Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2016, 15(0): Available online at ScienceDirect

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1 Journl of ntegrtive Agriulture 2016, 15(0): Aville online t SieneDiret RESEARCH ARTCLE Effets of k ft, growth rte, n ge t first mting on Yorkshire n Lnre sow longevity in Chin HU Bin, MO De-lin, WANG Xio-ying, LU Xio-hong, CHEN Yo-sheng Stte Key Lortory of Bioontrol, Shool of Life Sienes, Sun Yt-Sen University, Gungzhou , P.R.Chin Astrt n the present stuy, geneti prmeters for longevity n geneti orreltions with k ft (BF), verge ily gin (ADG), n first mting ge (FMA) were estimte from Yorkshire n Lnre sows from 12 frms erive from one reeing system. Generl liner moels (GLM) were employe to estimte geneti orreltions with heritility (h 2 ). Longevity ws efine y six ifferent prmeters (i.e., trits) n heritility rnge from h 2 =0.13 to 0.16 (P<0.05) in oth swine rees. Geneti orreltions etween ifferent longevity efinitions were positive n high (r=0.79 to 0.99; P<0.05). BF exhiite low positive geneti orreltions (r=0.12 to 0.15; P<0.05) with longevity trits ientifie in oth pig rees whih were epenent on trit efinition, wheres ADG n FMA showe wek negtive geneti orreltions with longevity trits. The influene of BF, ADG, n FMA on longevity trits ws exmine y iviing the proution n reproutive trits into severl numeril groups; the influene of eh longevity trit ws susequently nlyze mong the ifferent groups. The results inite BF ws the est trit to improve longevity mong BF, ADG, n FMA, whih showe positive effets for lmost ll longevity trits. For Yorkshire sows, gilts with over 18 mm BF were most esirle; Lnre with mm BF were suitle for longevity. ADG ws not fvorle for gilt seletion, euse the orreltion etween growth rte n longevity very low. For FMA, our results inite gilts mting efore 230 ys exhiite longer life spn. Therefore, we suggest frmers shoul selet for thiker k ft n mte t n erlier ge to improve sow longevity. Keywors: sow, longevity, k ft, verge ily gin, first mting ge 1. ntroution During the lst two ees, the primry emphsis in swine-reeing progrms hs een in geneti improvement of eonomilly importnt proution (e.g., growth, rss, Reeive 15 Jnury, 2016 Aepte 28 April, 2016 HU Bin, Moile: , E-mil: husno@foxmil. om; Corresponene CHEN Yo-sheng, Tel/Fx: , E-mil: hyosh@mil.sysu.eu.n 2016, CAAS. All rights reserve. Pulishe y Elsevier Lt. oi: /S (16) n met qulity) n reproution (e.g., litter size) trits. The BLUP (Best Liner Unise Preition) tehnique, whih estimtes reeing vlues for intensive seletion hs le to notle geneti progress in worlwie swine reeing progrms, resulting in reue k ft (BF) n improve growth rtes, however intensive seletion on proution n reproution trits shortens sow longevity (Englom et l. 2008). n hers, sow longevity trits re importnt proution prmeters, whih n impt frmer profits. mprovements in longevity trits will le to inrese proution pity, erese proution osts, n more profit mrgin enefits (Hoge n Btes 2011). Stler et l. (2003) reporte sow shoul omplete three prities, on verge, for replement gilt investment to e profitle. n Europe

2 *** et l. Journl of ntegrtive Agriulture 2016, 15(0): n North Ameri, the nnul ulling rtio of ommeril rossre sows is % n lrge proportion of ulling sows re in low prity (Englom et l. 2007; Nikkil et l. 2013). n South Chin, the high temperture n high-humiity limte tens to e unfvorle for sow fertility; n eviene from the region shows ~22% of the ulle sows proue only one litter n 58% were ulle efore the fourth litter. Therefore, it is vitl to onsier longevity in pig reeing progrms. Previous stuies provie heritility (h 2 ) estimtes for sow longevity with vlues rnging from 0.02 to 0.3, whih lerly inite the potentil for improvement (Johnson n Nugent 2008; Englom et l. 2009; Nikkil et l. 2013; Sozynsk n Blihrski 2015). n ition, geneti orreltions etween longevity n proution trits shoul e exmine to voi unfvorle effets on future swine reeing. However, results regring the reltionship etween longevity n importnt eonomi proution trits, suh s BF n verge ily gin (ADG) re not onsistent. For exmple, Englom et l. (2009) n Knuer et l. (2010) reporte fvorle ssoition etween sow longevity, BF n ADG. Knuer et l. (2010) suggeste positive effets of ADG n BF on sow longevity, ut not in ll m lines. Alterntively, Stler et l. (2005) n Serenius n Stler (2007) emonstrte reltionships etween longevity trits n BF n first mting ge (FMA) were non-liner. Chin proue in exess of million tons of pork in 2012 (Wng 2006; Winhorst 2012). The ountry therefore omintes in worl pork proution n onsumption, n of neessity possesses the lrgest swine slughter pity in the worl. Therefore, sow longevity improvements n le to sustntil profits for the Chinese swine inustry. However, urrently notle sene of geneti evlution reports regring sow longevity in Chin exists. Consequently, the primry ojetive of this stuy ws to onut preliminry investigtion on the geneti prmeters for longevity trits n etermine ny geneti orreltions with BF, ADG, n FMA in Yorkshire n Lnre sows in Chin. Sow longevity is omplex trit, exhiiting ifferent prmeters effeting n therefore efining longevity. n our stuy, we pplie the following six ifferent longevity prmeters: length of life (LL), length of proutive life (LPL), numer of [lifetime] litters (NL), totl numer orn [uring] lifetime (TNBL), totl numer orn live [uring] lifetime (TBAL), n pig lifetime effiieny (PLFE). 2. Mterils n methos 2.1. Dt soure This stuy inlue t erive from Yorkshire n Lnre femles with reproutive performne n proution reors otine from Jnury 1998 to Deemer 2014 in 12 frms. These frms elong to one reeing system. To voiing inreeing umultion n elerting geneti progress, the semen of exellent ors usully exhnge mong these frms whih oul gurntee geneti onnetion mong these frms. The t ws ollete from the PG ( tse whih elonging to ompny responsile for South Chin swine reeing progrms. Gilts n sows from ll frms were house inoors uring gesttion n reeing. niviuls were fe with orn n soyen mel iets. Artifiil insemintion (A) ws performe two to three times fter estrus ws ientifie. Pregnny ientifition ws performe pproximtely 30 ys fter A. After irth, piglets were generlly wene t ~28 ys. The proution reors inlue swine er tgs, her, yer, sire, m, irth te, weight, n gilt BF t test te. The reproutive t for the sows tht proue suessive prities (omplete reors) inlue prity, A te, frrowing te, totl numer of piglets orn, numer of pigs orn live, numer of stillorn pigs n numers of pigs orn s mummy n srwny piglets Dt justments n eits Bk ft (BF) ws juste to 100 kg ys oring to the Ntionl Swine Geneti Evlution Center (NSGEC) guielines. BF ws mesure t the 10th ri. BF thikness ws juste to 100 kg oy weight using the following formul. Ajuste BF for Yorkshire =13.706/{ [ (Weight t performne test 100)]} Ajuste BF for Lnre =13.983/{ [ (Weight t performne test 100)]} Averge ily gin (ADG) from irth to 100 kg ws lulte s ivie y juste 100 kg ys. The ys to 100 kg ws juste using the following formul: Ajuste 100 kg ys=age t performne test (Weight t performne test 100)/(Weight t performne test/age t performne test ) ADG (g 1 )=10 000/Ajust 100 kg ys Either the ADG or BF reor, whih ws equl to zero, ws elete from the t set resulting in only 0.1% of the reors elete. First mting ge (FMA) ws lulte s the mting ge for the te of the first suessful frrowing. Sows with only one or suessive prity reproutive reors were use. The iniviul sow lifetime reproutive reors were lulte ross ll prities n sow proution reors were omine with sow lifetime reproutive performne reors. Finl reors for eh iniviul femle were susequently quire. Every sow h BF, ADG, FMA, n six longevity trits reors in this stuy.

3 4 *** et l. Journl of ntegrtive Agriulture 2016, 15(0): Longevity trits efinitions Sow s length of life (LL) ws efine s the numer of ys etween irth n ulling te. The length of proutive life (LPL) ws etermine s the numer of ys from first to lst frrowing. The numer of litters (NL) ws efine s the numer of litters uring sow s lifetime. Lifetime reproutive trits were lulte s the totl numer of offspring orn uring sow s lifetime (TNBL) n the totl numer of offspring orn live uring sow s lifetime (TBAL). Sow s lifetime effiieny (PLFE) ws lulte s the TBAL ivie y LL Dt nlysis The following sttistil moel ws pplie to estimte geneti prmeters for the longevity trits: y ijklnm =μ+hys j +BFG K +ADGG i +FMAG n + m +e ijklnm (1) Where, y ijklnm =the trit mesure on sow m, μ=interept, HYS j =her-yer-seson of irth, BFG K =kft group, ADGG i =verge ily gin group, FMAG n =first mting ge group, m =itive geneti effet of sow m with m ~N(0, Aσ 2), where, A is the numertor reltionship mtrix n σ2 is the itive geneti vrine. Resiul e ijklnm ws the rnom resiul with e ijklnm ~N(0, σ 2), where, e σ2 is the error e vrine n is the ientity mtrix. The following sttistil moel ws use for ADG, BF n FMA: y ijm =μ+hys j + m +e ijm (2) Where, y ijm =the trit mesure on sow m, μ=interept, HYS j =her-yer-seson of irth, m =itive geneti effet of sow m with m ~N(0, Aσ 2), n e =the rnom resiul ijm with e ijm ~N(0, σ 2). e The two-trit BLUP moel ws y 1 X 1 0 β 1 y = 2 0 X 2 β + Z 0 α 1 1 e Z 2 α + (3) 2 e 2 Where, y 1 ws the vetors of rw phenotypes of longevity trits n y 2 ws the vetors of rw phenotypes of proution trits; β 1 ws the vetor of fixe effets inlue in formul (1); β 2 ws the vetor of fixe effets inlue in formul (2); X 1 n X 2 were the iniene mtries linking β 1 to y 1 n β 2 to y 2 ; α 1 α 2 ws the vetor of itive geneti effets; Z 1 n Z 2 were the iniene mtries linking α 1 to y 1 n α 2 to y 1 ; e 1 n e 2 were the vetors of resiuls for y 1 n y 2, respetively. t ws ssume tht α 1 α ~N(0, 2 G 0 A( 这个符号对吗?) 还是乘号?), where G 0 ws ovrine mtrix G 0 = σ α1 α 2 σ α1 α 2 σ 2 α 2 ; e 1 ~N(0, σ 2 e 1 ) n e 2 ~N(0, σ 2 e 2 ). Heritility (h 2 ) ws estimte y single-trit nlysis σ 2 α 1 n geneti orreltions were estimte y two multi-trit nlyses. Genotypi n phenotypi orreltions, s well s vrine omponents were estimte using the REML lgorithm in the DMU progrm pkge (Msen n Jensen 2008). Peigree ws tre k three genertions n it inlue n iniviuls for Yorkshire n Lnre, respetively. There were sires n ms in Yorkshire hers, n sires n ms in Lnre hers. The numer of ughters for eh sire rnge from 1 to 189 (verge: 12.1) in Yorkshire n 1 to 153 (verge: 11.3) in Lnre, respetively. Sows were groupe oring to BF, ADG, n FMA. BF (13 mm), ADG (610 g 1 ), n FMA (270 ) vlues represente the sow mein for this stuy. The groups were estlishe y pproximtely sutrting or ing one stnr evition (2.5 mm n 60 g 1 for BF n ADG, respetively), 20 ys for FMA from the mein vlue. Five BF tegories (groups V respetively: 10.5, , , n 18.1 mm), five ADG tegories ( -V respetively: 490, 491 0, 1 610, , 671 g 1 ), n seven FMA tegories (groups V respetively: 230, 231 2, , , , n 331 ys) were estlishe (Tle 1). The nlysis ws onute using generl liner moel (GLM) proeures (SAS 2008) (see moel 1). 3. Results 3.1. Desriptive sttistis Men n stnr evition vlues for the nlyze trits re provie in Tle 2. Yorkshire exhiite higher men vlues thn Lnre for ll longevity trits: >87.9 for LL; >46.1 for LPL; >0.2 prities for NL; >3.7 piglets for TNBL; >4.2 piglets for TBAL; n >0.002 in PLFE. Aitionlly, the men totl numer orn per litter ws in Yorkshire n in Lnre. Piglet mortlity uring sow s lifetime ws 8.8% in Yorkshire n 10.5% in Lnre Heritility Heritility (h 2 ) estimtes for longevity trits re shown on the igonl of Tles 3 n 4 for Yorkshire n Lnre sows, respetively. Longevity heritility rnge from h 2 =0.13 (0.013) to 0.16 (0.014) in Yorkshire n h 2 =0.13 (0.015) to 0.15 (0.016) in Lnre, epening on trit efinition. Compre with Lnre, Yorkshire exhiite higher h 2 -vlues in TNBL, TBAL n PLFE, ut lower h 2 -vlues in LL, LPL, n NL. PLFE exhiite the highest heritility in Yorkshire, wheres TNBL showe the highest in Lnre.

4 *** et l. Journl of ntegrtive Agriulture 2016, 15(0): Tle 1 The rnge n numer (N) of reors for eh BF, ADG, n FMA groups for Chin Yorkshire (Y) n Lnre (L) rees Group BF (mm) ADG (g 1 ) FMA () Rnge Y/L (N) Rnge Y/L (N) Rnge Y/L (N) < /2422 > /3 844 < / / / / / / /3092 V / / /1674 V > /1758 < / /892 V NA NA/NA NA NA/NA /519 V NA NA/NA NA NA/NA > /1348 NA inites no sows were inlue in the tegory. N inites numer of reors. Tle 2 Desriptive sttistis for longevity n proution trits in Chin Yorkshire n Lnre rees Yorkshire Lnre Trit 1) Men SD Rnge Men SD Rnge LL () LPL () NL (prity) TNBL (piglet) TBAL (piglet) PLFE (piglet 1 ) BF (mm) ADG (g 1 ) FMA () ) LL=length of life; LPL=length of proutive life; NL=numer of litters; TNBL=totl numer orn [uring] lifetime; TBAL=totl numer orn live [uring] lifetime; PLFE=pig lifetime effiieny; BF=juste k ft thikness t 100 kg; ADG=juste verge ily gin etween 0 n 100 kg; FMA=first mting ge. Tle 3 Heritility (on igonl); geneti (ove igonl) n phenotypi (elow igonl) orreltion estimtes etween ifferent longevity trits in Yorkshire LL () 0.13(0.013) 0.99(0.001) 0.98(0.003) 0.93(0.009) 0.93(0.009) 0.79(0.024) LPL () (0.013) 0.94(0.024) 0.94(0.008) 0.94(0.008) 0.80(0.023) NL (prity) (0.013) 0.95(0.009) 0.96(0.005) 0.84(0.018) TNBL (piglet) (0.015) 0.99 (0.001) 0.93(0.009) TBAL (piglet) (0.014) 0.94(0.007) PLFE (piglet/) (0.014) Dt in prentheses re stnr errors. The sme s elow. Tle 4 Heritility (on igonl); geneti (ove igonl) n phenotypi (elow igonl) orreltion estimtes etween ifferent longevity trits in Lnre LL () 0.13(0.015) 0.99(0.001) 0.90(0.001) 0.94(0.005) 0.95(0.005) 0.81(0.019) LPL () (0.016) 0.99(0.001) 0.94(0.005) 0.95(0.005) 0.81(0.019) NL (prity) (0.016) 0.96(0.003) 0.96(0.003) 0.84(0.016) TNBL (piglet) (0.016) 0.99(0.001) 0.81(0.019) TBAL (piglet) (0.015) 0.94(0.0078) PLFE (piglet 1 ) (0.015) 3.3. Genotypi n phenotypi orreltions Estimtes for genotypi n phenotypi orreltions etween ifferent longevity trits in Yorkshire n Lnre rees re provie in Tles 3 n 4. Phenotypi orreltions etween ifferent longevity trits were signifintly high positive orreltions, rnging from r=0.70 to 0.99 (P<0.05) in Yorkshire, n r=0.69 to 0.99 (P<0.05) in Lnre. Consistent with phenotypi orreltions, genotypi orreltions were lso signifintly high positive orreltions, whih

5 6 *** et l. Journl of ntegrtive Agriulture 2016, 15(0): rnge from r=0.80 to 0.99 (P<0.05) in Yorkshire n 0.81 to 0.99 (P<0.05) in Lnre. The genotypi n phenotypi orreltions were estimte etween longevity n the two proution (BF, ADG) n reproutive (FMA) trits for Yorkshire n Lnre (Tles 5 n 6, respetively). Signifintly positive phenotypi n genotypi orreltions were etete for BF n longevity trits in oth rees. Despite signifine, phenotypi orreltions were very low in Yorkshire n Lnre, respetively, r=0.02 (P<0.05) n r=0.07 (P<0.05) (Tle 5). Geneti orreltions for BF n longevity trits were slightly higher n signifintly positive in Yorkshire n Lnre, respetively, r=0.12 to 0.14 (P<0.05); 0.13 to 0.15 (P<0.05) (Tle 6). Alterntively, negtive non-signifint orreltions were etete etween ADG n ifferent longevity trits in oth swine rees. The phenotypi orreltion rnges in Yorkshire n Lnre were respetively, r= 0.02 to 0.01, (P>0.05) (Tle 5) n r= 0.03 to 0.01 (P>0.05) (Tle 6). Although higher yet non-signifint geneti negtive orreltions were foun in Lnre, r= 0.17 to 0.09 (P>0.05), unlike BF, ADG showe lower geneti orreltions with longevity trits ompre with Yorkshire (Tle 5). Similr to ADG, FMA exhiite negtive phenotypi n genotypi orreltions with most longevity trits with the exeption of LL in oth swine rees. Like BF n ADG, results etete higher rnge of geneti orreltion vlues in FMA (r= 0.05 to 0.17) ompre with the rnge of phenotypi orreltion vlues (r= 0.04 to 0.08) in oth rees. Compre with other longevity trits, LL showe positive orreltion with FMA in Yorkshire n Lnre. Finlly, geneti orreltions etween FMA n LL n LPL were signifint (P<0.05) BF, ADG, n FMA effets on ifferent longevity trits BF, ADG, n FMA resulte in ifferent performne levels on longevity trits, therefore five groups were lssifie for eh BF n ADG, n seven for FMA. The groups were estlishe se on sow mein vlues for eh ttriute then, rnge of trit vlues were ssigne for BF in mm, ADG in g 1, n FMA in ys. Following nlysis, results inite the effets of ifferent BF groups on five of the six longevity trits in k ft thikness-epenent mnner in Yorkshire, the exeption LL. However, Lnre exhiite ifferent ptterns. Gilts in group ( mm k ft) showe signifintly longer longevity thn other groups (P<0.05) se on LL, LPL, n NL (Fig. 1-A, B, C) n gilts in group (BF<10.6 mm) showe fewer TNBL n TBAL thn other Lnre groups (Fig. 1-D, E). Different ptterns ompre with other longevity vriles were exhiite in PLFE (Fig. 1-F). For ADG, the ifferent groups shre the similr influene on five of six longevity trits, inluing LL, LPL, NL, TNBL, n NBAL in Yorkshire. Results showe gilts in group Tle 5 Geneti n phenotypi orreltion estimtes etween ifferent longevity n proution trits n first mting ge (FMA) for Chin Yorkshire Geneti orreltions BF (mm) 0.12(0.036) 0.21(0.036) 0.14(0.036) 0.13 (0.037) 0.13(0.036) 0.13(0.037) ADG (g 1 ) 0.01(0.0) 0.01(0.056) 0.01(0.054) 0.03(0.053) 0.02(0.053) 0.02(0.048) FMA () 0.18(0.062) 0.17(0.062) 0.09(0.061) 0.05(0.061) 0.06(0.061) 0.12(0.060) Phenotypi orreltions BF (mm) ADG (g 1 ) FMA () Tle 6 Geneti n phenotypi orreltion estimtes etween ifferent longevity trits n proution trits n FMA for Chin Lnre Geneti orreltions BF (mm) 0.13(0.038) 0.13(0.038) 0.13(0.037) 0.13(0.037) 0.13(0.037) 0.15(0.038) ADG (g 1 ) 0.17(0.038) 0.17(0.038) 0.15(0.037) 0.09(0.036) 0.09(0.037) 0.06(0.039) FMA () 0.12(0.053) 0.13 (0.054) 0.09(0.052) 0.07(0.053) 0.09(0.052) 0.13(0.052) Phenotypi orreltions BF (mm) ADG (g 1 ) FMA ()

6 *** et l. Journl of ntegrtive Agriulture 2016, 15(0): (0 611 g 1 ) h signifintly higher longevity (P<0.05) thn other groups (Fig. 2-A E). However, the effets of ifferent ADG groups on lifespn in Lnre, inluing LL, LPL, n NL were in growth rte-epenent mnner (Fig. 2-A C). Gilts in group ( g 1 ) h signifintly more piglets (P<0.05) thn other Lnre groups, eviene y TNBL n TBAL (Fig. 2-D n E). We me interesting oservtions for PLFE in Yorkshire n Lnre, whih showe signifint lifetime effiieny in growth rte-epenent mnner: the slower gilts growth rte, the higher PLFE (P<0.05) (Fig. 2-F). FMA effets on longevity were omprle etween Yorkshire n Lnre. The influene of ifferent FMA groups on longevity trits, exluing LL, ws ge-epenent in Yorkshire n Lnre (Fig. 3); i.e., the lter gilts first mte resulte in erese gilts longevity. However, ifferent FMAs exhiite n opposite influene on LL in oth swine rees (Fig. 3-A). Exept for group (<230 ys), the other groups (FMA >231 ys) lso showe n ge-epenent effet in oth rees. However here, the lter gilts first mte resulte in inrese longevity (Fig. 3-A). 4. Disussion Our stuy showe inrese longevity trit vlues resulte in longer sow longevity. All longevity trits, i.e., LL, LPL, NL, TNBL, TBAL, n PLFE were higher in Yorkshire thn Lnre (Tle 2), initing Yorkshire exhiite etter longevity thn Lnre. Yorkshire survive pproximtely two months longer (LL) thn Lnre. Furthermore, the first mting ge of Lnre ws 10 ys erlier thn Yorkshire, initing Yorkshire sows rehe puerty t n oler ge n remine longer in the reeing her Heritility estimtes for longevity A generl liner moel (GLM) ws employe to estimte longevity heritility. Results showe heritility rnge from h 2 =0.13 to 0.16, initing longevity exhiite low heritility in our Yorkshire n Lnre sow smples. n previous stuies, longevity heritility, inluing LPL, rnge from h 2 =0.02 to 0.11 (Lopez-Serrno et l. 2000; Serenius n Stler 2004; Englom et l. 2009). Sozynsk n Blihrski (2015) generte prllel heritility estimtes (h 2 =0.12 n 0.10) y implementing liner nlyses of niml, full or sire moels in Lnre. Compre with other stuies, the rnge of longevity heritility finings in our stuy were slightly higher, whih might e expline y our more reful mngement n higher humn resoure investment. Bse on these results, sows will e provie more prentl n postprtum re to hieve higher longevity in Chin. Yorkshire Lnre A B C LL 900 LPL 6.0 NL Prity V V V V 0 V V V V 3.0 V V V V D Piglets TNBL E Piglets 60 TBAL F Piglet per y PLFE V V V V 35 V V V V V V V V Fig. 1 Bk ft (BF) group effets on longevity trits in Yorkshire n Lnre. LL=length of life; LPL=length of proutive life; NL=numer of litters; TNBL=totl numer orn [uring] lifetime; TBAL=totl numer orn live [uring] lifetime; PLFE=pig lifetime effiieny., <10.5mm;, mm;, mm; V, mm; V, >18 mm. Dt re mens±se. Different letters men signifine t P<0.05. The sme s elow.

7 8 *** et l. Journl of ntegrtive Agriulture 2016, 15(0): A LL B 900 LPL C Yorkshire Lnre Prity NL 700 V V V V 0 V V V V 3.0 V V V V D 60 TNBL E 60 TBAL F 0.0 Prity V V V V Prity 35 V V V V Piglet per y PLFE V V V V Fig. 2 Averge ily gin (ADG) group effets on longevity trits in Yorkshire n Lnre., >670 g 1 ;, g 1 ;, g 1 ; V, g 1 ; V, <490 g 1. Yorkshire Lnre A LL B LPL C D 65 TNBL E 60 TBAL F 0.0 Prity 60 V VVV V VVV V VVV V VVV Prity 35 V VVV V VVV V VVV V VVV Piglet per y Prity V VVV V VVV NL PLFE V VVV e V VVV Fig. 3 First mting ge (FMA) group effets on longevity trits in Yorkshire n Lnre., <230 ys;, ys;, ys; V, ys; V, ys; V, ys; V, >330 ys. Notly, longevity heritility ppere ssoite with ree. n our stuy, longevity trit heritility in Yorkshire ws slightly higher ompre with Lnre. Similrly, Kristensen n Solleste (2004) reporte LPL heritility ws higher in Yorkshire (h 2 =0.10) thn in Lnre (h 2 =0.05). For other purere swine, Johnson n Nugent (2008) reporte NL heritility ws h 2 =0.00 in Hmpshire n h 2 =0.23 in Duro reeing popultions. For rossre (Lnre Yorkshire) sows, longevity trits heritility rnge from h 2 =0.03 to 0.08, where t were ollete from 16 ommeril piglet-prouing hers (Englom et l. 2009). These stuies emonstrte heritility estimtes vrie mong iverse

8 *** et l. Journl of ntegrtive Agriulture 2016, 15(0): rees. Therefore, it is vitl to lulte longevity heritility in Yorkshire n Lnre inepenently, whih will filitte reeing progrms. Furthermore, itionl informtion for ommeril rossre sows will enefit evluting the geneti prmeters of longevity trits Reltionships etween ifferent longevity trits Both phenotypi n genotypi orreltions etween ifferent longevity trits pproximte r=1.0 (>0.9), exluing PLFE in oth rees (Tles 5 n 6). These results inite the longevity trits efine s speifi longevity prmeters n susequently mesure in swine exhiite higher orreltions thn if longevity ws mesure s single vrile, e.g., LL. Furthermore, geneti orreltions etween LPL n wene piglets of ll prities were highly orrelte (Kristensen n Solleste 2004; Heusing et l. 2005; Englom et l. 2009). A high geneti orreltion (r=0.995) etween LL n LPL in Lnre sows ws lso reporte y Sozynsk et l. (2013), supporting our results. The lowest geneti orreltions were etete etween PLFE n life spn trits, inluing LL, LPL, n NL in oth rees. A vile explntion is PLFE h loser reltionship with TNBL n TNBA, whih ws use s the numertor in the formul. n our stuy, LL n LPL were mesure s time intervls; i.e., the sow s length of sty in the her, where non-proutive ys were inlue in the length of sty. The TNBA iretly reflete the sows pity to proue piglets orn-live uring their lifetime. Conurrently, onsiering inrese heritility in oth rees, TNBA oul e use s suitle initor to improve longevity Reltionship etween k ft (BF) n longevity The men geneti orreltion vlues etween BF n longevity trits rnge from r=0.15 in Yorkshire to r=0.12 in Lnre. For iniviuls with inrese BF, results inite Yorkshire gilts with thiker BF (prtiulrly BF >18 mm) showe longer LPL, wheres in Lnre, ll longevity trit vlues were lower, n gilts in group ( mm BF) exhiite signifintly inrese longevity thn other groups (P<0.05) (Fig. 1). Stler et l. (2005) onfirme our results; n Tummruk et l. (2001) n Sozynsk et l. (2013) reporte gilts with mm BF proue more piglets reltive to gilts with mm BF. These stuies n our oservtions strongly suggeste 18 mm BF ws n importnt threshol to sow longevity (Fig. 1). Trres et l. (2006) foun sows with BF thikness less thn 16 mm exhiite higher ulling risk ue to low proutivity n mortlity in mternl DD genotype lines. These stuies verifie the lowest BF resulte in erese time in the reeing her; therefore, speifi BF threshol shoul e opte to ssist frmers in preventing reltively short lifespn in sows. However, not ll reports onfirme the ove finings. Tummruk et l. (2001) showe sows with high BF thikness of 100 kg oy weight proue signifintly fewer numer of piglets (P<0.001) ompre with low BF gilts. Yzi et l. (2000) reporte sow BF ws not responsile for sustntil mount of vrition in numer orn live (NBA) n i not ffet reproution performne or longevity. The lk of ongrueny in these finings might result from ifferent trits n proeures use in mesuring n nlyzing these ttriutes Reltionship etween verge ily gin (ADG) n longevity ADG exhiite negtive effet on longevity in Yorkshire n Lnre. This result ws supporte y other reports (Knuer et l. 2010; Sozyńsk n Blihrski 2015). n ition, genotypi n phenotypi orreltions were nerly zero etween ADG n longevity trits (Tles 5 n 6). However, only the phenotypi orreltion etween ADG n longevity trits ws negligile for Lnre; the geneti orreltion rnge from r= 0.06 to These results were onfirme y other stuies (Stler et l. 2005; Serenius n Stler 2007; Sozynsk et l. 2013). n Yorkshire, with the exeption of PLFE, group (0 611 g 1 ) exhiite inrese longevity ompre with other groups (Fig. 2). The type of reltionship oserve etween ADG n longevity trits n e interprete s non-liner. t inite growth rtes, whih were too fst or slow, h etrimentl effets on sow longevity. However, in Lnre, the reltionship etween ADG n longevity trits ws omplex. ADG influene three longevity trits (LL, LPL, n NL) in growth-epenent mnner, where sows with higher growth rtes exhiite inrese longevity. TNBL n TBAL, iffere in group ( g 1 ) sows, whih proue signifintly more piglets (P<0.05) thn other Lnre groups. Lopez-Serrno et l. (2000) n Tummruk et l. (2001) reporte ontritory reltionships etween growth rte n longevity. Furthermore, Hoge n Btes (2011) etermine the hzr oeffiients for ge t 113 kg were negtive, initing slower growing sows were t erese ulling risk. Similrly, itionl reports foun fst-growing sows exhiite inferior longevity Reltionship etween first mting ge (FMA) n longevity t ws noteworthy the seven ifferent FMA groups h the most effet on longevity trits in Yorkshire n Lnre. Similr to ADG, negtive genotypi n phenotypi orreltions with ll longevity trits ut LL were etete in FMA

9 10 *** et l. Journl of ntegrtive Agriulture 2016, 15(0): in oth swine rees. These results inite erese longevity ws orrelte with lter first mting. These finings were ongruent with other investigtions, whih reporte gilts initilly mting t younger ge exhiite improve reproutive performne (Serenius n Stler 2007; Englom et l. 2008; Ptterson et l. 2010). However, inonsistent with these results, gilts with the very ltest mting ge (>330 ys) h longer life (LL). Consiering the inonsistent oservtions esrie ove, some reserhers suggeste the optiml ge t first oneption might e lose to 200 to 210 ys (Bot et l. 2003) n others foun gilts mting for the first time t 221 to 2 ys were more proutive in terms of numers n sizes of the prities throughout their lifetime proution (Serenius n Stler 2007). The optiml ge t first oneption inite ove iffers y nerly 20 ys, whih might e the result of her mngement n nutrition. f gilts re in estrus, less thn 230 ys might e the most suitle reeing ge. Our results showe gilts in groups V (>330 ys) exhiite lower LPL, TNBL, NBAL, NL, n PLFE vlues, whih inite gilts with pregnny filures following three estrus yles shoul e ulle. n generl, gilts n susequently sows with younger FMA will hve inrese longevity. 5. Conlusion Although the longevity trit heritility ws very low (h 2 = ), our results show promise to improve sow longevity. Totl orn live [uring] lifetime (TBAL) shoul e onsiere seletion swine reeing progrms ue to its higher heritility n positive geneti orreltions with other longevity trits. The phenotypi n genotypi orreltions revele in this stuy lerly showe gilt k ft ffete sow longevity. The orreltion etween growth rte (ADG) n longevity ws her epenent n very low. Our results inite gilts mting efore 230 ys experiene longer life spns in oth rees. Gilts mting for the first time t erlier ges exhiite inrese longevity n FMA less thn 230 ys ws more suitle in oth rees. n ition, we propose iniviuls with more thn 330 ys FMA re etter ulle from the her. Therefore, seletion se on reeing vlues, whih omine BF, ADG, n FMA n improve swine longevity trits n lifetime proutivity, whih will e highly fvorle to improve the eonomi enefits of Chin s mjor ommeril swine inustry. Aknowlegements This work ws supporte y the grnts from the Ntionl Swine nustry Tehnology System, Chin (CARS 36), the Gungong Moern Agriulturl nustry Tehnology System, Chin, n the projet from the Ministry of Siene n Tehnology of Chin (2014 FY n 2013 GA790001). Referenes Bot D, Chvez E R, Noguer J L The effet of ge t the first mting n her size on the lifetime proutivity of sows. Animl Reserh, 52, Englom L, Luneheim N, Dlin A M, Anersson K Sow removl in Sweish ommeril hers. Livestok Siene, 106, Englom L, Luneheim N, Shneier M D, Dlin A M, Anersson K Genetis of rossre sow longevity. Animl, 3, Englom L, Luneheim N, Strnerg E, Shneier M D P, Dlin A M, Anersson K Ftors ffeting length of proutive life in Sweish ommeril sows. Journl of Animl Siene, 86, Heusing M, Hmnn H, Distl O Geneti nlysis of lifetime performne n fertility trits in the pig rees Lrge White, Germn Lnre n Pietrin. Zuhtungskune, 77, Hoge M D, Btes R O Developmentl ftors tht influene sow longevity. Journl of Animl Siene, 89, Johnson Z, Nugent R Reltionships etween performne test trits n lifetime proutivity trits in four rees of swine. Arknss Agriulturl Experiment Sttion Reserh, 563, Knuer M, Stler K J, Serenius T, Bs T J, Berger P J, Krriker L, Goowin R N, Johnson R K, Mry J W, Miller R K, Roison O W, Tokh M D Ftors ssoite with sow styility in 6 genotypes. Journl of Animl Siene, 88, Kristensen A R, Solleste T A A sow replement moel using Byesin upting in three-level hierrhi Mrkov proess -. Biologil moel. Livestok Proution Siene, 87, Lopez-Serrno M, Reinsh N, Looft H, Klm E Geneti orreltions of growth, kft thikness n exterior with styility in lrge white n lnre sows. Livestok Proution Siene, 64, Msen P, Jensen J A user s guie to DMU. A pkge for nlysing multivrite mixe moels. Ver. 6, relese Nikkil M T, Stler K J, Mote B E, Rothshil M F, Gunsett F C, Johnson A K, Krriker L A, Boggess M V, Serenius T V Geneti ssoitions for gilt growth, ompositionl, n struturl sounness trits with sow longevity n lifetime reproutive performne. Journl of Animl Siene, 91, Ptterson J L, Beltrnen E, Foxroft G R The effet of gilt ge t first estrus n reeing on thir estrus on sow oy weight hnges n long-term reproutive

10 *** et l. Journl of ntegrtive Agriulture 2016, 15(0): performne. Journl of Animl Siene, 88, SAS (Sttistis Anlysis System) User s Guie. SAS nstitute, Cry, NC, USA. Serenius T, Stler K J Genetis of length of proutive life n lifetime prolifiy in the Finnish Lnre n Lrge White pig popultions. Journl of Animl Siene, 82, Serenius T, Stler K J Length of proutive life of rossre sows is ffete y frm mngement, leg onformtion, sow s own prolifiy, sow s origin prity n genetis. Animl, 1, 7 7. Sozynsk M, Blihrski T Phenotypi n geneti vrition in longevity of Polish Lnre sows. Journl of Animl Breeing n Genetis, 132, Sozynsk M, Blihrski T, Tyr M Reltionships etween longevity, lifetime proutivity, rss trits n onformtion in Polish mternl pig rees. Journl of Animl Breeing n Genetis, 130, Stler K J, Ly R C, Cross T L, Contser G E Finnil impt of verge prity of ulle femles in ree-towen swine opertion using replement gilt net present vlue nlysis. Journl of Swine Helth n Proution, 11, Stler K J, Sxton A M, Contser G E, Serenius T V Effet of growth n ompositionl trits on first prity n lifetime reproutive performne in US Lnre sows. Livestok Proution Siene, 97, Trres J, Binel J P, Hofer A, Duroq V Anlysis of longevity n exterior trits on Lrge White sows in Switzerln. Journl of Animl Siene, 84, Tummruk P, Luneheim N, Einrsson S, Dlin A M Effet of irth litter size, irth prity numer, growth rte, kft thikness n ge t first mting of gilts on their reproutive performne s sows. Animl Reproution Siene, 66, Wng R Chin - Pork powerhouse of the worl. Avnes Pork Proution, 17, Winhorst H W Chin is the worl s iggest pork prouer. Fleishwirtshft nterntionl Journl for Met Proution & Met Proessing, 3, Yzi M H, Ryhmer L, Ringmr-Ceererg E, Luneheim N, Johnsson K Geneti stuy of longevity in Sweish Lnre sows. Livestok Proution Siene, 63, (Mnging eitor ZHANG Jun)

11 12 *** et l. Journl of ntegrtive Agriulture 2016, 15(0): 603-7