48 (3) : , , mg/ kg. 93 kg, ( Finkelstein et al., 1982 ; 1984), Lowry (1987) 20 g, ( Peter, 1994 ; Campbell, ( GB

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1 48 (3) : , 2002 A cta Zoologica S inica 3 (, ) ( mg/ kg), 5 (150 ) (63 kg) 40 d, :, mg/ kg ( P < 0102), %, ( P < 0101), mg/ kg %44144 % ;,,, mg/ kg ( P < 0101), %, ( P < 0105), mg/ kg 9172 %,, 5, 3,, 10, 0 ( ) , mg/ kg (,, NRC1988 ), ( ), 1 93 kg,, 12 ( 4, ( Finkelstein et al., 1982 ; 1984), Lowry (1987), : 200 g,, 20 g,, ( Peter, 1994 ; Campbell, 1995), :,, Eppendof - 30,,,,, 114 ( GB ( FFA), 113 ) 60, ) ;, Wieland (1985) ; Schiefer (1985) kg 116 (CHL) ( TG3) CHEM , (No A),, 60,, :

2 3 : 1 Table 1 Nutrients and compositions of the swineπs experimental diet 359 Ingredinent % Nutrient ( %) (Corn) c (DE) (Mcal/ kg) 3110 (Soybean meal) (DM) (Rapeseed meal) 4100 (CP) ( Wheat middlings) 5100 ( EE) 3193 ( Wheat bran) 4100 (Calcium) 0183 (CaHPO 4 ) 1160 ( Phosphorus) 0165 (Stone meal) 0150 (Lys) 0182 (Salt) 0140 (Met) 0129 (Lys) 0110 (Cys) 0119 a (Vit mix) 20 g/ 100 kg b ( Trace elements mix) 0125 a : kg ( Provided per kg of diet) V2A :3 000 IU V2D 3 :610 IU V2E :20 IU V2B 2 :5 mg V2B 12 :01021 mg (a2biotin) :011 mg (d2pantothenic acid) :10 mg (Niacin) :15 mg b : kg ( Provided per kg of diet) Fe( FeSO 4 17H 2 O) :50 mg Cu(CuSO 4 15H 2 O) :5 mg Mn(MnSO 4 1H 2 O) :5 mg Zn (ZnSO 4 17H 2 O) :50 mg I( KI) :0135 mg Se (NaSe 2 O 3 ) :0115 mg c : (Calculated values) 2 Table 2 Effect of betaine on lipid and protein content in the liver of f inishing pigs Betaine (mg/ kg) ( %) (Lipid) ( %) ( Protein) P < Table 3 Effect of betaine on content of free2carnitine and long2chain acylcarnitine in the liver of f inishing pigs Betaine (mg/ kg) (nmol/ g) ( Free carnitine) (nmol/ g) (Long2chain acylcarnitine) / (Long2chain acylcarnitine/ free carnitine) P < P < 0101 SAS (1988) General Liner Models Procedure L SD, 2 2, mg/ kg 4147 %4127 % ( P < 0105) ;,,

3 Table 4 Effect of betaine on free fatty acid, cholesterol and triglyceride in serum of swine Betaine (mg/ kg) ( eq/ L) ( Free fatty acid) (mg/ dl) (Cholesterol) (mg/ dl) ( Triglyceride) P < P < ,, % ; , mg/ kg % ( P < 0101) ;,, 1 750, mg/ kg, mg/ kg 9172 % ( P < 0105) % ( P < 0101), / ( P > 0105) 213 1, 1, Fig. 1 Effect of betaine on lecithin in the liver of f inishing swine 3 P < P < 0101, t2 ( Compared with control group, t2test) 1,,,, mg/ kg,,, % ( P < 0102), mg/ kg, % ( P < 0105) 214 Eprotrn (1986),, 4 4,, ( P < 0105), mg/ kg mg/ kg %15185 %13143 % 3,,,, ( 2),,,, A ( Kamoun, 1986) Bohmer (1986), 2, (3),,,, -,

4 3 : 361 S2 ( Finkelstein et al., 1983),,,,,,,, (Lowry et al., 1987), 2,,,,,, mg/ kg (1),, 2,,,,,,,,,, ( References) Bohmer, T., K. R. Norum and J. Bremer 1986 The relative amounts of long2chain acylcarnitine, acetylcarnitine, and free carnitine in organs of rats in different nutritional states and with alloxan diabetes. Acta Biochi. 125 : Campbell, R. G New technologies exploit pigs potential for growth. Feedst uf f s 7 : Eprotrn, G. T Effects of choline and betaine on laying performance and feed conversion of hens with differing methionine levels in the diet. J. A ni m. Physi. A ni m. N ut r. 56 : Finkelstein, J. D., B. J. Harris, J. J. Martin and W. E. Kyle 1982 Regulation of hepatic betaine homocysteine methyltransferase by dietary methionine. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com m un. 108 : Finkelstein, J. D. and J. J. Martin 1984 Methionine metabolism in mammals : Distribution of homocysteine between competing pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 259 : Finkelstein, J. D., J. J. Martin, B. J. Harris and W. E. Kyle 1983 Regulation of hepatic betaine homocysteine methyltransferase by dietary betaine. J. N ut r. Res. Com m un. 113 : Kamoun, P Biochemistry. Philadelphia, Toronto : B. C. Decker Inc. Liang, Z. Y Physiochemistry. Shanghai : Shanghai Science and Technology Press. [ :. ] Lowry, K. R., O. A. Izquterdo and D. H. Baker 1987 Efficacy of betaine relative to choline as a dietary methyl donor. Poult ry Sci. 66 : Peter, B Designer nutrition for pigs : feeding against backfat. Feed i nternational 5 : Schiefer, S. and H. O. Beutler 1985 Methods of Enzymatic Analysis ( ). Weinheim, Germany : VCH Verlagsgesellschaft Mbh, SAS Institute 1988 SAS Users Guide : Statistics. NC, USA : SAS, Cary, 5 : Wieland, O. H Methods of Enzymatic Analysis ( ). Weinheim, Germany : VCH Verlagsgesellschaft Mbh, ( Abstract) L IPOTROPY EFFECT OF BETAINE IN SWINE 3 XU Zi2Rong FEN G Jie ( Key L aboratory f or Molecular A ni mal N ut rition of Mi nist ry of Education, Zhejiang U niversity, Hangz hou , Chi na) Fat liver is a common disease and always harmful to animal health. As an effective methyl donor, betaine can affect fat and protein metabolism. Alt hough lot s of work focused on t he fat deposition influenced by betaine 3 This work was supported by the Key Science Project of Zhejiang Provincial Science and Technology Committee (No A)

5 in animalπs body has been published, little information is available about t he effect of betaine on lipid metabolism and lipot ropy in animal liver. Swine is easy to accumulate fat in organ and tissue especially in t he finishing stage (60290 kg). According to this, 150 pigs (Duroc Landrace Yorkshire) which weighed about 63 kg each were chosen and allocated to five treatments with three replicates in a randomized block design to determine the dose2 response effects of betaine (0, 1 000, 1 250, and mg/ kg) on lipid metabolism and lipotropy in liver at high dietary energy when pigs reach 93 kg. The protein, lipid, f ree carnitine, long2chain acylcarnitine, lecit hin level in liver and f ree fatty acid, cholesterol content in serum were determined after feeding experiment. The result s showed t hat betaine increased protein content in swine liver especially in and mg/ kg groups in which it was significantly increased by 4147 % and 4127 % ( P < 0105) respectively as compared with the control group. There was no significant effect on lipid content in swine liver among the groups but it showed an evident downt rend wit h t he enhanced betaine dosage. The addition of betaine increased f ree carnitine and long2chain acylcarnitine in liver, which were increased most significantly in t he mg/ kg group by % ( P < 0101) and % ( P < 0101) respectively compared wit h t he cont rol group. Lecithin in liver was also enhanced by betaine with the most remarkable mcrease by % ( P < 0102) at the dose of mg/ kg betaine. The results also showed that free fatty acid was increased by % ( P < 0101) and cholesterol was decreased by 9172 % ( P < 0105) in serum in the group of mg/ kg betaine, but there was no considerable variation in t riglyceride level in all t he t rail groups. These result s suggested t hat betaine regulate lipid metabolism and had lipotropic effect. Betaine influenced the content of methylated products, free carnitine and long2chain acylcarnitine, t he important carriers of long2chain fatty acid, and modulated t he ratio between t he two Substances. metabolism in liver of swine. Key words Swine, Lipotropy, Betaine, Lecithin, Carnitine It also increased t he lecit hin level in liver and t herefore improve t he lipid