Practicing Biology Questions

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Cameron Irma Jefferson
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1 Practicing Biology Questions Big Idea 2.A 1. Log onto Scroll down to Big Idea 2: Free Energy. Complete the video review activities listed below for videos #012, #013, and #014 under Big Idea 2. REMEMBER, EACH NUMBERED COMPONENT SHOULD a. Watch Bozeman Video #012: Life Requires Free Energy summarize key concepts and related illustrative examples in b. Watch Bozeman Video #013: Photosynthesis & Respiration summarize key concepts and related illustrative examples. In c. Watch Bozeman Video #014: Environmental Matter Exchange summarize key concepts and related illustrative examples. In 2. Part (A): Use a representation or model to describe why ATP releases a large quantity of energy when hydrolyzed. Part (B): In most cases, how does ATP transfer energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions in the cell? Provide a model (diagram) that supports your explanation. 3. A recent revival of the antievolutionary argument from design holds that biochemical pathways are too complex to have evolved, because all intermediate steps in a given pathway must be present to produce the final product. Critique this argument. How could you use the diversity of metabolic pathways that produce the same or similar products to support your case? 4. Justify, using a specific biological example NOT provided during lecture or found in your textbook, that living systems DO NOT violate the laws of thermodynamics. 5. Describe 2-3 different strategies that organisms employ to obtain free energy for cell processes (i.e., different strategies to regulate body temperature, physiological changes, variations in reproductive and offspring-rearing strategies, etc.). 6. Explain the correlation that exists between size of an organism and metabolic rate. What trends exist across species? What are some plausible explanations for these trends? 7. Predict 2-3 consequences to organisms, populations, and ecosystems if sufficient free energy is not available. Justify your prediction. 8. Part (A): Using either cellular respiration or photosynthesis, describe the components of a redox reaction. Part (B): Describe how photosynthesis and cellular respiration pathways are interdependent. Include a model that supports your description. 9. Describe the mechanisms and structural features that allow organisms to capture, store, and use free energy (i.e., autotrophs versus heterotrophs, photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, anaerobic versus aerobic respiration). 10. Create a visual representation to describe the structure of mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes and explain how membrane structure leads to the establishment of electrochemical gradients and the formation of ATP. 11. Many organisms can withstand periods of oxygen debt (anaerobic conditions). Yeast undergoing oxygen debt convert pyruvic acid to ethanol and carbon dioxide. Animals undergoing oxygen debt convert pyruvic acid to lactic acid. Pyruvic acid is fairly nontoxic even in high concentrations. However, both ethanol and lactic acid are toxic even in moderate concentrations. Explain why this conversion occurs in organisms despite the toxic nature of these substances. Big Idea 2 L. Carnes

2 12. Mitochondria isolated from liver cells can be used to study the rate of electron transport in response to a variety of chemicals. The rate of electron transport is measured as the rate of disappearance of oxygen from the solution using an oxygen-sensitive electrode. How can we justify using the disappearance of oxygen from the solution as a measure of electron transport? 13. Part (A): What color of light is least effective in driving photosynthesis in plants? Explain why this is the case. Part (B): Use a representation or model to describe the light dependent and independent reactions of photosynthesis and the interdependency of the processes in the capture and storage of free energy. 14. Chloroplast thylakoids can be isolated and purified for biochemical experiments. Shown below is an experiment in which ph was measured in a suspension of isolated thylakoids before and after light illumination (first arrow). At the time indicated by the second arrow, a chemical compound was added to the thylakoids. Examine these data and address the questions that follow. a. Based on your understanding of the function of the chloroplast, why does turning on the light cause the ph in the solution outside the thylakoids to increase? b. Given the response, the chemical added was probably an inhibitor of which of the following: oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthase, NADPH breakdown, ETC between PSI and PSII, Rubisco? 15. Explain how each of the following can be used as evidence of common ancestry AND divergence. a. The use of energetically favorable reactions, such as the conversion of ATP ADP. b. Glycolysis c. Electron Transport Chains & Chemiosmosis 16. Scientific evidence indicates that the CO 2 added to the air by the burning of wood and fossil fuels is contributing to global warming, a rise in global temperature. Tropical rain forests are estimated to be responsible for more than 20% of global photosynthesis, yet their consumption of large amounts of CO 2 is thought to make little or no net contribution to reduction of global warming. Why might this be? (HINT: consider what happens to the food produced by a rain forest tree when it is eaten by animals or the tree dies.) 17. Part (A): Identify more than four (4) chemical elements and molecules that function as key building blocks in or are eliminated as waste by living organisms. Explain the function(s) of each element in the living system. Part (B): Use the nitrogen cycle to create a simple model that shows one possible path for an atom or molecule of nitrogen from abiotic to biotic reservoirs and back. 18. Describe how the structure of a root hair, an alveolus, or a microvilli cell enhances function. 19. Justify the following statement using two illustrative examples: Living systems depend on properties of water that result from its polarity and hydrogen bonding.

20. Assume a cell is 10 µm in linear dimension. Fill in the chart and respond to the prompt below. a. 10-µm cell as a cube b. 20-µm cell as a cube c. 10-µm cell as a sphere d.

3 20. Assume a cell is 10 µm in linear dimension. Fill in the chart and respond to the prompt below. a. 10-µm cell as a cube b. 20-µm cell as a cube c. 10-µm cell as a sphere d. 20-µm cell as a sphere SA V SA/V Ratio a. In general, how does surface area change as linear dimensions increase twofold? b. In general, how does volume change as linear dimensions increase twofold? c. In general, how do SA/V ratios change as linear dimensions increase twofold? d. Explain how these shapes and ratios impact procurement of nutrients and elimination of wastes. Big Idea 2.B 21. Log onto Scroll down to Big Idea 2: Free Energy. Complete the video review activities listed below for videos #015, #016, and #017 under Big Idea 2. REMEMBER, EACH NUMBERED COMPONENT SHOULD a. Watch Bozeman Video #015: Cell Membranes summarize key concepts and related illustrative examples in your own words. Support your understanding with diagrams when appropriate. b. Watch Bozeman Video #016: Transport Across Membranes summarize key concepts and related illustrative examples. In c. Watch Bozeman Video #017: Compartmentalization summarize key concepts and related illustrative examples. In 22. Describe what is happening in the diagram below. Assume that the membrane is permeable to water only, but not the molecules (dots). 23. Use a representation or model to describe how eukaryotic cells use internal membranes that partition the cell into several specialized regions, and how cell structure of eukaryotes differs from the cell structure of prokaryotes. 24. In eukaryotic cells, ribosomes are found both free in the cytosol and attached to the rough ER. Describe (1) one ultimate destination of a protein produced on an attached ribosome, and one general function of the protein (you do not have to identify a specific protein). And (2) one ultimate destination of a protein produced on a free ribosome, and one general function of the protein (you do not have to identify a specific protein). 25. In terms of cellular structure and function, and using a relevant biological example, explain how a cell illustrates that A Living Unit Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts.

4 Big Idea 2.C 26. Log onto Scroll down to Big Idea 2: Free Energy. Complete the video review activities listed below for videos #018 and #019 under Big Idea 2. REMEMBER, EACH NUMBERED COMPONENT SHOULD HAVE A DEDICATED PAGE (that is, summarize each video on a separate piece of paper): a. Watch Bozeman Video #018: Positive and Negative Feedback Loops summarize key concepts and related illustrative examples in b. Watch Bozeman Video #019: Response to External Environments summarize key concepts and related illustrative examples. In 27. Part (A): Draw a simple positive feedback loop (your choice). Make predictions about how the mechanism amplifies activities and processes based on your model. Part (B): Describe an example of a simple negative regulatory system and how an organism uses the mechanism to respond to an environmental change. 28. Use an illustrative example and model to connect the use of negative feedback and maintaining the internal environment in response to changing external conditions and consequences if dynamic homeostasis is not maintained. 29. Part (A): Draw and describe a model that illustrates how plants use physiological mechanisms to respond to changes in their external environments. Part (B): Describe two behavioral mechanisms used by animals to respond to changes in their external environments. Big Idea 2.D 30. Log onto Scroll down to Big Idea 2: Free Energy. Complete the video review activities listed below for videos #020, #021, #022, and #023 under Big Idea 2. REMEMBER, EACH NUMBERED COMPONENT SHOULD a. Watch Bozeman Video #020: Biotic and Abiotic Factors summarize key concepts and related illustrative examples in b. Watch Bozeman Video #021: Homeostatic Evolution summarize key concepts and related illustrative examples. In c. Watch Bozeman Video #022: Homeostatic Disruptions summarize key concepts and related illustrative examples. In d. Watch Bozeman Video #023: Plant and Animal Defenses summarize key concepts and related illustrative examples. In 31. Use an appropriate example to describe how cell activities can be affected by (1) biotic factors; and (2) abiotic factors. 32. Use an appropriate example to describe how organisms activities can be affected by (1) biotic factors; and (2) abiotic factors. 33. Part (A): Discuss the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem stability. Part (B): Discuss how algal blooms can lead to instability in populations, communities, and ecosystems. 34. Justify, based on scientific evidence, the statement that homeostatic mechanisms reflect continuity due to common ancestry and/or divergence due to adaptation in different environments (i.e., mechanisms for obtaining nutrients and eliminating wastes, etc.) in several different phyla or species, using appropriate examples such as a comparison of osmoregulation in aquatic v. terrestrial plants AND in osmoregulation in bacteria, fish and protists.

5 35. Part (A): Describe how dehydration is an example of a disruption at the cellular level that can affect the health of an organism. Part (B): Describe how invasive/introduced species are an example of a disruption that can affect the balance of an entire ecosystem, using appropriate examples. Part (C): Discuss one way (other than introduced species) in which humans negatively impact the dynamic homeostasis or balance of ecosystems worldwide. 36. Use a representation or model to describe an example of a nonspecific immune defense system in plants AND animals (i.e., chemical responses, cellular responses). 37. Describe one invertebrate defense mechanism and discuss how it is an evolutionary adaptation retained in vertebrates. 38. In specific immunity, how do B cell responses differ from T cell responses? 39. Use a representation or model to describe the components of the acquired/specific immune response (cell-mediated v. humoral). 40. Discuss the role of structure/function in the antibody/antigen relationship. 41. Use a visual representation (graph) to describe the primary and secondary immune response. Discuss possible reasons for the robust nature and speed of the secondary response as compared to the primary response. Big Idea 2.E 42. Log onto Scroll down to Big Idea 2: Free Energy. Complete the video review activities listed below for videos #024, #025, and #026 under Big Idea 2. REMEMBER, EACH NUMBERED COMPONENT SHOULD a. Watch Bozeman Video #024: Development: Timing and Coordination summarize key concepts and related illustrative examples in b. Watch Bozeman Video #025: Mechanisms of Timing and Control summarize key concepts and related illustrative examples. In c. Watch Bozeman Video #026: Behavior and Natural Selection summarize key concepts and related illustrative examples. In 43. Describe a model that illustrates the role of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in normal development and differentiation of an organism of choice (i.e., morphogenesis of fingers/toes, immune function, C. elegans development, flower development, etc.). 44. Design a plan for collecting data to support the claim that the timing and coordination of physiological events in an organism of choice involve regulation (i.e., phototropism in plants, circadian rhythms, jet lag in humans, etc.). 45. Describe 2-3 examples of how a cooperative behavior benefits both the individual and the population (i.e., mutualistic relationships, niche partitioning, etc.) that involves timing and coordination of activities/events.

Unit 8 Cell Metabolism. Foldable Notes

Unit 8 Cell Metabolism. Foldable Notes Unit 8 Cell Metabolism Foldable Notes Silently read pages 94-96 of your biology textbook Middle Inside Top Vocabulary 1. ATP 2. ADP 3. Product 4. Reactant 5. Chloroplast 6. Mitochondria 7. Heterotroph