Essential knowledge Chapters/sections Illustrative examples covered 1.a.1 Natural selection is a major mechanism of evolution

Transcription

1 Name of textbook: Biology: The Dynamic Science Edition: 2 nd Edition Author(s): Russell, Hertz, and McMillan Copyright: 2011 Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. Essential knowledge Chapters/sections Illustrative examples covered 1.a.1 Natural selection is a major mechanism of evolution Chapt 1 Sec 1.2, p. 6 Chapt 19 Sec 19.2, p Sec 19.3, p All sections, p Graphical analysis of allele frequencies in a population Sec 20.1, p. 434 Fig 20.6 (phenotypes) Sec 20.3, p Fig (phenotypes) Sec 20.4, p. 447 Fig Application of Hardy-Weinberg Equation Sec 20.2, p. 436 Table 20.1 Sec 20.3, p Table a.2 Natural selection acts on phenotypic variations in populations Chapt 1 Sec 1.2, p. 6 7 Sec 13.4, p. 271 Chapt 19 Sec 19.2, p. 420 Sec 19.3, p. 424 Sec 20.0, p Sec 20.1, p. 434 Sec , p Sec 25.2, p. 552 Sec 49.3, p Flowering time in relation to global climate change Sec 49.3, p Sickle cell anemia Sec 13.4, p. 271 Sec 20.4, p Fig DDT resistance in insects Chapt 19 Sec 19.3, p. 424 Fig Artificial Selection Chapt 1 Sec 1.2, p. 6 7 Fig 1.8 Chapt 19 Sec 19.2, p. 420 Sec 20.1, p. 434 Fig 20.6

2 Overuse of antibiotics Sec 20.0, p Sec 25.2, p. 552 Sec 1.A.3 Evolutionary change is also driven by random processes 1.a.4 Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. Chapt 19 Sec 19.3, p. 423 Sec 20.3, p. 437, Sec 5.2, p. 94 Chapt 18 Sec 18.3, p Chapt 19 Sec 19.3, p Fig 19.13, All sections, p Chapt 22 All sections, p Chapt 23 All sections, p No recommended illustrative examples supplied in Curriculum Framework. Graphical analysis of allele frequencies in a population Sec 20.1, p. 434 Fig 20.6 (phenotypes) Sec 20.3, p Fig (phenotypes) Sec 20.4, p. 447 Fig Analysis of sequence data sets, phylogenetic trees, and construction of phylogenetic trees based on sequence data Chapt 1 Sec 1.3, p Fig 1.11 Sec 5.2, p. 94 Chapt 18 Sec 18.3, p Chapt 19 Sec 19.3, p. 427 Chapt 21 Sec 21.4, p. 466 Chapt 23 All sections, p , including: Sec 23.3, p Sec 23.6, p Fig Sec 23.7, p Fig 23.13, Table 23.1 Chapt 29 Sec 29.3, p Fig b.1 Organisms share many conserved core Chapt 1 Sec 1.1, p. 3 4 Cytoskeleton

3 processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. Chapt 3 Sec 3.5, p Chapt 4 Sec 4.2, p. 75 Sec , p Chapt 6 Sec 6.1, p. 120 Chapt 8 Sec 8.0, p. 156 Sec 8.1, p. 156 Chapt 24 Sec 24.3, p Sec 25.1, p. 541 Sec 5.1, p. 92 Sec 5.3, p Fig Chapt 6 Sec 6.1, p. 120 Sec 25.1, p. 541 Membrane-bound organelles Sec 5.3, p Fig , , Sec 5.4, p. 108 Fig 5.27 Chapt 24 Sec 24.3, p Fig Linear chromosomes Sec 5.3, p. 97 Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope Sec 5.3, p Fig , b.2 Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested. 1.c.1 Speciation and extinction have occurred throughout the Earth s history. Chapt 23 All sections, p Chapt 21 All sections, p Chapt 22 Sec 22.4, p Sec 53.0, p Sec 53.2, p Sec 53.4, p Number of heart chambers in animals Not represented on cladogram, but the evolution of heart chambers is discussed: Chapt 42 Sec 42.1, p Fig 42.5 Absence of legs in some sea mammals Chapt 23 Sec 23.3, p. 510 Additional sections discuss leg loss in marine mammals: Chapt 30 Sec 30.10, p. 702 Five major extinctions: Chapt 22 Sec 22.4, p Fig Human impact on ecosystems and species extinction rates: 3 Sec 53.0, p Fig 53.1 Sec 53.2, p. 1230

4 Sec 53.4, p Fig c.2 Speciation may occur when two populations become reproductively isolated from each other. 1.c.3 Populations of organisms continue to evolve. 1.d.1 There are several hypotheses about the natural origin of life on Chapt 21 Sec , p Chapt 1 Sec 1.2, p. 6 8 Sec 7.4, p. 149 Chapt 17, Sec 17.2, p. 376 Chapt 19 Sec 19.0, p. 415 Sec 19.3, p. 424 Sec 20.0, p Sec 20.4, p Sec 25.2, p. 552 Chapt 29 Sec 29.2, p Chapt 30 Sec 30.3, p Sec 30.6, p. 690 Chapt 42 Sec 42.1, p Sec 43.1, p. 975 Sec 43.4, p Sec 53.2, p Chapt 24 All sections, p No recommended illustrative examples supplied in Curriculum Framework. Chemical resistance and emergent diseases Sec 7.4, p. 149 Chapt 17, Sec 17.2, p. 376 Chapt 19 Sec 19.3, p. 424 Fig Sec 20.0, p Sec 25.2, p. 552 Sec 43.4, p Sec 53.2, p Fig Observed directional phenotypic change in a population Sec 20.4, p Fig 20.11, A eukaryotic example describing the evolution of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, brain, and immune system Chapt 30 Sec 30.3, p Fig Sec 30.6, p. 690 Fig Chapt 42 Sec 42.1, p Fig 42.5 Sec 43.1, p. 975 No recommended illustrative examples supplied in Curriculum Framework.

5 Earth, each with supporting scientific evidence. 1.d.2 Scientific evidence from many different disciplines supports models of the origin of life. Chapt 24 All sections, p No recommended illustrative examples supplied in Curriculum Framework. Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce and to maintain dynamic homeostasis. Essential knowledge Chapters/sections Illustrative examples covered 2.a.1 All living systems require constant input of free energy. Chapt 4 Sec , p Chapt 8 Sec 8.1, p. 158 Sec 8.2, p Sec 8.3, p Sec 8.4, p. 169 Sec 8.5, p Chapt 9 Sec 9.1, p. 177 Sec 9.3, p Chapt 31 Sec 31.1, p. 720 Sec 46.6, p Sec 46.7, p Sec 46.8, p Sec 50.3, p Krebs Cycle Chapt 8 Sec 8.1, p. 158 Fig 8.3 Sec 8.3, p Fig 8.9, 8.11 Sec 8.4, p. 169 Fig 8.16 Glycolysis Chapt 8 Sec 8.1, p. 158 Fig 8.3 Sec 8.2, p Fig Sec 8.4, p. 169 Fig 8.16 Calvin Cycle Chapt 9 Sec 9.1, p. 177 Fig 9.2 Sec 9.3, p Fig 9.13 Fermentation Chapt 8 Sec 8.5, p Fig 8.17, 8.18 Endothermy and ectothermy Sec 46.6, p Fig Sec 46.7, p

6 Sec 46.8, p Fig 46.18, Life-history strategy (biennial plants, reproductive diapause) Chapt 31 Sec 31.1, p Sec 50.3, p Fig a.2 Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes. 2.a.3 Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization. Chapt 8 All sections, p Chapt 9 All sections, p Sec 25.1, p. 545 Chapt 26 Sec 26.1, p. 562 Chapt 28 Sec 28.1, p Chapt 29 Sec 29.1, p. 640 Chapt 2 Sec , p Chapt 3 All sections, p Sec 5.1, p. 90, 92 Chapt 31 Sec 31.2, p. 725 Sec 31.4, p Chapt 32 Sec 32.3, p. 750 Chapt 33 Sec 33.2, p. 768 Sec 33.3, p. 770 Chapt 44 Sec 44.3, p Sec 45.3, p NADP + in photosynthesis Chapt 9 Sec 9.1, p Fig 9.2 Sec 9.2, p Fig Sec 9.3, p Fig 9.13 Oxygen in cellular respiration Chapt 8 Sec 8.1, p. 158 Fig 8.3 Sec 8.4, p Fig 8.12, 8.13 Cohesion Chapt 2 Sec 2.4, p. 34 Chapt 32 Sec 32.3, p. 750 Fig 32.7 Adhesion Chapt 2 Sec 2.4, p. 34 High specific heat capacity Chapt 2 Sec 2.4, p. 34 Universal solvent supports reactions Chapt 2 Sec 2.4, p Fig 2.15 Heat of vaporization Chapt 2 Sec 2.4, p Root hairs Chapt 31 Sec 31.2, p. 725 Fig 31.9c Sec 31.4, p

7 Fig Chapt 33 Sec 33.2, p. 768 Sec 33.3, p. 770 Cells of the alveoli Chapt 44 Sec 44.3, p Fig 44.8 Cells of the villi and microvilli Sec 45.3, p Fig b.1 Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. 2.b.2 Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. 2.b.3 Eukaryotic cells maintain internal membranes that partition the cell into specialized regions. Sec 5.1, p. 90, 92 Chapt 6 All sections, p Chapt 6 Sec 6.2, p Sec 6.3, p Sec 6.4, p Sec 6.5, p Sec 5.2, p Sec 5.3, p No recommended illustrative examples supplied in Curriculum Framework. Glucose transport Chapt 6 Sec 6.2, p. 124 Fig 6.8c Na + /K + transport Chapt 6 Sec 6.2, p. 124 Fig 6.8b Endoplasmic Reticulum Sec 5.3, p. 96, Fig 5.9, 5.10, 5.14 Mitochondria Sec 5.3, p. 96, Fig 5.9, 5.10, 5.18, 5.19 Chloroplasts Sec 5.3, p. 96 Fig 5.10 Sec 5.4, p. 108 Fig 5.27 Golgi Sec 5.3, p. 96, Fig 5.9, 5.10, 5.15 Nuclear Envelope Sec 5.3, p Fig 5.9, 5.10, 5.11

8 2.c.1 Organisms use feedback mechanisms to maintain their internal environments and respond to external environmental changes. Sec 7.4, p. 148 Sec 16.1, p Sec 35.1, p Chapt 36 Sec 36.4, p Chapt 42 Sec 42.2, p. 959 Sec 40.1, p Sec 40.3, p. 922, Sec 40.4, p , Sec 46.4, p Sec 46.6, p Chapt 47 Sec 47.3, p Operons in gene regulation Sec 16.1, p Fig Temperature regulation in animals Chapt 36 Sec 36.4, p Fig Sec 46.6, p Plant responses to water limitations Sec 35.1, p. 815 Lactation in mammals Sec 40.3, p. 922 Onset of labor in childbirth Chapt 36 Sec 36.4, p. 848 Ripening of fruit Sec 35.1, p Diabetes mellitus in response to decreased insulin Sec 40.4, p Dehydration in response to decreased anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) Sec 7.4, p. 148 Sec 40.3, p Fig 40.7 Sec 46.4, p Fig Graves disease (hyperthyroidism) Sec 40.4, p. 927 Blood clotting Chapt 42 Sec 42.2, p. 959 Fig c.2 Organisms respond to changes in their external environments. Chapt 6 Sec 6.1, p. 120 Chapt 28 Sec 28.1, p. 621 Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants Sec 35.3, p. 821, Fig 35.17,

9 All sections, p Sec , p Sec 49.4, p Sec 50.1, p All sections, p All sections, p Hibernation and migration in animals Chapt 6 Sec 6.1, p. 120 Sec 46.8, p Sec 49.4, p Sec 55.1, p Fig 55.6 Taxis and kinesis in animals Sec 55.2, p Other organisms (chemotaxis in bacteria, sexual reproduction in fungi) Chapt 28 Sec 28.1, p. 621 Shivering and sweating in humans Sec 46.8, p Fig d.1 All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities, and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy Chapt 1 Sec 1.1, p. 4 6 Sec 25.1, p Chapt 26 Sec 26.1, p. 563 Sec 26.2, p. 567 Chapt 28 Sec 28.1, p. 621 Chapt 33 Sec 33.1, p. 764 Sec 33.3, p All sections, p Sec 45.5, p Sec 46.7, p Sec 46.8, p Sec 49.3, p Sec 49.4, p. 1127, 1129 Sec 49.5, p Sec , p All sections, p At the cellular level Biofilms Sec 25.1, p Fig Temperature/Sunlight Chapt 26 Sec 26.2, p. 567 Fig 26.8 Organisms: Symbiosis Chapt 33 Sec 33.3, p Fig 33.8, 33.9 Sec 45.5, p Fig 45.19, Sec 51.1, p Fig Predator-prey relationships 0 Sec 50.5, p Fig Sec 51.1, p Fig 51.4

10 2 Sec , p Sec 55.5, p Sec 55.5, p Fig 55.16, Water and nutrient availability, temperature, salinity, ph Chapt 28 Sec 28.1, p. 621 Chapt 33 Sec 33.1, p. 764 Fig 33.3 Sec 46.7, p Sec 46.8, p Fig Sec 49.3, p Fig 49.9 Sec 49.4, p Sec 55.2, p Populations, Communities, Ecosystems: Water and nutrient availability Sec 49.4, p. 1127, 1129 Fig 49.13, Sec 49.5, p Fig Availability of nesting materials and sites 0 Sec 50.4, p Food chains and food webs 1 Sec 51.3, p Fig Sec 52.1, p Species diversity 1 Sec 51.3, p Population density 0 Sec 50.5, p Fig Algal blooms Sec 49.5, p Fig 49.25

11 2.d.2 Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common ancestry and divergence due to adaptation in different environments. Sec 25.1, p Fig Chapt 29 Sec 29.5, p Sec 29.6, p. 652, Sec 29.7, p. 662, 665, 666, 668 Chapt 30 Sec 30.1, p Chapt 36 Sec 36.4, p Chapt 42 Sec 42.1, p Chapt 44 Sec 44.1, p Sec 44.2, p Sec 44.3, p Sec 45.2, p Sec 45.3, p Sec 45.5, p. 1033, , 1038 Sec 46.1, p Sec 46.2, p Sec 46.3, p Sec 46.5, p Sec 46.6, p Sec 46.7, p Sec 46.8, p Digestive mechanisms in animals such as food vacuoles, gastrovascular cavities, oneway digestive systems Chapt 29 Sec 29.5, p Fig 29.9, Sec 29.6, p. 652 Fig Sec 45.2, p Fig 45.3, 45.4 Sec 45.3, p Fig 45.5 Sec 45.5, p. 1033, , 1038 Fig 45.17, 45.18, Respiratory systems of aquatic and terrestrial animals Chapt 29 Sec 29.6, p Fig Sec 29.7, p. 662, 665, 666, 668 Fig Chapt 30 Sec 30.1, p Fig 30.4 Chapt 44 Sec 44.1, p Fig 44.2 Sec 44.2, p Fig Sec 44.3, p Fig 44.8 Nitrogenous waste production and elimination in aquatic and terrestrial animals Sec 46.1, p Fig 46.3 Sec 46.2, p Fig Sec 46.3, p Fig Sec 46.5, p Fig 46.13, Common ancestry: Excretory systems in flatworms, earthworms, and vertebrates

12 Sec 46.1, p Fig 46.2 Sec 46.2, p Fig 46.4, 46.5 Sec 46.3, p Fig 46.7 Sec 46.5, p Fig 46.13, Osmoregulation in bacteria, fish, and protists Sec 46.1, p Fig 46.1, 46.2 Sec 46.5, p Fig Circulatory systems in fish, amphibians, and mammals Chapt 42 Sec 42.1, p Fig 42.5 Thermoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial animals (countercurrent exchange mechanisms) Sec 46.6, p Fig Sec 46.7, p Sec 46.8, p Fig 46.18, d.3 Biological systems are affected by disruptions to their dynamic homeostatis. Sec 7.4, p. 145, 148 Chapt 22 Sec 22.2, p. 483 Sec 25.2, p Chapt 26 Sec 26.0, p Chapt 28 Sec 28.2, p. 630 Sec 40.3, p All sections, p Sec 46.4, p Sec 50.0, p Physiological responses to toxic substances Sec 7.4, p. 145 Sec 25.2, p Dehydration Sec 7.4, p. 148 Sec 40.3, p Sec 46.4, p Fig Immunological responses to pathogens, toxins and allergens Chapt 28 Sec 28.2, p. 630

13 Sec 51.5, p Sec 52.0, p Sec 52.4, p Sec 53.1, p Sec 53.2, p All sections, p Invasive and/or eruptive species Chapt 26 Sec 26.0, p Sec 43.0, p Sec 50.0, p Fig Sec 53.2, p Fig Human impact 2 Sec 52.0, p Fig 52.1 Sec 52.4, p Sec 53.1, p Fig Sec 53.2, p Fig Hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, fires Chapt 22 Sec 22.2, p Sec 51.5, p Fig Water limitation Sec 35.1, p Sec 53.1, p. 1224, Fig 53.3, 53.5 Salination 3 Sec 53.1, p d.4 Plants and animals have a variety of chemical defenses against infections that affect dynamic homeostasis. Sec 35.2, p All sections, p Invertebrate immune systems have nonspecific response mechanisms but lack pathogen-specific defense responses Sec 43.5, p. 993 Plant defenses against pathogens Sec 35.2, p Fig Table 35.2

14 Vertebrate immune systems non-specific and non-heritable defense mechanisms Sec , p Fig Table 43.1, e.1 Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are regulated by a variety of mechanisms. 2.e.2 Timing and coordination of physiological events are regulated by multiple mechanisms. Sec 16.2, p Sec 16.5, p Chapt 34 Sec 34.5, p Chapt 48 All sections, p Chapt 6 Sec 6.1, p. 120 Sec 7.1, p. 140 Chapt 21 Sec 21.2, p Sec 25.1, p Sec 25.2, p Chapt 26 Sec 26.2, p Chapt 28 Sec 28.1, p. 619, 621 Sec 28.2, p. 626, Sec 35.1, p Sec 35.3, p. 821 Sec 35.4, p Chapt 39 Sec 39.5, p Sec 46.8, p Sec 49.4, p Sec 55.1, p Sec 55.3, p Programmed cell death: Morphogenesis of fingers and toes Chapt 48 Sec 48.3, p Fig 48.12, Immune function Sec 43.2, p. 978 Seasonal responses such as hibernation, estivation and migration Chapt 6 Sec 6.1, p. 120 Sec 46.8, p Sec 49.4, p Sec 55.1, p Fig 55.6 Release and reaction to pheromones Chapt 39 Sec 39.5, p Fig Sec 55.3, p Fig 55.9 Visual displays in reproductive cycle Chapt 21 Sec 21.2, p Sec 55.3, p Fruiting body formation in fungi, slime molds, and certain types of bacteria Sec 25.2, p Fig Chapt 26 Sec 26.2, p Fig Chapt 28 Sec 28.1, p. 619, 621

15 Fig 28.2b Sec 28.2, p. 626, Fig Quorum sensing in bacteria Sec 7.1, p. 140 Sec 25.1, p Fig E.3: Timing and coordination of behavior are regulated by various mechanisms and are important in natural selection. Chapt 6 Sec 6.1, p. 120 Chapt 21 Sec 21.2, p Sec 25.2, p Chapt 27 Sec 27.5, p. 611 Chapt 28 Sec 28.1, p. 619, 621 Sec 28.2, p. 626, Sec 28.3, p Chapt 33 Sec 33.3, p Chapt 34 Sec 34.0, p Sec 34.3, p Sec 45.5 p Sec 46.8, p Sec 49.4, p Sec 51.1, p All sections, p All sections, p Hibernation and Estivation Chapt 6 Sec 6.1, p. 120 Sec 46.8, p Migration Sec 49.4, p Sec 55.1, p Fig 55.6 Courtship Chapt 21 Sec 21.2, p Sec 55.3, p Sec 55.4, p Fig 55.13, Availability of resources leading to fruiting body formation in fungi and certain types of bacteria Sec 25.2, p Fig Chapt 28 Sec 28.1, p. 619, 621 Fig 28.2b Sec 28.2, p. 626, Fig Niche and resource partitioning 1 Sec 51.1, p Fig Mutualistic relationships (lichens; bacteria in digestive tracts of animals; micorrhizae) Chapt 28 Sec 28.3, p Fig

16 Chapt 33 Sec 33.3, p Fig Sec 45.5 p Fig 45.19, Biology of pollination Chapt 27 Sec 27.5, p. 611 Fig Chapt 34 Sec 34.0, p Fig 34.1 Sec 34.3, p Fig 34.8 Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes. Essential knowledge Chapters/sections Illustrative examples covered 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. Chapt 1 Sec 1.1, p. 3 Chapt 4 Sec 4.5, p. 83 Sec 13.5, p. 276 Chapt 14 All sections, p Chapt 15 All sections, p Sec 16.2, p. 344 Chapt 17 Sec , p Chapt 18 Sec 18.1, p Sec 18.2, p Sec 25.1, p mrna transcription in eukaryotic cells: Addition of a poly-a tail Chapt 15 Sec 15.3, p. 313 Fig 15.7 Addition of a GTP cap Chapt 15 Sec 15.3, p. 313 Fig 15.7 Excision of introns Chapt 15 Sec 15.3, p Fig Expression of phenotypes: Enzymatic reactions Chapt 4 Sec 4.5, p. 83 Fig 4.17 Sec 13.5, p. 276 Fig Chapt 15 Sec 15.1, p Fig 15.2

17 Sec 16.2, p. 344 Transport by proteins Chapt 15 Sec 15.4, p Fig Synthesis Chapt 15 Sec 15.4, p Fig 15.10, Degradation Sec 16.3, p. 348 Fig Examples of genetic engineering: Electrophoresis Chapt 18 Sec 18.1, p. 389, 391 Fig 18.6 Plasmid-based transformation Chapt 14 Sec 14.1, p Fig 14.3 Chapt 17 Sec 17.1, p. 368 Chapt 18 Sec 18.1, p , 386 Fig 18.1, 18.3 Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA Chapt 18 Sec 18.1, p. 385 Fig 18.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Chapt 18 Sec 18.1, p Fig 18.5 Products of genetic engineering: Genetically-modified foods Chapt 18 Sec 18.2, p Fig 18.15, Transgenic animals Chapt 18 Sec 18.2, p Fig 18.11, Cloned animals Chapt 18 Sec 18.2, p Fig Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin

18 or factor X Chapt 18 Sec 18.2, p. 396, A.2 In eukaryotes, heritable information is passed to the next generation via processes that include the cell cycle and mitosis, or meiosis plus fertilization. 3.A.3 The chromosomal basis of inheritance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from parent to offspring Sec 7.3, p Chapt 10 All sections, p Chapt 11 All sections, p Sec 16.5, p Chapt 12 All sections, p All sections, p Mitosis promoting factor (MPF) Chapt 10 Sec 10.4, p. 212 Action of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) Sec 7.3, p Fig 7.6 Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle control Chapt 10 Sec 10.4, p. 214 Sec 16.5, p Fig 16.22, Sickle cell anemia Chapt 12 Sec 12.0, p Fig 12.1 Sec 12.2, p. 247, 252 Fig Sec 13.4, p. 271 Chapt 18 Sec 18.2, p. 392 Fig 18.7, 18.8 Sec 20.4, p Fig Huntington s disease Sec 20.3, p X-linked color blindness Sec 13.2, p. 263 Trisomy 21/Down Syndrome Chapt 11 Sec 11.2, p. 224 Sec 13.3, p Fig Klinefelter syndrome Sec 13.3, p. 270

19 Fig Table 13.1 Reproduction issues Sec 13.4, p A.4 The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics. 3.B.1 Gene regulation results in differential gene expression, leading to cell specialization. 3.B.2 A variety of intercellular and intracellular signal transmissions mediate gene expression. Sec , p Chapt 15 Sec 15.2, p. 311 All sections, p Sec 7.3, p. 144 Chapt 11 Sec 11.1, p. 225 Sec 13.2, p Sec 13.4, p. 273 Sec 16.1, p. 336 Sec 16.4, p Sec 16.5, p. 356 Chapt 19 Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromosomes (X in humans) Sec 13.2, p. 261, Fig In mammals and flies, the Y chromosome is very small and carries few genes Sec 13.2, p Fig 13.6 In mammals and flies, females are XX and males are XY; as such, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed in males Sec 13.2, p Fig 13.6, 13.8, 13.9 Promoters Chapt 15 Sec 15.2, p. 311 Sec 16.1, p Fig 16.2, 16.3, 16.5 Sec 16.2, p Terminators Chapt 15 Sec 15.2, p. 311 Enhancers Sec 16.2, p Fig 16.7, 16.10, Cytokines regulate gene expression to allow for cell replication and division Sec 35.1, p. 807, 812 Fig 35.8 Table 35.1 Levels of camp regulate metabolic gene expression in bacteria Sec 16.1, p. 336 Fig 16.4 Expression of the SRY gene triggers the

20 Sec 19.3, p Chapt 22 Sec 22.5, p. 495, 496 Chapt 29 Sec 29.7, p. 668 Chapt 30 Sec 30.3, p Chapt 34 Sec 34.3, p. 789 Sec 35.1, p. 807, Chapt 48 Sec 48.4, p. 1104, Sec 54.3, p male sexual development pathway in animals Sec 13.2, p Chapt 48 Sec 48.4, p. 1104, 1106 Ethylene levels cause changes in the production of different enzymes, allowing fruit ripening Sec 35.1, p. 807, Table 35.1 Gibberelin promotes seed germination in plants Chapt 34 Sec 34.3, p. 789 Fig Sec 35.1, p. 807 Table 35.1 Morphogens stimulate cell differentiation and development Sec 7.3, p. 144 Chapt 11 Sec 11.1, p. 225 Sec 13.4, p Sec 54.3, p Changes in p53 activity can result in cancer Sec 16.5, p. 356 Fig HOX genes play a role in development Sec 16.4, p Fig Chapt 19 Sec 19.3, p Fig Chapt 22 Sec 22.5, p. 495, 496 Chapt 29 Sec 29.7, p. 668 Chapt 30 Sec 30.3, p Fig 30.8

21 3.C.1 Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype. Chapt 1 Sec 1.2, p. 7 Chapt 14 Sec 14.4, p Chapt 15 Sec 15.5, p Sec 16.5, p Chapt 19 Sec 19.3, p. 424 Sec 20.0, p Sec 20.3, p. 437 Sec 20.4, p Chapt 21 Sec 21.4, p Sec 25.2, p. 552 Antibiotic resistance mutations Chapt 15 Sec 15.5, p Fig Sec 20.0, p Sec 25.2, p. 552 Pesticide resistance mutations Chapt 19 Sec 19.3, p. 424 Fig Sickle cell disorder and heterozygote advantage Sec 20.4, p Fig C.2 Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation. 3.C.3 Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts. 3.D.1 Cell communication processes share common features that reflect a shared evolutionary history. Chapt 11 Sec 11.2, p Chapt 14 Sec 14.4, p. 298 Chapt 15 Sec 15.5, p Chapt 17 Sec 17.1, p Sec 17.2, p Sec 20.4, p Chapt 17 Sec 17.2, p Chapt 14 Sec 14.4, p. 298 Chapt 17 All sections, p Sec 25.2, p Sec 40.1, p. 917 Sec 40.2, p Sec 40.4, p No recommended illustrative examples supplied in Curriculum Framework. Transduction in bacteria Chapt 17 Sec 17.2, p Fig 17.7, 17.8 Quorum sensing in microbes Sec 7.1, p. 140 Response to external signals by bacteria that influences cell movement Sec 25.2, p Fig Epinephrine stimulation of glycogen breakdown in mammals Sec 7.1, p

22 Fig 7.1 Sec 40.1, p. 917 Sec 40.2, p Fig 40.5 Sec 40.4, p Fig DNA repair mechanisms Chapt 14 Sec 14.4, p. 298 Fig D.2 Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling. Chapt 3 Sec 3.3, p Sec 3.4, p. 58 Sec 5.4, p. 109 All sections, p All sections, p Sec 43.3, p Sec 45.4, p Sec 46.8, p Chapt 47 Sec 47.3, p Sec 47.4, p Chapt 48 Sec 48.4, p Sec 54.5, p Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact, antigen-presenting cells, helper T-cells, killer T-cells Sec 43.3, p Fig 43.5, 43.6, Plasmodesmata between plant cells that allow material to be transported from cell to cell Sec 5.4, p. 109 Fig 5.28 Sec 7.1, p. 138 Endocrine signals: Sec 40.3, p Table 40.1 Insulin Chapt 3 Sec 3.4, p. 58 Fig 3.21 Sec 7.3, p. 144 Sec 40.1, p. 917 Sec 40.4, p Fig Sec 45.4, p Fig Human Grown Hormone Sec 40.3, p , 924 Fig 40.7, 40.8 Thyroid hormones

23 Sec 40.1, p Fig 40.2 Sec 40.2, p. 918 Fig 40.3b Sec 40.4, p Fig 40.9 Sec 46.8, p Testosterone and estrogen Chapt 3 Sec 3.3, p. 54 Fig 3.16 Sec 7.5, p Fig 7.13 Sec 40.1, p. 916 Sec 40.4, p , Chapt 47 Sec 47.3, p Fig 47.13, Sec 47.4, p Table 47.1 Chapt 48 Sec 48.4, p Fig Sec 54.5, p Fig D.3. Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response. All sections, p Sec 13.3, p Sec 16.1, p. 336 Chapt 26 Sec 26.2, p Sec 35.5, p Chapt 37 Sec 37.3, p Chapt 39 Sec 39.4, p Sec 40.2, p , 920 Chapt 42 Sec 42.5, p. 967 G-protein linked receptors Sec 7.4, p Fig , 7.11, 7.12 Chapt 37 Sec 37.3, p Chapt 39 Sec 39.4, p Fig Sec 40.2, p Chapt 42 Sec 42.5, p. 967 Ligand-gated ion channels Chapt 37 Sec 37.3, p Fig Receptor tyrosine kinases

24 Sec 7.3, p Fig 7.6 Sec 7.4, p Fig 7.12 Sec 13.3, p Sec 40.2, p Secondary messengers such as: cyclic GMP, cyclic AMP, calcium ions, and inositol triphosphate Sec 7.4, p Fig 7.9, 7.10 Sec 16.1, p. 336 Fig 16.4 Chapt 26 Sec 26.2, p Fig Sec 35.5, p Fig 35.31b 3.D.4. Changes in signal transduction pathways can alter cellular response. Sec 7.3, p. 144 Sec 7.4, p. 149 Chapt 10 Sec 10.4, p. 213 Sec 25.2, p. 551 Chapt 37 Sec 37.2, p. 860 Chapt 41 Sec 41.1, p. 940 Sec 43.4, p Chapt 47 Sec 47.4, p Diabetes, heart disease, neurological disease, autoimmune disease, cancer, cholera Sec 7.3, p. 144 Sec 7.4, p. 145 Chapt 10 Sec 10.4, p. 213 Sec 43.4, p Effects of neurotoxins, poisons, pesticides Sec 25.2, p. 551 Chapt 41 Sec 41.1, p. 940 Drugs (Hypertensives, Anesthetics, Antihistamines, and Birth Control drugs Chapt 37 Sec 37.2, p. 860 Sec 43.4, p. 992 Chapt 47 Sec 47.4, p. 1084

25 3.E.1. Individuals can act on information and communicate it to others. Sec 20.3, p. 445 Chapt 21 Sec 21.2, p Chapt 27 Sec 27.5, p. 611 Sec 35.2, p Sec 45.1, p Sec 50.5, p Sec 51.1, p Sec 54.4, p Sec 55.1, p Sec 55.3, p Sec 55.4, p Sec 55.5, p Organisms exchange information: Predator warning 1 Sec 51.1, p Fig 51.4 Protection of young Sec 55.4, p Communication mechanisms: Herbivory responses Sec 35.2, p Coloration in flowers Chapt 27 Sec 27.5, p. 611 Fig Signaling modalities: Bee dances Sec 55.3, p Fig Bird song 4 Sec 54.4, p Sec 55.3, p. 1268, 1270 Territorial marking in mammals Sec 55.3 p Pack behavior in animals Sec 55.3, p Fig Predator warning 1 Sec 51.1, p Fig 51.4 Colony and swarming behavior in insects Sec 55.3, p Coloration 1 Sec 51.1, p Fig 51.5 Influence of natural selection: Parent and offspring interactions 0 Sec 50.5, p Table 50.3

26 Sec 55.4, p Migration patterns Sec 55.1, p Fig 55.2, 55.5, 55.6 Courtship and mating behaviors Sec 20.3, p. 445 Fig Chapt 21 Sec 21.2, p Sec 55.3, p Fig 55.8 Foraging in bees and other animals Sec 45.1, p Fig 45.2 Sec 55.3, p Cooperative behavior: Pack behavior in animals/ Herd, flock and schooling behavior in animals Sec 55.5, p Fig Colony and swarming behavior in insects Sec 55.5, p Fig E.2. Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. Chapt 37 All sections, p Chapt 38 All sections, p Chapt 41 Sec 41.1, p. 940 Neurotransmitters: Chapt 37 Sec 37.3, p Table 37.1 Acetylcholine Chapt 41 Sec 41.1, p. 941 Fig 41.5 Functions of brain regions Chapt 38 Sec 38.1, p Fig 38.2 Sec 38.3, p Fig

27 Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. Essential knowledge Chapters/sections Illustrative examples covered 4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule. Chapt 3 All sections, p No recommended illustrative examples supplied in Curriculum Framework. 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. 4.A.3: Interactions between external stimuli and regulated gene expression result in specialization of cells, tissues and organs. 4.A.4: Organisms exhibit complex properties due to interactions between their constituent parts. Sec 5.1, p Sec 5.3, p Sec 5.4, p. 108 Sec , p Chapt 32 Sec 32.1, p Sec 32.2, p Sec 32.3, p Chapt 38 Sec 38.2, p Sec 38.3, p Chapt 42 Sec 42.1, p , Sec 42.2, p Sec 42.3, p. 960 Chapt 44 Sec 44.1, p. 998 Sec 44.2, p Sec 44.3, p Sec 44.4, p Sec 45.3, p , No recommended illustrative examples supplied in Curriculum Framework. No recommended illustrative examples supplied in Curriculum Framework. Interactions between organs: Stomach and small intestines Sec 45.3, p , Fig 45.5, Kidney and bladder Sec 46.7, p Fig 46.7 Root, stem, and leaf Chapt 32 Sec 32.1, p Fig 32.2 Sec 32.2, p Fig Sec 32.3, p Fig Interactions between organ systems: Respiratory and circulatory

28 Sec 46.7, p Chapt 42 Sec 42.1, p , Fig 42.5 Sec 42.2, p Sec 42.3, p. 960 Fig Chapt 44 Sec 44.1, p. 998 Fig 44.1 Sec 44.2, p Fig 44.4 Sec 44.3, p Fig 44.8 Sec 44.4, p Fig 44.11, Nervous and muscular Chapt 38 Sec 38.2, p Fig 38.4, Sec 38.3, p Fig 38.7 Plant vascular and leaf Chapt 32 Sec 32.1, p Fig 32.2 Sec 32.2, p Fig Sec 32.3, p Fig A.5: Communities are composed of populations of organisms that interact in complex ways. 1 All sections, p Predator/prey relationships spreadsheet model 0 Sec 50.5, p Fig Symbiotic relationship Chapt 26 Sec 26.2, p. 567 Chapt 28 Sec 28.3, p Fig Sec 45.5, p Fig 45.19, Sec 51.1, p Fig Graphical representation of field data 0

29 Sec 50.1, p Fig 50.2 Sec 50.3, p Fig A D Sec 50.4, p Fig Sec 50.5, p. 1156, 1158, 1159, 1162 Fig 50.12, 50.15, 50.17, Sec 51.1, p. 1173, 1174 Fig 51.8, Sec 51.2, p Fig Sec 51.4, p. 1184, 1185 Fig 51.23, Sec 51.5, p Fig Introduction of species 0 Sec 50.1, p Sec 53.2, p Fig A.6: Interactions among living systems and with their environment result in the movement of matter and energy. 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. Chapt 1 Sec 1.1, p. 4 0 Sec , p All sections, p Chapt 4 Sec , p No recommended illustrative examples supplied in Curriculum Framework. No recommended illustrative examples supplied in Curriculum Framework. 4.B.2: Cooperative interactions within organisms promote efficiency in the use of energy and matter. All sections, p Sec 25.3, p. 554 Chapt 31 Sec 31.1, p Sec , p Chapt 32 All sections, p Chapt 33 Sec 33.3, p Chapt 42 All sections, p Exchange of gases Chapt 31 Sec 31.3, p Fig Chapt 44 All sections, p Circulation of fluids Chapt 31 Sec 31.3, p Fig Chapt 32 Sec 32.1, p Fig 32.2

30 Chapt 44 All sections, p Sec , p Sec , p Sec 49.6, p Sec 32.3, p Fig 32.7 Chapt 42 All sections, p Digestion of food Sec , p Fig , Excretion of wastes Sec , p Fig Table 46.1 Bacterial community in the rumen of animals Sec 25.3, p. 554 (archaea) Sec 45.2, p Fig Bacterial community in and around deep sea vents Sec 49.6, p B.3: Interactions between and within populations influence patterns of species distribution and abundance. 4.B.4: Distribution of local and global ecosystems changes over time. 0 Sec 50.1, p All sections, p Sec 53.2, p Sec 53.5, p Chapt 22 Sec 22.2, p Sec 22.4, p Chapt 26 Sec 26.0, p. 559 Sec 26.1, p. 569 Sec 49.0, p Sec 52.4, p Sec 53.2, p , 1230 Loss of keystone species 1 Sec 51.4, p Fig 51.23, Sec 53.5, p Fig Kudzu 3 Sec 53.2, p Fig 53.9 Logging, slash and burn agriculture, urbanization, mono-cropping, infrastructure development (dams, transmission lines, roads), and global climate change threaten ecosystems and life on earth 2 Sec 52.4, p Fig Sec 53.2, p , 1230 Fig 53.6, 53.7

31 An introduced species can exploit a new niche free of predators or competitors, thus exploiting new resources 3 Sec 53.2, p Fig Potato blight Chapt 26 Sec 26.0, p. 559 Sec 26.1, p. 569 El Niño Sec 49.0, p Fig 49.1 Continental Drift Chapt 22 Sec 22.2, p Fig 22.7, 22.8 Chapt 22 Sec 22.4, p Fig 22.12, Meteor impact on dinosaurs Chapt 22 Sec 22.4, p C.1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. 4.C.2: Environmental factors influence the expression of the genotype in an organism. Chapt 9 Sec 9.2, p Sec 13.3, p. 267 Sec 20.4, p Chapt 30 Sec 30.3, p. 681 Sec 43.3, p Chapt 4 Sec 4.5, p. 83 Chapt 12 Sec 12.2, p. 251 Sec 16.1, p. 335 Different types of hemoglobin Sec 13.3, p. 267 MHC proteins Sec 43.3, p , 987 Fig 43.5 Chlorophylls Chapt 9 Sec 9.2, p Fig 9.6, 9.7 Molecular diversity of antibodies in response to an antigen Sec 43.3, p Fig 43.2, 43.3 Table 43.2 Height and weight in humans Chapt 12 Sec 12.2, p. 251 Effect of adding lactose to a Lac+ bacterial culture

32 Sec 49.3, p Sec 16.1, p. 335 Fig 16.3 Darker fur in cooler regions of the body in certain mammal species Chapt 4 Sec 4.5, p. 83 Fig 4.17 Alterations in timing of the body in certain mammal species Sec 49.3, p C.3: The level of variation in a population affects population dynamics. 4.C.4: The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the stability of the ecosystem. Sec 20.3, p Sec 51.3, p Sec 51.4, p This book does not cover any of the suggested illustrative examples. No recommended illustrative examples supplied in Curriculum Framework. Sections of the text book that do not have to be covered in an AP Biology course: Unit 4: Biodiversity. These chapters contain several examples that pertain to the curriculum guide, but the focus of the chapters, to introduce students to the major clades of organisms, is not included in the curriculum guide.