Fenugreek is an annual herb that belongs to the

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1 I J P SINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES e ISSN X Volume 2 Issue 2 July, DOI:.574/HAS/IJPS/2.2/27-28 Visit us - RESEARCHARTICLE Evlution of morpho-physiologil ttriutes of Fenugreek (Trigonell foenum greum) genotypes uner ifferent wter regimes JYOTI CHAUHAN, BAJRANG LAL KAKRALYA AND RAJESH KUMAR SINGHAL SUMMARY is one of the mjor environmentl onstrints for the griulture rop worlwie n overome of yiel penlty uner rought situtions, is the mjor gol for griulturist in future. To hieve this gol, sreenings of lnres is one of the most importnt geneti resoures for rops improvement espeilly in ry res. The present stuy ws rrie out uring 25-26, in orer to evlute rought tolerne in eight fenugreek genotypes, uner oth ontrol n rought onitions, vrious prmeters were reore t flowering n po formtion stge. The experiment ws li out in Rnomize Blok Design n replite thrie. Physiologil n iohemil prmeters viz., plnt height,reltive wter ontent (RWC), hlorophyll, n totl hlorophyll ontent, rotenois ontent, memrne stility inex (MSI) n proline ontent were use to ssess rought tolerne in fenugreek genotypes. Rnking of genotypes se on SY t oth flowering n po formtion stge showe tht Rmt- n Rmt-35 vriety hs the highest SY mong the teste genotypes uner ontrol n rought onition. Among the oserve prmeters ll prmeters h positive orreltions with SY exept proline ontent n reommene for sreening of suseptile n tolernt fenugreek genotypes for rought stress. Key Wors : Crotenois,, MSI, Proline, Reltive wter ontent, See yiel (SY) How to ite this rtile : Chuhn, Jyoti, Kkrly, Bjrng Ll n Singhl, Rjesh Kumr (27). Evlution of morphophysiologil ttriutes of Fenugreek (Trigonell foenum greum) genotypes uner ifferent wter regimes. Internt. J. Plnt Si., 2 (2): 27-28, DOI:.574/HAS/IJPS/2.2/ Artile hronile : Reeive : ; Revise : ; Aepte : MEMBERS OF THE RESEARCH FORUM Author to e ontte : JYOTI CHAUHAN, Deprtment of Plnt Physiology, Sri Krn Nrenr Agriulture University, JOBNER (RAJASTHAN) INDIA Emil : j673@gmil.om Aress of the Co-uthors: BAJRANG LAL KAKRALYA, Deprtment of Plnt Physiology, Sri Krn Nrenr Agriulture University, JOBNER (RAJASTHAN) INDIA RAJESH KUMAR SINGHAL, Deprtment of Plnt Physiology, Institute of Agriulturl Sienes, Bnrs Hinu University, VARANASI (U.P.) INDIA Fenugreek is n nnul her tht elongs to the fmily Fee n sufmily Ppilionee, wiely grown in Egypt n Mile Estern ountries (Bloi n Ro, 99 n Petropoulos, 22). Fenugreek leves n sees re wiely onsume s spie in foo preprtion euse of its strong flvor n rom n lso use s n ingreient in tritionl meiine (Rjgopln, 2). Fenugreek leves n sees re onsume in ifferent ountries roun the worl for ifferent purposes suh s meiinl uses HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

2 JYOTI CHAUHAN, BAJRANG LAL KAKRALYA AND RAJESH KUMAR SINGHAL (Estrogeni, nti-ieti, lowering loo sugr n holesterol level, nti-ner, nti-miroil et.) (Shrm, 99; Al-Hori n Rmn, 22; Smith, 23 n Sreej n Anju, 2). It is lso use s foo itive in mny ountries s stew with rie in Irn, flvor heese in Switzerln, syrup n itter rum in Germny, mixe see power with flour for mking flt re in Egypt, urries, yes, young seelings eten s vegetle, roste grin s offee-sustitute in Afri (Rjgopln, 2). The germinte sees of fenugreek ontin Leuine, Lysine n L-tryptophn rih proteins, muilginous fire n other rre hemil n ntioxints like sponins, oumrin, fenugreekine, niotini i, spogenins, phyti i, sopoletin n trigonelline, whih re thought to ount for mny of its presume therpeuti effets, my inhiit holesterol sorption n to help lower sugr levels (Smith, 23 n Khole et l., 24). Nutrient nlysis of fenugreek showe tht it is rih soure of lium, iron, lphrotene n other vitmins (Meghwl n Goswmi, 22). Fenugreek n e very useful legume rop for short-termrop rottion s it fixes nitrogen in the soil. is one the most importnt limiting ftor for rop proution n it is eoming severe prolem in mny regions of the worl. is one of the mjor physil prmeter of n environment, whih etermines the suess or filure of plnts estlishment. Generlly rought stress ours when the ville wter in the soil is reue n tmospheri onitions use ontinuous loss of wter y evpotrnspirtion (Allen et l., 998). Nevertheless, rought tolerne is omplex qunttive trit resulting from the ontriution of numerous ftors (Cttivelli et l., 28). stress hs verse effet on plnt growth, ell memrne integrity,photosyntheti tivity, pigment ontent, osmoti justment, wter reltions n imlne in minerl nutrition le to yiel penlty (Benjmin n Nielsen, 26; Pr et l., 29 n Frooq et l., 29). A erese in the reltive wter ontent (RWC) in response to rought stress hs een note in wie vriety of plnts s reporte y Nyyr n Gupt (26). Lnres re the importnt geneti resoures for improvement of rops in ry res, sine they hve umulte pttion to hrsh environment over long perio. Colletion n hrteriztion of vrious gronomi n physiologil trits of lnres re primry steps in ioti stress tolerne progrmme. With this kgroun, the propose reserh stuies ws plnne to unerstn the physiologil n iohemil mehnism tht ours in ontrsting fenugreek genotypes uner norml n wter stress onitions. It is hypothesize tht this informtion will help the plnt iologists n plnt reeers in eveloping rought tolernt fenugreek genotype in ner future. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sees of fenugreek genotypes otine from Durgpur Reserh Sttion were use for the present stuy purpose. The experiment ws onute t Reserh Frm, S.K.N. College of Agriulture, Joner (26 o 5 N n 75 o 28 E, 427 m ove men se level) uring Ri seson of The soil of the experimentl site ws lomy sn in texture, slightly lkline in retion. Men nnul preipittion n men nnul temperture uring rop seson were 4 mm n 5.5 C, respetively. Tretments re mintine y withrwing irrigtion t regulr intervl. Eight fenugreek genotypes were evlute using Rnomize Blok Design (RBD) with three replitions uner irrigtion (every two weeks) n rought stress (one irrigtion fter sowing n rinfll uring the seson till mturity of 5% of plnts in eh plot). The rop ws sown on 9 th Novemer. Severl rought stress tolerne riteri were lulte using the following formul: Fresh weight - Dry weight RWC (%) x (Turner, 98) Turgi weight - Dry weight Chlorophyll = 2.2 OD t 663nm OD t 645nm(Hisox n Isrelstm, 979) DMSO metho Chlorophyll = 2.3 OD t 645nm 5.3 OD t 663nm Totl hlorophyll = 22.2 O.D. t 663nm O.D. t 645nm or Totl hlorophyll =hlorophyll +hlorophyll Crotenois = ( OD 47nm hlorophyll -4 hlorophyll ) /229 MSI% = (-C /C 2 ) x (Premhnr et l., 99) where, C : Eletrolyte lekge (Conutivity) t 4 o C C 2 : Eletrolyte lekge (Conutivity) t o C Proline ontent (mg g - FW) were mesure y metho of Btes et l. (973). 272

3 EVALUATION OF MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF FENUGREEK GENOTYPES UNDER DIFFERENT WATER REGIMES Sttistil nlysis: Men vlues were tken from eh tretment of three inepenent replitions; n sttistil pkge for Soil Siene (SPSS Version 6.) ws use for the nlysis of Rnom Blok Design (RBD). Signifint ifferenes mong vrious tretments were etermine using Dunn s test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results otine from the present investigtion s well s relevnt isussion hve een summrize uner following hes : Plnt height (m): Plnt heights were oserve t hrvesting stge uner oth ontrol n rought onitions. In Tle the highest plnt height oserve in genotype ws Rmt m (ontrol) n Rmt m (rought), while lowest in Rmt m (ontrol) n Rmt m. Uner rought onition perent reution ws highest in Rmt per ent n lowest in Rmt per ent. SPSS nlysis showe signifint ifferene etween genotype uner ontrol n rought onition. Reltive wter ontent (RWC %) : RWC ontent in fenugreek leves were mesure in oth ontrol n rought onition t flowering n po stges. The highest reution in RWC uner rought onition ws in genotype Rmt per ent n 25.4 per ent followe y vriety Rmt per ent n 2.9 per ent, respetively t flowering n po formtion stges. However, minimum RWC ontent reution uner rought ws oserve in Rmt-35 n Rmt-33, whih ws 2 per ent (t flowering stge), 2 per ent ().94 per ent (Po stge) n.43 per ent t po stge. Highest RWC ontent uner ontrol onition ws oserve in Rmt per ent (flowering stge) n per ent (po stge) n lowest in Rmt per ent (flowering stge) n vriety Rmt per ent (po stge). Uner rought onition highest RWC ws oserve in Rmt per ent (flowering stge) n 7.53 per ent (po stge), while lowest in Rmt per ent Tle : Representing the plnt height (m) of fenugreek genotypes t hrvesting stge. Presente t in tle re the men of three replition n ± represent stnr evition etween replition. Within eh genotypes ifferent letters inite signifint ifferene y Dunn`s multiple test t P<.5 Sr. No Nme of genotype Plnt height (m). Rmt- 7.59±.75 f 66.23± Rmt ± ±.84, 3. Rmt ± ±2. 4. Rmt ±2.3,e 62.54±2.8, 5. Rmt ±2.,e 63.98±.67, 6. Rmt ± ± Rmt ±2.8 e,f 6.38± Rmt ± ±2.73 Tle 2 : Representing the see yiel (g plnt - ) of fenugreek genotypes t hrvesting stge. Presente t in tle re the men of three replition n ± represent stnr evition etween replition. Within eh genotypes ifferent letters inite signifint ifferene y Dunn`s multiple test t P<.5 Sr. No. Nme of genotype See yiel (gplnt - ). Rmt- 6.9± 6.24± 2. Rmt ± 5.9±, 3. Rmt ± 5.85±, 4. Rmt ± 6.8±, 5. Rmt ± 5.8±, 6. Rmt ± 5.8± 7. Rmt ± 5.98±, 8. Rmt ± 5.45±, 273

4 JYOTI CHAUHAN, BAJRANG LAL KAKRALYA AND RAJESH KUMAR SINGHAL (flowering stge) n 6.32 per ent (t po stge).spss nlysis showe signifint ifferene etween genotype uner ontrol onition ut uner rought vlue were non-signifint (Fig. n ). Memrne stility inex (MSI %FW): MSI ontent (%) in fenugreek leves were oserve in oth ontrol n rought onition t flowering n po stge. Stuies on memrne stility inex in fenugreek leves ws showe highest MSI % in Rmt per ent (flowering stge) n per ent (po stge) uner ontrol onition, while in rought onition, highest MSI for Rmt per ent (flowering stge) n per ent (po stge). Uner ontrol onition minimum MSI ws oserve in Rmt per ent (flowering stge), per ent (po stge). Uner rought onition highest reution ws oserve in Rmt per ent n 8.2 per ent t flowering n po stge, while minimum reution ws in vriety Rmt-35. SPSS nlysis showe signifint ifferene etween genotype uner ontrol n rought onition (Fig. 2 n ). Reltive wter ontent (RWC) % ,,,,, Rmt- Rmt-43 Rmt-33 Rmt-35 Rmt-35 Rmt-354 Rmt-36 Rmt-365 Fig. : Representing the Reltive wter ontent (RWC) of fenugreek genotype t flowering stge. Presente t in grph re the men of three replition n error r represent stnr evition etween replition. Within eh genotypes ifferent letters inite signifint ifferene y Dunn s multiple test t P<.5 Po stge Reltive wter ontent (RWC) % Rmt- Rmt-43 Rmt-33 Rmt-35 Rmt-35 Rmt-354 Rmt-36 Rmt-365 Fig. : Representing the Reltive wter ontent (RWC) of fenugreek genotype t po stge. Presente t in grph re the men of three replition n error r represent stnr evition etween replition. Within eh genotype sme letters inite non-signifint ifferene y Dunn s multiple test t P<.5 274

5 EVALUATION OF MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF FENUGREEK GENOTYPES UNDER DIFFERENT WATER REGIMES ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, MSI (%) Rmt- Rmt-43 Rmt-33 Rmt-35 Rmt-35 Rmt-354 Rmt-36 Rmt-365 Fig. 2 : Representing the memrne stility inex (MSI % FW) of fenugreek genotypes t flowering stges. Presente t in grph re the men of three replition n error r represent stnr evition etween replition. Within eh genotypes ifferent letters inite signifint ifferene y Dunn s multiple test t P< ,,,,,,,,, Po stge,,,,,, 5 MSI (%) Rmt- Rmt-43 Rmt-33 Rmt-35 Rmt-35 Rmt-354 Rmt-36 Rmt-365 Fig. 2 : Representing the memrne stility inex (MSI % FW) of fenugreek genotypes t po stge. Presente t in grph re the men of three replition n error r represent stnr evition etween replition. Within eh genotypes ifferent letters inite signifint ifferene y Dunn s multiple test t P<.5 Proline ontent (mg - FW) : Stuies on proline ontent in fenugreek leves were oserve in oth ontrol n rought onition t flowering n po stge. Highest proline ontent uner ontrol ws oserve in Rmt (flowering stge) n (po stge), while lowest in Rmt (flowering stge) n (po stge). Uner rought onition highest proline ontent were mesure in Rmt (flowering stge) n (po stge), while minimum in Rmt % (flowering stge) n 22.8 (po stge). SPSS nlysis showe signifint ifferene etween genotype uner ontrol n rought onition (Fig. 3 n ). Chlorophyll (,), totl hlorophyll n rotenoi ontent (mgg - FW): Chlorophyll (Chl., ), totl hlorophyll n rotenois ontents were mesure in fenugreek 275

6 JYOTI CHAUHAN, BAJRANG LAL KAKRALYA AND RAJESH KUMAR SINGHAL 2 Proline (mg g - FW) ,,, Rmt- Rmt-43 Rmt-33 Rmt-35 Rmt-35 Rmt-354 Rmt-36 Rmt-365 Fig. 3 : Representing the proline ontent of fenugreek genotypes t flowering stge. Presente t in grph re the men of three replition n error r represent stnr evition etween replition. Within eh genotypes ifferent letters inite signifint ifferene y Dunn s multiple test t P<.5. 5 Po stge Proline (mg g - FW) 4 3 2,,,,,,,,,, Rmt- Rmt-43 Rmt-33 Rmt-35 Rmt-35 Rmt-354 Rmt-36 Rmt-365 Fig. 3 : Representing the Proline ontent of fenugreek genotypes t po stge. Presente t in grph re the men of three replition n error r represent stnr evition etween replition. Within eh genotypes ifferent letters inite signifint ifferene y Dunn s multiple test t P<.5 levesuner oth ontrol n rought onition t flowering n po stges. Result showe tht hlorophyll (Chl., ), totl hlorophyll n rotenois ontents were highest in the vriety Rmt-365 followe y Rmt-36 n Rmt-35 uner ontrol onition t flowering n po stge.uner rought onition hlorophyll (Chl., ), totl hlorophyll n rotenois ontents were highest in the Rmt t flowering n po stge. Uner rought onition highest reution in hlorophyll (Chl., ), totl hlorophyll n rotenois ontents were oserve 9.44%, 93.75%, 9.76%, 45.45% (flowering stge) n 84.9%, 86.3, 8.56%, 6.7% (po stge) in Rmt-365. SPSS nlysis showe signifint ifferene etween genotype uner ontrol n rought onition (Fig 4 - h). See yiel (g plnt - ) : See yiel per plnt oserve in ll genotype uner oth ontrol n rought onitions n it ws foun tht in ontrol onition highest see yiel from genotype Rmt- 276

7 EVALUATION OF MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF FENUGREEK GENOTYPES UNDER DIFFERENT WATER REGIMES Chlorophyll mg g - FW.5.5 Rmt- Rmt-43 Rmt-33 Rmt-35 Rmt-35 Rmt-354 Rmt-36 Rmt-365 Fig., Po stge Chlorophyll mg g - FW ,,,,,,,,, Rmt- Rmt-43 Rmt-33 Rmt-35 Rmt-35 Rmt-354 Rmt-36 Rmt-365 Fig., 4.7 Chlorophyll mg g - FW ,,,,, Rmt- Rmt-43 Rmt-33 Rmt-35 Rmt-35 Rmt-354 Rmt-36 Rmt-365 Fig., 4 277

8 JYOTI CHAUHAN, BAJRANG LAL KAKRALYA AND RAJESH KUMAR SINGHAL.6 Po stge Chlorophyll mg g - FW ,,,,,. Rmt- Rmt-43 Rmt-33 Rmt-35 Rmt-35 Rmt-354 Rmt-36 Rmt-365 Genotype Fig. 4 Totl Chlorophyll mg g - FW ,,e e,,e,,,, Rmt- Rmt-43 Rmt-33 Rmt-35 Rmt-35 Rmt-354 Rmt-36 Rmt-365 Genotype Fig. 4 e Totl Chlorophyll mg g - FW Po stge,,,,,,, Rmt- Rmt-43 Rmt-33 Rmt-35 Rmt-35 Rmt-354 Rmt-36 Rmt-365 Fig. 4 f 278

9 EVALUATION OF MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF FENUGREEK GENOTYPES UNDER DIFFERENT WATER REGIMES 3.5 Crotnoi mg g - FW ,,,,,,.5 Rmt- Rmt-43 Rmt-33 Rmt-35 Rmt-35 Rmt-354 Rmt-36 Rmt-365 Genotype Fig. 4 g 3 Po stge Crotnoi mg g - FW ,,,,,,, Fig. 4h Rmt- Rmt-43 Rmt-33 Rmt-35 Rmt-35 Rmt-354 Rmt-36 Rmt-365 Genotype Fig. 4-h re representing the Chlorophyll (Chl., ), totl hlorophyll n rotenois ontents (mgg - FW) ontent of fenugreek genotypes t flowering n po stge respetively. Presente t in grph re the men of three replition n error r represent stnr evition etween replition. Within eh genotypes ifferent letters inite signifint ifferene y Dunn s multiple test t P< followe y Rmt , while lowest in Rmt followe y Rmt Uner rought highest see yiel ws oserve in genotype Rmt followe y Rmt-35, while lowest in Rmt followe y Rmt g plnt -. SPSS nlysis showe signifint ifferene etween genotype uner rought onition ut uner ontrol t were nonsignifint. Oservtions on see yiel plnt - uner ontrol n rought onitions re represente in Tle 2. Wter is one of the mjor ftor whih limits the rop proution. Fenugreek rop respons to wter stress in the form of hnges in vrious physiologil, iohemil n moleulr proesses. In the present stuy, with eight genotypes vrying in fiel performne in response to wter stress, morpho-physiologil prmeters re evlute. All these prmeters helpe in ssessing tolernt versus suseptile genotypes t physiologil levels etween the two ritil stges of wter stress. 279

10 JYOTI CHAUHAN, BAJRANG LAL KAKRALYA AND RAJESH KUMAR SINGHAL Result of present stuy showe tht the reltive wter ontent erese signifintly in ll the vrieties t oth flowering n po formtion stge uring rought onition. Exposure of plnts to rought stress sustntilly erese the lef wter potentil, reltive wter ontent n trnspirtion rte, with onomitnt inrese in lef temperture, whih negtively ffet the see yiel (Siiqueet l., 2). In present investigtion signifint n positive orreltion of reltive wter ontent with see yiel ws oserve t flowering n po formtion stges. In the present stuy, Chlorophyll,, totl hlorophyll n rotenoi ontent erese signifintly in ll the vrieties t oth the stges ue to wter stress onition. Low level erese in hlorophyll in genotypes inites tht their photosyntheti pprtus is le to resist verse onitions. On the other hn umultion of higher hlorophyll ontent t flowering ompre to po formtion stges my e ue to sugr synthesize in photosynthesis n reks own uring respirtion y plnts. -rotene present in the hloroplsts of ll green plnts is exlusively oun to the ore omplexes of photosystem I n photosystem II. -rotene funtioning s n essory pigment, ntioxint through iret quenhing of triplet hlorophyll Therefore, for etter yiels uner stress, higher hlorophyll n hlorophyll ontent ontriutes to higher plnts proutivity. The resulte re supporte work of Whi (27) n Agrwl et l. (23). Exposure of plnts to ertin environmentl stresses quite often les to the genertion of retive oxygen speies (ROS). ROS use lipi peroxition n onsequently memrne injuries, protein egrtion n enzyme intivtion. It is generlly epte tht the mintenne of integrity n stility of memrnes (MSI) unerwter stress is mjor omponent of rought tolerne in plnts (Premhnr et l., 99 n Sirm et l., 25). In the present stuy, higher levels of proline were oserve in ll genotypes sujete to wter stress s ompre to ontrol. Hene, the results of present investigtion showing high umultion of proline t po formtion ompre to flowering in the stresse tissues of ll genotypes inites po formtion stge to e more responsive stge in terms of ellulr osmoti justment. In present stuy, the vrieties Rmt-3 n Rmt-35 exhiite higher grin yiel, thus showing the existene of rought tolerne mehnism. Aknowlegement: Authors re grteful to Dr. G.K. Mittl, Professor, Deprtment of Biohemistry, Dr DhirenrSingh Professor, Deprtment of Plnt Breeing n Genetis, Dr. D.L. Bgi, Asstt. Professor, Deprtment of Plnt Physiology, S.K.N. College of Agriulture, Joner for proviing ssistne n neessry filities uring the ourse of investigtion. REFERENCES Agrwl, K.B., Rnjn, J.K., Rthore, S.S., Sxen, S.N. n Mishr, B.K. (23). Chnges in physil n iohemil properties of fenugreek (Trigonell sp. L.) lef uring ifferent growth stges. Internt. J. See Spies, 3 () : Al-Hori, M. n Rmn, A. (22). Phrmologil properties in Fenugreek. In Petropoulos, G.A. (e.). The genus Trigonell. Tylor n Frnis, Lonon n New York, pp Allen, R.G., Pereir, L.S., Res, D. n Smith, M. (998). Crop evpotrnspirtion-guielines for omputing rop wter requirements-fao Irrigtion n ringe pper 56. FAO, Rome, 3(9), p.d59. Bloi, B. n Ro, R.R. (99). The genus Trigonell L. (Fee) in the northwest Himly. J. Eon. Tx. But., 5():-6. Btes, L.S., Wlren, R.P. n Tere, I.D. (973). Rpi etermintion of free proline for wter stress stuies. Plnt Soil, 39 : Benjmin, J.G. n Nielsen, D.C. (26). Wter efiit effets on root istriution of soyen, fiel pe n hikpe. Fiel Crops Res., 97(2) : Cttivelli, L., Rizz, F., Bek, F.W., Mzzuotelli, E., Mstrngelo, A.M., Frni, E., Mre, C., Tonelli, A. n Stn, A.M. (28). tolerne improvement in rop plnts: n integrte view from reeing to genomis. Fiel Crops Res., 5() : - 4. Frooq, M., Whi, A., Koyshi, N., Fujit, D. n Bsr, S.M.A. (29). Plnt rought stress: effets, mehnisms n mngement. In Sustinle griulture (pp ).Springer Netherlns. Grieve, M. (97). A moern herl: the meiinl, ulinry, osmeti n eonomi properties, ultivtion n folk-lore of hers, grsses, fungi, shrus, & trees with ll their moern sientifi uses (Vol. 2). Courier Corportion. Hisox, J.T. n Isrelstm, G.F. (979) A metho for the 28

11 EVALUATION OF MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF FENUGREEK GENOTYPES UNDER DIFFERENT WATER REGIMES extrtion of hlorophyll from lef tissue without mertion. Cnin J. Bot., 57(2): Khole, S., Chtterjee, S., Vriyr, P., Shrm, A., Devsgym, T.P.A. n Ghski, S. (24). Biotive onstituents of germinte fenugreek sees with strong ntioxint potentil. J. Funtionl Foos, 6 : Meghwl, M. n Goswmi, T.K. (22). A review on the funtionl properties, nutritionl ontent, meiinl utiliztion n potentil pplition of fenugreek. J. Foo Proessing & Tehnol., 3 (9) : -. Moyer, J.R., Ahry, S.N., Mir, Z. n Dorm, R.C. (23). Wee mngement in irrigte fenugreek grow for forge in rottion with other nnul rops. Cnin J. Plnt Si., 83 : Nyyr, H. n Gupt, D. (26). Differentil sensitivity of C 3 n C 4 plnts to wter efiit stress: ssoition with oxitive stress n ntioxints. Environ. & Experimentl Bot., 58() : 6-3. Petropoulos, G.A. (22). Fenugreek. In Petropoulos, G.A. (e.). The genus Trigonell.Tylor n Frnis, Lonon n New York. Pr, M.L., Cirns, J.E., Bu, R.C. n Lfitte, H.R. (29). Ientifition of physiologil trits unerlying ultivr ifferenes in rought tolerne in rie n whet. Crop Si.,95 : Premhnr, G.S., Sneok, H., Kny, M. n Ogt, S. (99). Cell memrne stility n lef surfe wx ontent s ffete y inresing wter efiits in 2 th Yer of Exellene mize. J. Exp. Bot., 42 : Rjgopln, M.S. (2). Fenugreek svory meiinl. Supplement Inustry Exeutive, 5 (6) : Sirm, K.R., Agrwl, S., Srivstv, G.C., Arun, T. n Meer, C.R. (25). Role of ABA sliyli i, lium n hyrogen peroxie on ntioxient enzymes inution in whet seelings. Plnt Si., 69 : Sirm, R.K., Deshmukh, P.S. n Sxen, D.C. (998). Role of ntioxint systems in whet genotypes tolerne to wter stress. Biol. Plnt., 4 : Shrm, R.D. (99). Effet of fenugreek on loo gluose n serum lipis in Type ietes. Europen J. Clinil Nutri., 44:3-36. Siique, M.R.B., Hmi, A. n Islm, M.S. (2). stress effets on wter reltions of whet. Bot. Bull. A. Sini, 4 : Smith, M. (23) Therpeuti pplitions of fenugreek. Alterntive Me. Rev., 8() : Sreej, S. n Anju, V.S. (2). In vitro estrogeni tivities of fenugreek Trigonell foenum greum sees. Inin J. Me. Res., 3 : Turner, N.C. (98). Tehniques n experimentl pprohes for the mesurement of plnt wter sttus. Plnt & Soil, 58(-3): Whi, A. (27). Physiologil implitions of metolites iosynthesis in net ssimiltion n het stress tolerne of sugrne ( Shrum offiinrum) sprouts, J. Plnt Res., 2 :