ABOUT WINTER TRITICALE CULTIVATION IN ESTONIA

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1 80 ABOUT WINTER TRITICALE CULTIVATION IN ESTONIA M. Alru 1, Ü. Lur 1 1 Estonin University of Life Sienes ABSTRACT. The experiment ws rrie out in 2001/ /04 t the Deprtment of Fiel Crop Husnry of the Estonin Agriulturl University ner Trtu ( N, E) on Stgni Luvisol (WRB lssifition) soil (sny lom, orgni mtter 2.1%, ph KCL 6.0). Ten winter tritile ultivrs were use: Mous,,, Lsko, Dgro,, Lmerto, Ulrik, n Fielio. Winter rye Vmo n winter whet Kosk were use s ontrol. The post-hierntion growth perio of 2002 ws ry n wrm, the sme perios of 2003 n 2004 were wet n quite ol. This stuy ws onute to investigte (i) winter tritile grin yiel potentil n yiel stility in hngele limti onitions of Estoni; n (ii) evlution of winter tiritle ultivr for feeing to pigs. Grin yiel s n verge of three yers ws higher thn 6000 kg/h in tritile ultivrs Lmerto,,, n Mous. It ws 14 21% higher thn for rye n 22 28% higher thn for whet. Lower grin yiel level hs een gine from ultivrs Lsko (euse of winter ol sensitivity), Ulrik n (euse of inonsistent mturing of er-ering tillers). Grin yiel ws mostly ffete y ultivr n then y limti onitions (oeffiient of etermintion were 52 n 19%, respetively). Grin yiel stility ws etermine y oeffiient of vrition. Between winter tritile ultivrs the most stle grin yiel ws in ultivr Fielio (whih ws sttistilly omprle with whet n rye), euse of very stle wintering. Tritile kernels sensitivity to pre-hrvest sprouting gets frequently lower level of flling numer t of tritile ultivrs. The minimum flling numer requirement effetive in Estoni for rye s foo (100 s) ws exeee of the tritile ultivrs only y, Lmerto n (136, 124 n 109s, respetively). Flling numer vlues were signifintly ffete y limti onitions n ultivr (oeffiients of etermintion were 38 n 34%, respetively). Sustitution of rley with tritile up to 25% ws not suitle for piglets, ut the growth rte of fttening pigs ompre with young pigs inrese signifintly (P<0.05) 9.3%. Differenes etween fee intke in young n fttening pigs were not signifint. As tritile grin yiel level is higher thn rley s one, then it is possile to proue more meet per h y sustitution of rley with tritile up to 25% in pig iets. Keywors: tritile, grin yiel potentil, yiel stility, flling numer, tritile s pig fee. Introution Worl foo proution is limite lrgely y environmentl stress; it is oumente ft, tht only 10% of worl rle ln my e lssifie s free of stress (Dul, 1976). Some kin of minerl stress ffets rop yiels on 20% of ln, rought on 26% n freezing stress on 15% of rle ln, respetively. Minly effets of environmentl stress explin the isprity etween potentil n tul yiel. There is long history of gronomi prties irete t llevition of environmentl stress y proution inputs, when this inputs re reily ville n inexpensive wht is the se in moern, high -input griulture. This metho of foo proution seems to e rehing its limits, minly euse of eologil n eonomil onstrins. Nowys, the sustinle griulture prties re vote. This prties onsist shift wy from mnipulting environment in orer to fit rop nees to geneti lterntion of plnt to tolerte environments with reue inputs (Aniol, 2002). Uner ultivtion, rop vriety tolernt to stress must not merely survive ut proue resonle griulture yiel n proue it with stility over yers in vrile limti onitions (Blum, 1988). Improving rop resistne to environmentl stress will e sustntil ontriution in this iretion, sine it ws lulte tht 71% of yiel reutions re ue to ioti stresses (Aeveo, Fereres, 1993; Wilkinson et l., 2002). In Europe tritile is silly fee grin so oes not ompete ginst premium erel proution suh s re milling whet, urum whet, n mlting rleys. The sustntil improvement in the plnt moel of tritile hs resulte in the rop moving onto more fertile n proutive ln. The min ompetitive slot for tritile relly omes own to seon n thir fee whet n fee rley (Green, 2002). Tritile s first mn-me rop ws esigne in orer to otin erel, whih omines goo qulity grin yiel from whet prent with tolerne to ioti n ioti stresses. Tritile hs potentil of oth prentl speies; strins n ultivrs were foun tolernt to rought (Jessop, 1996), soil iity n luminium toxiity (Aniol, 1996) n slinity (Gorhm, 1990). The generl sitution of tritile regre s erel for mrginl ln n in-frm erel with very limite presene in internl or interntionl erel mrket. It mens tht resoures ville for reserh n reeing re lso very limite n iffiult to otin. With the vne of genomis this sitution might hnge n tritile s soure of genes enoing resistne to rought, frost n minerl toxiities/efiienies might ttrt more reserh effort n money.

2 Aout winter tritile ultivtion in Estoni 81 Tritile ultivtion pproximtely oule in Estoni over lst three yers. A omprison of the yiels of the min fee rop in Estoni rley with tht of tritile shows tht in 2000 n 2001 tritile yiele 7 26% more grin per hetre thn rley (Ministry of Agriulture report, 2003). In utumn 2003 tritile ws hrveste from 8,400 h, whih ounte for 3.1% of the totl re uner erels. This stuy ws onute to (i) investigte geneti vriility of ptterns of grin yiel potentil, yiel stility, protein ontent n pre-hrvest sprouting tolerne in ifferent winter tritile ultivrs; n (ii) to ssess tritile s fee for pigs. Mteril n methos 10 winter tritile ultivrs (Mous,, Lsko, Dgro, Ulrik, Lmerto,, Fielio,, ) were use to investigte the grin yiel potentil, yiel stility in hngele limti onitions of Estoni, grin protein ontent n pre-hrvest sprouting tolerne y mesuring the flling numer fter hrvest. Winter tritile prents winter rye Vmo n winter whet Kosk were use s ontrol. 60 kg N h 1 ws pplie s NH 4 NO 3 t tillering stge of plnts. The experimentl plots were 10 m 2 n plots were one in rnomize lok esign with 3 replites. Winter rops were sown in the first ee of Septemer y mhine to epth of 3 5 m with 15 m etween rows t ensity of 400 sees m -2 on Stgni Luvisol (WRB lssifition) soil (sny lom, humus 2.1, ph KCL 6.0). Meteorologil t ws tken from meteorologil sttion in Eerik ner the experimentl fiel. Grin yiel n yiel stility ws influene y limti onitions very muh. In 2002 the temperture t of ll post-hierntion growth perio ws muh higher thn on n verge of mny yers n hrvest time me erlier thn vergely. In 2003 n 2004 the temperture t from the eginning of My up to the seon ee of July (plnt evelopment stges EC30 70) ws lower thn on n verge of mny yers n therefore plnts mture very slowly. There ws muh more preipittion in 2003 n 2004 thn on n verge. The totl mount of preipittion ws 109 mm n 164 mm higher in 2003 n 2004 respetively, thn on n verge in mny yers. Uner riny wether onitions in these yers the hrvest time of winter tritile ultivrs elye ys. The totl grin yiel of the plots ws etermine n onverte to 86% ry mtter ontent. Grin protein ontent (Tetor Kjelte pprtus, N 6.25), ontent of rw fire n rw sh were etermine in the Institute of Animl Husnry of Estonin Agriulturl University. Feeing experiments with pigs were rrie out in Kehtn pig-reeing sttion y L. Nigul in In these experiments 20 25% of rley ws sustitute y winter tritile ultivr n pigs weigth gin were mesure. Two-wy (ANOVA) nlysis of vrine ws use to test sttistil signifine of vriles. Correltion nlysis ws use to ientify reltionships etween vriles n esriptive sttistis were use. Mens re presente together with their stnr errors (±S.E.). Results n isussion Grin yiel s n verge of three yers ws higher thn 6000 kg/h in tritile ultivrs Lmerto,,, n Mous. It ws 14 21% higher thn for rye n 22 28% higher thn for whet (Figure 1) Grin yiel, kg/h Lsko Dgro Ulrik Fielio Mous Lmerto Kosk Vmo * ifferent letters enote sttistilly signifint ifferene Figure 1. Grin yiel of ifferent winter rops ultivrs s n verge of yers

3 82 M. Alru, Ü. Lur Lower grin yiel level hs een gine from ultivrs Lsko (euse of winter ol sensitivity) n Dgro (euse of inonsistent mturing of er-ering tillers). Grin yiel ws mostly ffete y ultivr n then y limti onitions (oeffiient of etermintion were 52 n 19%, respetively). Grin yiel stility ws etermine y oeffiient of vrition (Figure 2). Between winter tritile ultivrs the most stle grin yiel ws in ultivr Fielio (whih ws sttistilly omprle with whet n rye), euse of very stle wintering. Vulnerility of ultivrs to environmentl vrition n e viewe s rrier to improving yiel potentil. This is pprent when onsiering the ft tht ny reeing progrm must rete lines whih re pte to rnge of environments, t the very lest those representing yerly wether flututions s well those impose y vrying frmers prties (Reynols et l., 2003). 35 Coeffiient of vrition Figure 2. Stility of ifferent winter rops ultivrs grin yiel s n verge of yers Cultivrs, whih h higher protein ontent n overome the minimum norm for of higher qulity fee (12 %; Lemer et l., 1999) were Lsko, Dgro,, Fielio n (Figure 3). Protein ontent ws mostly ffete y limti onitions n then y ultivr (oeffiient of etermintion were 68 n 25%, respetively). Tritile is repute to e perspetive fee grin, whih hs some vntges: high grin yiel potentil, yiel stility, suitle mino i omposition, pttion with poor n sny soil n resistne to mny iseses (Bok et l., 1988; Hein, 1996; Honermeier, 1999). Lower fire ontent of tritile grins improves its qulity s fee. Protein ontent, % e f 8 Fielio Lsko Dgro Ulrik Vmo Kosk Mous Lmerto Mous Lmerto Fielio Lsko Dgro Ulrik Vmo Kosk * ifferent letters enote sttistilly signifint ifferene * ifferent letters enote sttistilly signifint ifferene Figure 3. Protein ontent of ifferent winter rops ultivrs in In Estonin hngele wether onitions the fster mturing n erlier hrvest time is very importnt. As n verge of three tril yers tritile ultivrs strte to flower fter rye n efore whet, ut euse of

4 Aout winter tritile ultivtion in Estoni 83 longer grin filling perio the mturing of kernels elye n hrvest time me with whet. Therml time from erly spring up to hrvest time for tritile ws vergely too long n hrvest time me usully in the seon prt of August. Tritile is known s rop with higher α-mylse tivity, therefore the erlier mturing is very importnt to voi the pre-hrvest sprouting (Mustenko et l., 1983; Brnlr et l., 1985; Oettler, 1991). The kgroun of tritile my represent hyri effet for the rye genome in terms of oth rye-whet genomi intertions n rye-nuler-whet ytoplsm intertions, in whih the rye prolmin genes my e tivte y ftor proue y the whet genome (Penner, Soles, 1990). Flling numer t were negtively orrelte with protein ontent (r= 0.66; P<0.001). Tritile kernels sensitivity to pre-hrvest sprouting gets frequently lower level of flling numer t of tritile ultivrs. The minimum flling numer requirement effetive in Estoni for rye s foo (100 s; Tupits et l., 1999) ws exeee of the tritile ultivrs only y, Lmerto n (136, 124 n 109s, respetively; Figure 4). Flling numer vlues were signifintly ffete y limti onitions n ultivr (oeffiients of etermintion were 38 n 34%, respetively) f Flling numer, s e 0 Mous Lmerto Fielio Lsko Dgro Ulrik Vmo Kosk * ifferent letters enote sttistilly signifint ifferene Figure 4. Flling numer of ifferent winter rops ultivrs s n verge of 2002 n 2004 The results of hemil nlyses of rley n tritile ultivr, use in feeing experiment with pigs, is presente in Tle 1. Sustitution of rley with tritile up to 25% ws not suitle for piglets, ut the growth rte of fttening pigs ompre with young pigs inrese signifintly (P<0.05) 9.3%. Differenes etween fee intke of young pigs n fttening pigs were not signifint. As tritile grin yiel level is higher thn rley s one, then it is possile to proue more meet per h y sustitution of rley with tritile up to 25% in pig iets. Tle 1. Fee nutritive ontent in 2002 Nutrients Brley Tritile Protein, % C, g/kg P, g/kg Fire, % Metolizle energy, MJ/kg Conlusions 1. Winter tritile ultivtion iversifies the griulturl proution. Most of winter tritile ultivrs h higher grin yiel level thn rye, whet n rley. Yiel stility epene mostly on winter ol sensitivity. 2. Sensitivity of tritiles to pre-hrvest sprouting ereses the flling numer vlues n it is quite prolemti to use tritile s foo grin in humi Estonin limti onitions. 3. It is importnt to ontinue the feeing experiments with ifferent winter tritile ultivrs, prove the tritile grin silge n evlute its qulity. Aknowlegements This stuy ws finnilly supporte y the Estonin Sientifi Fountion (grnt nr. 4808) n y the Dnish Government sholrship (Cirius) in 2001.

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