Research Article Fumigation Toxicity of Essential Oil Monoterpenes to Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae)

Transcription

1 Journl of Insets Volume 214, Artile ID , 7 pges Reserh Artile Fumigtion Toxiity of Essentil Oil Monoterpenes to Cllosoruhus multus (Coleopter: Chrysomelie: Bruhine) Olufunmilyo E. Ajyi, 1,2 Arthur G. Appel, 1 n Henry Y. Fmiro 1 1 Deprtment of Entomology n Plnt Pthology, Auurn University, 31 Funhess Hll, Auurn, AL , USA 2 Deprtment of Biology, Storge Tehnology Progrmme, Feerl University of Tehnology, PMB 74, Akure 341, Nigeri Corresponene shoul e resse to Olufunmilyo E. Ajyi; jfumeu68@yhoo.om Reeive 19 June 214; Revise 8 Septemer 214; Aepte 22 Septemer 214; Pulishe 7 Otoer 214 Aemi Eitor: Fei Erler Copyright 214 Olufunmilyo E. Ajyi et l. This is n open ess rtile istriute uner the Cretive Commons Attriution Liense, whih permits unrestrite use, istriution, n reproution in ny meium, provie the originl work is properly ite. The fumignt toxiity of eight essentil oil omponents, 1-8-ineole, rvrol, eugenol, ( )-menthone, ( )-linlool, S-( )- limonene, ( )-β-pinene, n (+)-α-pinene, ws teste ginst the owpe weevil, Cllosoruhus multus (Friius) (Coleopter: Chrysomelie), t.25 6 μl/l ir oses., rvrol, n eugenol use omplete ult mortlity t 1 μl/l ir 24 h fter tretment. n rvrol were the most toxi with LD 5 vlues of.24 n.6 μl/l ir t 24 h, respetively. ( )-β- Pinene n (+)-α-pinene were the lest toxi with LD 5 vlues of 31 n 31.4 μl/l ir t 24 h, respetively. Toxiity ws negtively orrelte with vpor pressure. n rvrol use 1% oviposition eterrene t ll oses teste. n ( )- menthone ompletely inhiite ult emergene., ( )-β-pinene, n (+)-α-pinene were not effetive t preventing oviposition or ult emergene, suggesting tht lethl ose of the three oil omponents woul e neessry to ontrol C. multus infesttions. 1. Introution Cowpe, Vign unguiult (L.) (Wlp.), is n importnt foo legume for millions of people throughout the semiri regions of Afri, Asi, southern Europe, n North, Centrl, n South Ameri [1]. The owpe see weevil, Cllosoruhus multus (F.) (Coleopter: Chrysomelie: Bruhine), is the mjor pest of store owpe see in the tropis n sutropis ue to the fvorle limti onitions [2, 3]. The inset infestsowpes in the fiel n the susequent popultion uilup in storge n use omplete weight loss of store owpes within six months if no prophylti mesures re put in ple [4]. Life history n evelopment of this inset on owpes hve een esrie in erly stuies [2, 5]. Store grin pest ontrol hs relie minly on syntheti hemils most of whih pose serious ngers to life n the environment. Mny orgnohlorine n orgnophosphte hemils re lrey nne, while the use of some is eing restrite [6]. Theuse of methyl romie, mjor fumignt to ontrol pests, is highly restrite [7]. Inhltion of phosphine gs, nother grin fumignt, hs een implite in mny humn helth prolems [8]. Humn helth n environmentl prolems use y syntheti pestiies, ouple with insets eveloping resistne to these hemils, [9] hve le to the nee for lterntive strtegies tht re eofrienly n less prone to the evelopment of resistne y pests [1]. Fumigtion is still the most effetive metho of eliminting inset pests in store prouts inluing owpes. The onern out the nger in the use of fumignts like methyl romie n sulfuryl fluorie in pest ontrol hs shifte ttention to evluting essentil oils s n effetive n eofrienly lterntive [11]. An emerging pest ontrol tti for store prout pests is the use of essentil oils. Essentil oils re ompose of omplex mixtures of monoterpenes, iogenetilly relte phenols, n sesquiterpenes otine from plnts through stem istilltion [12].

2 2 Journl of Insets Mny stuies hve emonstrte ontt n fumignt toxiity of plnt essentil oils n their omponents to severl speies of store prout insets t ifferent life stges [13, 14]. Suthisut et l. [15] reporte on the toxiity of essentil oils of Alpini onhiger (Griff), Zingier zerumet (L.) Rosoe ex Sm, Curum zeori (Christm.) Rosoe, n their omponents to Sitophilus zemis (L.) n Triolium stneum (Herst.). Vrious essentil oils hvelso een teste ginst C. multus [16 18]. For exmple, Hur repitns (L.) see oil ws reporte s toxi to ult n immture stges of C. multus [16]. Similrly, oil of Ziziphor linopoioies (Boiss) use signifint ult n egg mortlity [17]. The mjority of the ove stuies on the toxiity of essentil oils ginst C. multus teste rue essentil oils rther thn iniviul syntheti ompouns, mking it iffiult to ttriute toxiity or oviposition eterrene to prtiulr omponents. Furthermore, most of the stuies i not etermine the fte of eggs li uring fumigtion (i.e., lrvl evelopment n ult emergene from eggs li uring fumigtion with the essentil oils). The ojetive of this stuy ws to test the fumignt toxiity of some selete essentil oil omponents t low onentrtions ginst C. multus.the essentil oil omponents teste in this stuy were hosen euse they re mjor onstituents of essentil oils tht hve een foun to hve high pestiil properties ginst store prout pests, n the pure forms hve lso een reporte toxi to some store grin pests [12, 19 21]. Mny essentil oil omponents re known neurotoxins [2, 22 24]. We hypothesize tht fumigtion with low onentrtions of the essentil oil omponents will ffet the nervous system of C. multus n thus prevent egg lying on store sees. A seon hypothesis ws tht the effiy of the essentil oil omponents s fumignts is relte to their physil properties. First, the fumignt toxiity of the oil omponents to ult C. multus ws etermine in fumigtion hmers. The ility of femles to ly vile eggs uring fumigtion ws then ssesse using the numer of eggs li. The fte of the eggs li uring fumigtion ws lso etermine y reoring ult emergene. Finlly, toxiity of the essentil oil omponents ws orrelte with some physil properties of the oil omponents to ientify the ftors tht est preit toxiity. 2. Mterils n Methos Eight essentil oil omponents, 1-8-ineole, rvrol, eugenol, ( )-menthone, ( )-linlool, S-( )-limonene, ( )-βpinene, n (+)-α-pinene, otine from Sigm-Alrih (St. Louis, MO) were teste in the stuy. The purity of the oil omponents rnge etween 95 n 99% Cowpe See n Inset Culture. Cowpe (ultivr Cliforni lk-eye) sees were purhse from lol groery store in Auurn, AL, USA. The sees were kept in polythene gs, sele n kept in freezer mintine t 2 Cfor72 hours until they were use for inset ultures or the iossys [25]. A fresh ulture of C. multus ws strte from olony tht h een mintine in the lortory for over 5 genertions y pling 25 pirs of 2-y-ol mle n femle eetles in 1-L wie-mouthe glss Mson jrs ontining 1 g of owpe sees. The jrs were ple in rering hmer mintine t 28 ± 2 C, 7 ± 5% r.h, n 12 : 12 h photoperio [16, 26]. The eetles were sexe using the keys esrie y Rees [27]. Femle eetles were llowe to ly eggs on the sees for 24 hours fter whih they were remove. The sees ontining eggs were kept in rering hmer until ult emergene Fumigtion with Essentil Oil Components. The fumignt toxiity of eight essentil oil omponents t.25, 5, 1, 2, 4, n 6 μl/l ws investigte y exposing five pirs of 1-y-ol ult mle n femle C. multus to vpors from the oil omponents in 1 L wie-mouthe glss Mson jrs ontining 2 g of owpe sees. Jrs without essentil oil omponents serve s the ontrols. Eh tretment ws replite four times. The fumigtion lste for 24 hours t ovementione environmentl onitions. Dt on ult mortlity ws reore s perentge of the totl numer of the eetles fumigte. Dt were rsine trnsforme n nlyze using onewy nlysis of vrine (ANOVA). Tukey s HSD test ws use to seprte the mens. Regression nlysis ws use to estimte LD 5 in the ult mortlity tests [28]. Stepwise multiple liner regression ws use to revel the physil property of the oil omponents tht preits LD 5. To etermine the effets of fumignt toxiity of the essentil oil omponents on oviposition eterrene, the numer of eggs on ll owpe sees in eh replite ws reore fter fumigtion test. The egg-ering sees were returne k to the jrs n ple in the rering hmer unisture for four weeks fter whih they were exmine for ult emergene. Ault emergene ws monitore ily for 1 ys strting from 3 ys fter tretment. Dt on ult emergene were use to etermine the fte of the eggs li uring fumigtion. Logrithmi trnsformtion ws performe on oviposition eterrene n ult emergene t. ANOVA n Tukey s HSD test were use to ompre the numer of eggs li n numer of ults tht emerge. All sttistis were one using SPSS t α = Results 3.1. Fumignt Toxiity to Aults. No mortlity ws oserve in untrete ontrols uring this stuy. The effet of the teste eight essentil oil omponents on the survivl of ult C. multus ws onentrtion epenent. Three essentil oil omponents, 1-8-ineole, rvrol, n eugenol, use 9% mortlity to ult eetles t oses of s low s 5 μl/l of ir within 24 hours., ( )-linlool, S-( )- limonene, n the two struturl isomers of pinene lso use 1% mortlity to ult eetles, ut t signifintly greter oses (2 μl/l n ove) (Figure1). The LD 5 vlues otine in this stuy (Figure 2) were step-wisely regresse with the ensity, oiling point, n vpor pressure of the oil omponents. The nlysis revele vpor pressure s the physil property of the essentil oil omponents tht est preits the LD 5 (F 1,3 =72.57,

3 Journl of Insets 3 Ault mortlity (men ± SE) (%) Crvrol ( )-Linlool (+)-α-pinene Figure 1: Mortlity of ult C. multus expose to eight essentil oil monoterpenes. Mortlity (%) y = ln(x) R 2 =.5557 y = ln(x) R 2 =.5867 y = ln(x) R 2 =.5524 LD 5 =.24 μl/l LD 5 =.66 μl/l R 2 =.933 Crvrol LD 5 = 1.73 μl/l y = 14.35ln(x) LD 5 = 1.2 μl/l Mortlity (%) ( )-Linlool y = ln(x) LD 5 = 8.9 μl/l 2 R 2 = y = ln(x) LD 5 = 13.2 μl/l 2 R 2 = y = 2.828x R 2 = LD 5 =31μL/L ( )-α-pinene 6 y = 2.662x R 2 = LD 5 = 31.4 μl/l Figure 2: Dose-response urves of eight monoterpenes teste ginst C. multus. P=.1)nounteforover7%ofthevrines.In generl, toxiity ws negtively orrelte with vpor pressure (Figure 3). Bse on the regression nlysis, the preite LD 5 of essentil oils n e lulte s follows: Preite LC 5 =13.44 vpor pressure (1) 3.2. Oviposition Deterrene n Ault Emergene Cineole n rvrol ompletely eterre oviposition t ll oses teste (Figure 4). Numers of eggs li erese with inresing ose for eugenol, ( )-menthone ( )-linlool, S-( )-limonene, n the two struturl isomers of pinene. For exmple, eugenol-trete sees h n verge of 18.25

4 4 Journl of Insets LD 5 (μl/l) Crvrol ( )-Linlool Vpor pressure Essentil oil monoterpenes (+)-α-pinene Vpor pressure (mmhg t 25 C) LD 5 Figure 3: Reltionship etween LD 5 n vpor pressure of eight essentil oil monoterpenes teste ginst C. multus. Numer of eggs li/5 femles (men± SE) f e Crvrol ( )-Linlool (+)-α-pinene Figure 4: Numer of eggs li y C. multus uring fumigtion with essentil oil monoterpenes. ANOVA n Tukey s HSD ompre monoterpenes t eh ose teste. n 6.25 eggs t 2.5 n 5. μl/l, respetively. The two isomers of pinene h signifintly higher numers of eggs ompre to ( )-linlool n S-( )-limonene. All eight essentil oil omponents use 1% oviposition eterrene t the highest ose teste (6 μl/l) (Figure 4). Among the oil tretments whih i not ompletely prevent oviposition, eugenol n ( )-menthone ompletely inhiite ult emergene t ll oses teste (Figure 5). Ault emergene erese with inresing ose of ( )-linlool, S- ( )-limonene, n the two pinene isomers (Figure 5). Ault emergene in sees trete with (+)-α-pinene n ( )-βpinene ws signifintly (P =.1)higher thn in linlool n S-( )-limonene, t.25 2 μl/l ir (Figure5). 4. Disussion 4.1. Fumignt Toxiity to Aults. The results of this stuy emonstrte fumignt toxiity of some essentil oil omponents to C. multus. Three ompouns, 1-8-ineole, rvrol, n eugenol, use lmost 1% ult mortlity t oses s low s 5 μl/l ir. Similr levels of ult eetle mortlity were hieve with the remining five omponents, ( )-linlool, S-( )-limonene, ( )-menthone, n the two struturl isomers of pinene, ut only t reltively greter onentrtions ( 1 μl/l ir). Previous stuies hve reporte on the toxiity of essentil oils to C. multus n other store prout inset pests [21, 29 31]. The toxiity of essentil oils teste ws ttriute to the omponents of the oils [2, 32]. Fhimeh et l. [29] reporte toxiity of essentil oil of Ztri multiflor (Boiss) (Lmiee) to C. multus t oses s low s 9 μl/l ir 24 hours fter tretment. It is worth mentioning tht Ztri multiflor is mjor soure of rvrol, whih ws lso toxi to ult C. multus using 1% mortlity t 1 μl/l ir in the present stuy. However, our LD 5 for rvrol (.6 μl/l ir) (Figure 2) wsoutone-fourteenthoftheld 5 vlue (8.81 μl/l ir) reporte y Fhimeh et l. [29]. Shrifin et l. [33]reportethtoilextrtsofMugwort(Artemisi vulgris L.), mjor soure of (+)-α-pinene, were effetive ginst C. multus.theestimteld 5 of 53 μl/l ir t 24 hours ws greter thn the LD 5 of 31.4 μl/l ir t 24 hours otine in our stuy using the net form of (+)-α-pinene. Arezo et l. [34]estimteLD 5 of 24 μl/l ir for ( )-linlool t 24 hours whih ws lmost three times greter thn the LD 5 vlue of

5 Journl of Insets 5 14 Ault emergene (men numer ± SE) Crvrol e ( )-Linlool (+)-α-pinene Figure 5: Numer of ult C. multus tht emerge from eggs li uring fumigtion with essentil oil monoterpenes. ANOVA n Tukey s HSD test ompre monoterpenes t eh ose teste. 8.9 μl/l ir otine for ( )-linlool in this present stuy. Similrly, the 13.2 μl/l ir we otine for S-( )-limonene ws eight times less thn the LD 5 vlue of 16 μl/l ir otine y Rmin n Yunes [31]with essentil oils fromthe peels of Citrus sinensis (L.). Syntheti (pure) monoterpenes were teste in the present stuy n tht my explin the muh lower LD 5 vlues ompre to tht reporte in the erlier stuies with whole essentil oils. Furthermore, it is plusile tht other omponents of essentil oils my hve interte to reue effiy of the monoterpenes in the whole oils teste. Erlier stuies hve lso revele toxiities of the monoterpenes we teste in this stuy to other store grin pests [35 38]. Crvrol n 1-8-ineole were foun toxi to Tenerio molitor (F.) t LD 5 of 5.52 n 5.71 μl, respetively [36]. Limonene h vrie level of toxiity to Rhyzoperth omini (F.), Sitophilus oryze (L.), n Triolium stneum (Herst.) [35]. Ogeno et l. [37] reporte tht mortlities of S. oryze, R. omini, T.stneum,Oryzephilus surinmensis (L.), n Cllosoruhus hinensis (F.) with αn β-pinenes rnge etween 7.3 1% n %, respetively. ( )-Linlool n ( )-menthone were lso foun to use 1% mortlity of S. zemis (L.) t 3 μl/μg [38]. Soure n purity my ffet iotivity of essentil oils n the monoterpenes, n lso ge, size, sex, inset orer, n speies influene insets suseptiility to hemils [34]. Any of the ove-mentione ftors or omintion of two or more of these ftors my hve ounte for the ifferenes etween the results otine in the present stuy n the previous relte stuies Oviposition Deterrene n Ault Emergene. Two of the eight tretments, 1-8-ineole n rvrol, ompletely eterre oviposition. n eugenol trete sees h signifintly fewer eggs while sees trete with (+)-α-pinene n ( )-β-pinene h the highest numers of eggs. Among the six tretments whih i not use omplete prevention of oviposition, eugenol n ( )-menthone ompletely inhiite ult emergene. The two pinene isomers h greter numers of ult emergene. Previous relte stuies hve teste the toxiity of rue essentil oils to eggs of C. multus li uring fumigtion [39, 4], ut we re not wre of ny stuies tht speifilly teste syntheti (pure) essentil oil omponents. Emn n Ass [4], in their stuy of effiy of five essentil oils ginst C. multus, reportesignifintreutioninoviposition with 1% etone solution of Menth rotunifoli (L.) n Menth pulegium (L.). M. rotunifoli oil ontins low perentge (8.5%) of 1-8-ineole, while M. pulegium oil hs.5,.2, n.4% of (+)-α-pinene, ( )-β-pinene, n S-( )- limonene, respetively. Interestingly, S-( )-limonene n the two isomers of pinene were not effetive in the present stuy s oviposition eterrent or in preventing ult emergene even t high oses. Oil of Elettri rmomum (L.), mjor soure of 1-8-ineole (55.7%), lso reue oviposition y C. multus [4]. Other omponents of the oil my hve interte to lower the effiy of 1-8-ineole ontent. Essentil oils n their omponents possess low or no toxiity ginst vertertes [2, 41, 42]. Aute toxiity (LD 5 )of1-8-ineole (2,48 mg/kg BW), eugenol (2,68 mg/kg BW), n linlool (>1 mg/kg BW) in rts is fr less thn tht of some pprove plnt-se pestiies like pyrethrins (3 35 mg/kg BW) n pyrethrum (15 mg/kg BW) [2, 32, 43]. Besies, they re esily ioegrle; hene, the use of these oil omponents to protet owpe sees my not onstitute prolems to mn n environment. In summry, our results showe tht 1-8-ineole, ( )- menthone, rvrol, n eugenol re highly toxi to ult n egg stges of Cmultus, even t low onentrtions. Vpor pressure ws the est preitor of toxiity of the essentil oil omponents. While 1-8-ineole n rvrol ompletely prevente oviposition, some eggs were li on sees trete with eugenol n ( )-menthone ut the eggs i not evelop to ults. These suggest tht 1-8-ineole, rvrol, eugenol, or ( )-menthone n e use to prevent

6 6 Journl of Insets popultion uil-up of C. multus in store owpe. The results lso showe tht fumigtion with single lethl ose or repete tretment with ( )-linlool, S-( )-limonene, (+)- α-pinene, n ( )-β-pinene my e neessry for effetive ontrol of C. multus in store owpe. Essentil oil omponents my lso e omine with moifie tmosphere or other ttis suh s Purue Improve Bg to hieve effetive protetion of store owpe. Conflit of Interests The uthors elre tht there is no onflit of interests regring the pulishing of this pper. Aknowlegments The uthors woul like to knowlege The Shlumerger Fountion In., Houston, Texs, for supporting this reserh through fellowship to OEA. The uthors thnk Mrl J. Ev for lortory ssistne. Referenes [1] B. B. Singh, H. A. Ajeige, S. A. Trwli, S. Fernnez-River, n M. Aukr, Improving the proution n utiliztion of owpe s foo n foer, Fiel Crops Reserh, vol. 84, no. 1-2, pp , 23. [2] S. R. Singh, L. E. N. Jki, J. H. R. Dos Snto, n C. B. All, Inset pest of Cowpe, in Inset Pest of Foo Legumes, S.R. Singh, E., pp. 43 8, John Wiley & Sons, Chihester, UK, 199. [3] N. Z. Dimetry, S. El-Gengihi, n A. M. E. A El-Slm, Protetion of store owpe from Cllosoruhus multus (F.) ttk y some plnt extrts formultions in ifferent storge sks, Her Poloni, vol. 53, pp , 27. [4] A. Snon, L. C. B. Diré, A. P. Ouérogo, n J. Huignr, Fiel ourrene of ruhi pests of owpe n ssoite prsitois in su humi zone of Burkin Fso: importne on theinfesttion of two owpe vrieties t hrvest, Journl of Plnt Pthology,vol.4,no.1,pp.14 2,25. [5] P. A. Ee n C. I. Amtoi, See ot hs no vlue in proteting owpe see ginst ttk y Cllosoruhus multus (F.), Journl of Store Prouts Reserh,vol.39,no. 1, pp. 1 1, 23. [6] G. Forget, Blning the nee for pestiies with the risk to humn helth, in Impt of Pestiie Use on Helth in Developing Countries, G. Forget, T. Goomn, n A. e Villiers, Es., vol. 2, Interntionl Development Reserh Centre, Ottw, Cn, [7] R. Meows, News overview: reserhers evelop lterntives to methyl romie fumigtion, Cliforni Agriulture, vol. 67, no. 3, pp , 213. [8] US Environmentl Protetion Ageny (US EPA), Phosphine. Integrte Risk Informtion Servie (IRIS), USEPA,Wshington, DC, USA, 23. [9] M. K. Mhmu, M. M. H. Khn, M. Husin, M. I. Alm, n M. S. I. Afr, Toxi effets of ifferent plnt oils on pulse eetle Cllosoruhus hinensis Linn. (Coleopter: Bruhie), Journl of Asiti Soiety of Bnglesh: Siene, vol.28,no.1, pp , 22. [1] F. E. Dyn, C. L. Cntrell, n S. O. Duke, Nturl prouts in rop protetion, Bioorgni n Meiinl Chemistry, vol. 17, no. 12, pp , 29. [11] M.-J. Sim, D.-R. Choi, n Y.-J. Ahn, Vpor phse toxiity of plnt essentil oils to Cr utell (Lepiopter: Pyrlie), Journl of Eonomi Entomology, vol.99,no.2,pp , 26. [12] M. Ismn, C. Mhil, S. Miresmilli, n L. Binr, Essentil oil-se pestiies: new insights from ol hemistry, in Pestiies Chemistry,H.Ohkw,H.Miygw,nP.Lee,Es., pp , Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germny, 27. [13] D. P. Pphristos n D. C. Stmopoulos, Seletion of Anthoselies otetus (Sy) for resistne to lvener essentil oil vpour, Journl of Store Prouts Reserh, vol. 39, no. 4, pp , 23. [14] U. R. Pthipti, Fumignt n ontt toxi potentil of essentil oils from plnt extrts ginst store prout pests, Journl of Biopestiies,vol.5,no.2,pp ,212. [15] D. Suthisut, P. G. Fiels, n A. Chnrpty, Fumignt toxiity of essentil oils from three Thi plnts (Zingieree) n their mjor ompouns ginst Sitophilus zemis, Triolium stneum n two prsitois, Journl of Store Prouts Reserh,vol.47,no.3,pp ,211. [16] C. O. Aeire n O. E. Ajyi, Potentil of snox, Hur repitns L. see oil for protetion of owpe sees from Cllosoruhus multus (F.) (Coleopter: Bruhie) infesttion, Journl of Plnt Diseses n Protetion,vol.11,no.6,pp.62 61, 23. [17] F. A. Lolestni n N. Shyesteh, Fumignt toxiity of Ziziphor linopoioies (Boiss.) (Lmiee) ginst ults n eggs of Cllosoruhus multus (F.) (Coleopter: Bruhie), Journl of Biologil Sienes,vol.9,no.1,pp.92 95,29. [18] M. E. A. Ahme, Fumignt toxiity of seven essentil oils ginst the owpe weevil, Cllosoruhus multus (F.) n the rie weevil, Sitophilus oryze (L.), Egyptin Aemi Journl of Biologil Sienes,vol.2,pp.1 6,21. [19] S. Lee, R. Tso, C. Peterson, n J. R. Cots, Insetiil tivity of monoterpenois to western orn rootworm (Coleopter: Chrysomelie), twospotte spier mite (Ari: Tetrnyhie), n house fly (Dipter: Musie), Journl of Eonomi Entomology,vol.9,no.4,pp ,1997. [2] O. Koul, S. Wli, n G. S. Dhliwl, Essentil oils s green pestiies: potentil n onstrints, Pestiie Interntionl, vol. 4, no. 1, pp , 28. [21] A. K. Phillips n A. G. Appel, Fumignt toxiity of essentil oils to the Germn okroh (Dityopter: Blttellie), Journl of Eonomi Entomology,vol.13,no.3,pp ,21. [22] M. B. Ismn, Plnt essentil oils for pest n isese mngement, Crop Protetion,vol.19,no.8 1,pp.63 68,2. [23] E. Enn, Insetiil tivity of essentil oils: otopminergi sites of tion, Comprtive Biohemistry n Physiology C: Toxiology n Phrmology,vol.13,no.3,pp ,21. [24] C. Regnult-Roger, C. Vinent, n J. T. Arnson, Essentil oils in inset ontrol: low-risk prouts in high-stkes worl, Annul Review of Entomology,vol.57,pp ,212. [25] J. A. Johnson n K. A. Vlero, Use of ommeril freezers to ontrol owpe weevil, Cllosoruhus multus (Coleopter: Bruhie), in orgni grnzo ens, Journl of Eonomi Entomology,vol.96,no.6,pp ,23. [26] E. O. Ongol n H. Y. Fmiro, Eletrontennogrm n ehviorl responses of Pteromlus erelelle to oor stimuli

7 Journl of Insets 7 ssoite with its host, Cllosoruhus multus, Journl of Store Prouts Reserh,vol.47,no.2,pp ,211. [27] D. Rees, Insets of Store Prouts, CIROPulishing,Collingwoo, Austrli, 24. [28] SPSS, Sttistil Pkge for Soil Sienes, 16. for winows. SPSS In, Chigo, Ill, USA, 28. [29] R. Fhimeh, M. Sei, S. Mhmoo, n A. Hi, Chemil omposition n insetiil tivity of essentil oil of Ztri multiflor Boiss. (Lmiee) ginst Cllosoruhus multus (F.) (Coleopter : Bruhie), IOBC-WPRS Bulletins,vol.69,pp , 211. [3] V. Rozmn, I. Klinovi, n Z. Koruni, Toxiity of nturlly ourring ompouns of Lmiee n Luree to three store-prout insets, Journl of Store Prouts Reserh,vol. 43, no. 4, pp , 27. [31] T. Rmin n K. Yunes, Evlution of fumignt toxiity of ornge peel Citrus sinensis (L.) essentil oil ginst three store prout insets in lortory onition, Munis Entomology n Zoology,vol.7,pp ,212. [32] D. R. Btish, H. P. Singh, R. K. Kohli, n S. Kur, Eulyptus essentil oil s nturl pestiie, Forest Eology n Mngement,vol.256,no.12,pp ,28. [33] I. Shrifin, S. M. Hshemi, n A. Drvishzeh, Fumignt toxiity of essentil oil of Mugwort (Artemisi vulgris L.) ginst three mjor store prout eetles, Arhives of Phytopthology n Plnt Protetion, vol.46,no.4,pp , 213. [34] A. Dvoui, N. Shyesteh, D. Shirel, n A. Hosseinzeh, Effet of iethyl mlete on toxiity of linlool ginst two store prout insets in lortory onition, Afrin Journl of Biotehnology,vol.1,no.48,pp ,211. [35] A. K. Tripthi, V. Prjpti, S. P. S. Khnuj, n S. Kumr, Effet of -limonene on three store-prout eetles, Journl of Eonomi Entomology,vol.96,no.3,pp ,23. [36] R. K. Lim, M. D. G. Croso, J. C. Mores, S. M. Crvlho, V. G. Rorigues, n L. G. L. Guimrães, Chemil omposition n fumignt effet of essentil oil of Lippi sioies hm. n monoterpenes ginst Tenerio molitor (L.) (Coleopter: Tenerionie), Ciêni e Agrotenologi, vol. 35, no. 4, pp , 211. [37] J. O. Ogeno, A. L. Deng, M. Kostyukovsky et l., Fumignt toxiity of five essentil oil onstituents ginst mjor storeprout inset pests of foo grins. Reserh n pplition summry, in Proeeings of the 2n RUFORUM Biennil Meeting,Entee,Ugn,Septemer21. [38] E. Yilirim, B. Emsen, n S. Korli, Insetiil effets of monoterpenes on Sitophilus zemis Motshulsky (Coleopter: Curulionie ), Journl of Applie Botny n Foo Qulity, vol. 86, pp , 213. [39] E. A. Emn n M. H. Ass, Chemil omposition n effiieny of five essentil oils ginst the pulse eetle Cllosoruhus multus (F.) on Vign rit sees, The Amerin- Eursin Journl of Agriulture n Environmentl Siene,vol. 8, pp , 21. [4] H. Asipour, M. Mhmouvn, F. Rstegr, n M. H. Hosseinpour, Fumignt toxiity n oviposition eterreny of the essentil oil from rmom, Elettri rmomum, ginst three store prout insets, Journl of Inset Siene, vol. 11, rtile 165, 211. [41] E. Enn, M. Beigler, n A. Kene, Insetiil tion of terpenes n phenols to okrohes: effet on otopmine reeptors, in Proeeings of the Interntionl Symposium on Plnt Protetion,Gent,Belgium,1998. [42] F. Bkkli, S. Averek, D. Averek, n M. Iomr, Biologil effets of essentil oils review, Foo n Chemil Toxiology,vol.46,no.2,pp ,28. [43] J. E. Csi n G. B. Quist, Pyrethrum Flowers: Proution, Chemistry, Toxiology n Uses, OxforUniversityPress, Oxfor, UK, 1995.

8 Interntionl Journl of Pepties BioMe Reserh Interntionl Volume 214 Stem Cells Interntionl Volume 21 Volume 21 Avnes in Virolog y Volume Interntionl Journl of Genomis Volume 214 Journl of Nulei Ais Zoology Interntionl Journl of Volume Volume 21 Sumit your mnusripts t Journl of Signl Trnsution Volume 214 Genetis Reserh Interntionl Antomy Reserh Interntionl Interntionl Journl of Miroiology Biohemistry Reserh Interntionl Avnes in Bioinformtis Volume Volume Volume Volume 21 Volume 214 Arhe Enzyme Reserh Interntionl Journl of Evolutionry Biology Moleulr Biology Interntionl Journl of Mrine Biology Volume Volume 21 Volume 21 Volume Volume 21