedigree charts and Punnett squares. Introduced Heredity is controlled by genes on chromosomes Organisms that reproduce sexually get half of their genetic information from each parent Organisms that reproduce asexually get all of their genetic information from one parent and will be genetically identical to that parent Genes might be dominant or recessive We can use a tool called the Punnett Square to predict the outcome of a cross between 2 individuals Traits in families can be traced using pedigree charts Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

8 Sexual reproduction results in genetically different individuals because they get half the DNA from each of 2 parents Use a Punnett Square to predict the outcome of a cross between two organism What are the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction? Consider parents and offspring genetic makeup. How do genes affect the phenotype of an individual? Consider the rules of dominance and recessiveness. How do genes affect the phenotype and genotype when traits are carried on the chromosome? How can you show the inheritance of a trait in a family using pedigree chart? KWL- what do students know about DNA, genes, chromosomes and heredity have students share traits that are common in their family Punnett Square Practice Problem Packet using simple dominant and recessive genes Oompa Loompa Genetics practice problems. Sex Linked genes practice worksheet Reebop Lab an activity in genetics and mitosis Predicting Probability using Punnett Squares lab eet% pdf Key Terms: Heredity, DNA, Gene, Chromosome, Dominant, Recessive, Punnett Square, Heterozygous, Homozygous, Purebred, Pedigree, Carrier, allele, hybrid, genotype phenotype Independent Thinker/Effective Communicator Lifelong Love of Learning Oompa Loompa Genetics Predicting Probability Using Punnett Squares Punnett Squares quiz Test

9 Unit: Evolution Grade:_8 Approx Date: February Unit 5 s to be mastered in this unit: 3.1a The processes of sexual reproduction and mutation have given rise to a variety of traits within a species. 3.1b Changes in environmental conditions can affect the survival of individual organisms with a particular trait. Small differences between parents and offspring can accumulate in successive generations so that descendants are very different from their ancestors. Individual organisms with certain traits are more likely to survive and have offspring than individuals without those traits. 3.1c Human activities such as selective breeding and advances in genetic engineering may affect the variations of species. Describe factors responsible for competition within species and the significance of that competition. 3.2a In all environments, organisms with similar needs may compete with one another for resources. 3.2b Extinction of a species occurs when the environment changes and the adaptive characteristics of a species are insufficient to permit its survival. Extinction of species is common. Fossils are evidence that a great variety of species existed in the past. 3.2c Many thousands of layers of sedimentary rock provide evidence for the long history of Earth and for the long history of changing lifeforms whose remains are found in the rocks. Recently deposited rock layers are more likely to contain fossils resembling existing species. Introduced 3.2d Although the time needed for change in a species is usually great, some species of insects and bacteria have undergone significant change in just a few years. Sexual reproduction and mutation increases that variation within a species Natural selection states: Within a population, there is variation Some variations are more favorable than others Individuals with the favorable variation will survive and reproduce Evidence exists of change over time in the form of fossils, vestigial structures, homologous structures, DNA similarities, embryological similarities Natural selection is the theory that explains that organisms change over time Favorable variations allow organisms to survive, reproduce and pass genes to future generations Fossils are the remains of past life forms. They provide evidence of change over time. Comparison of homologous structures, embryology, DNA and vestigial structures can also be used to determine evolutionary relationships How do species change over time? What are the types of fossils? What evidence supports the theory of evolution? What is the theory of natural selection?

10 Fossil making project comparing various types: cast, mold, imprint, bone, frozen Penny lab- chance Activity comparing Lamark s theory of acquired characteristics and Darwin s theory of natural selection. Guided notes- natural selection Peppered moth activity showing adaptation and change over time Embryology activity- comparing bird, fish, mouse and human embryos at various stages of development. Place pieces in the proper sequence and species. Homologous structures activity- comparing many species Vestigial structures activity- appendix, tail bone, appendages in dolphin flippers Key Terms: Natural Selection, Evolution, Homologous Structures, Vestigial Structures, Embryology, Variation, Fossil, Sexual Reproduction, Mutation Lifelong love of learning Independent Thinker/Effective Communicator Fossil project and presentation Lamarck/ Darwin comparison cartoon Quiz- embryology, homologous structures, vestigial structures, DNA Test Unit: Ecology Grade:_8 Approx Date: February Unit 6 s to be mastered in this unit: 6.1a Energy flows through ecosystems in one direction, usually from the Sun, through producers to consumers and then to decomposers. This process may be visualized with food chains or energy pyramids. 6.1b Food webs identify feeding relationships among producers, consumers, and decomposers in an ecosystem. 6.1c Matter is transferred from one organism to another and between organisms and their physical environment. Water, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen are examples of substances cycled between the living and nonliving environment. Provide evidence that green plants make food and explain the significance of this process to other organisms. 6.2a Photosynthesis is carried on by green plants and other organisms containing chlorophyll. In this process, the Sun s energy is converted into and stored as chemical energy in the form of a sugar. The quantity of sugar molecules increases in green plants during photosynthesis in the presence of sunlight. 6.2b The major source of atmospheric oxygen is photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere and oxygen is released during photosynthesis. 6.2c Green plants are the producers of food which is used directly or indirectly by consumers. Introduce

11 7.1a A population consists of all individuals of a species that are found together at a given place and time. Populations living in one place form a community. The community and the physical factors with which it interacts compose an ecosystem. 7.1b Given adequate resources and no disease or predators, populations (including humans) increase. Lack of resources, habitat destruction, and other factors such as predation and climate limit the growth of certain populations in the ecosystem. 7.1c In all environments, organisms interact with one another in many ways. Relationships among organisms may be competitive, harmful, or beneficial. Some species have adapted to be dependent upon each other with the result that neither could survive without the other. 7.1d Some microorganisms are essential to the survival of other living things. 7.1e The environment may contain dangerous levels of substances (pollutants) that are harmful to organisms. Therefore, the good health of environments and individuals requires the monitoring of soil, air, and water, and taking steps to keep them safe. Describe the effects of environmental changes on humans and other populations. 7.2a In ecosystems, balance is the result of interactions between community members and their environment. 7.2b The environment may be altered through the activities of organisms. Alterations are sometimes abrupt. Some species may replace others over time, resulting in longterm gradual changes (ecological succession). 7.2c Overpopulation by any species impacts the environment due to the increased use of resources. Human activities can bring about environmental degradation through resource acquisition, urban growth, land-use decisions, waste disposal, etc. 7.2d Since the Industrial Revolution, human activities have resulted in major pollution of air, water, and soil. Pollution has cumulative ecological effects such as acid rain, global warming, or ozone depletion. The survival of living things on our planet depends on the conservation and protection of Earth s resources. Energy and materials can be traced in an ecosystem. The source of energy for all ecosystems is the sun. Plants make food by photosynthesis which converts carbon dioxide, water and energy from the sun into sugar (glucose) and the byproduct is oxygen. The individuals of one species in an ecosystem make up a population. Several populations make up a community. Organisms interact with one another in relationships that benefit one or both and harm one, or none of the organisms. Pollution is harmful to life on earth. Ecosystems change naturally in a process called succession Organisms interact with one another in feeding relationships The sun provides the energy for all ecosystems through photosynthesis. Species in a community make up populations. many populations interactwith one another in a community. Relationships in ecosystems can be beneficial, harmful or both. Humans affect life on earth in positive and negative ways. Gradual changes called succession occur in all ecosystems. How can organisms affect other organisms? How can energy be traced in an ecosystem? What causes pollution? What does pollution do for life on earth? M R

12 How do ecosystems change over time? Construct food chains and food webs using organisms found in our local community. Graphic organisms using the concepts of population, community, ecosystem, biome. Research posters for environmental issues including acid rain, ozone depletion, global warming, solid waste, and water pollution. Present in a gallery display. Guided notes- ecosystems, succession Key Terms: Ecosystems, Ecology, Consumer, Producer, Carnivore, Herbivore, Omnivore, Population, Niche, Habitat, Limiting factors, Photosynthesis, Respiration, Ecological Succession, Conservation, Acid Rain, Global Warming, Ozone Depletion, Pollution Lifelong love of learning Independent Thinker/ Effective communicator Poster presentation Food chain, food web and energy pyramids Test Unit: Human Body Systems Grade: 8_ Approx Date:_March Unit 7 s to be mastered in this unit: 1.2d During respiration, cells use oxygen to release the energy stored in food. The respiratory system supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide (gas exchange). 1.2e The excretory system functions in the disposal of dissolved waste molecules, the elimination of liquid and gaseous wastes, and the removal of excess heat energy. 1.2f The circulatory system moves substances to and from cells, where they are needed or produced, responding to changing demands. 1.2h The nervous and endocrine systems interact to control and coordinate the body s responses to changes in the environment, and to regulate growth, development, and reproduction. Hormones are chemicals produced by the endocrine system; hormones regulate many body functions. 1.2g Locomotion, necessary to escape danger, obtain food and shelter, and reproduce, is accomplished by the interaction of the skeletal and muscular systems, and coordinated by the nervous system. 1.2b Tissues, organs, and organ systems help to provide all cells with nutrients, oxygen, and waste removal. 1.2c The digestive system consists of organs that are responsible for the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. The breakdown process results in molecules that can be absorbed and transported to cells. Introduced

13 The human body has organ systems that contribute to the overall function of the organism. There organ systems are: respiratory, excretory, circulatory, nervous, endocrine, skeletal, muscular, and digestive. Organ systems must work together for the organism to function effectively Malfunction of one organ system can affect the entire body. Evaluate the relationship and interaction of organ systems. Describe the function of each system in the functioning of the human body What is the function of the muscular and skeletal systems? How do muscles and bones work together? How is food changed as it moves through the digestive tract? How do the circulatory and respiratory systems work together in gas exchange? How does the brain provide feedback and control of the body? Organ system research project Guided notes- individual organ systems and functions Digestion of paper demonstration Chicken wing dissection- muscles affect bone movement Organ jeopardy Label the human body quiz game Key Terms: Muscle, voluntary, involuntary, smooth, cardiac, skeletal, Esophagus, echanical/chemical digestion, enzyme, peristalsis, insulin, pancreas, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, rectum, appendix, anus. Lung, alveoli, capillaries, veins, arteries, Lifelong love of learning Independent thinker/ Effective communicatory Research project presentation Quiz- label the organs in the human body Test- human organ systems