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Slide 1 / 83 Slide 2 / 83 New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning Progressive Science Initiative This material is made freely available www.njctl.

NJCTL mainta its website for the convenience of teachers who wish to mak their work available to other teachers, participate in virtual professional learning community, and/or

We, at the New Jersey Education Association (NJEA) are proud founders and supporters of NJCTL, an independent non-profit organization.

org Slide 3 / 83 4 th Grade PSI From Molecules to Organisms www.njctl.

Processing Receiving & Sending Signals Structure & Function Return to Table of Contents Slide 5 / 83 Introduction All organisms grow, reproduce and die.

1 Slide 1 / 83 Slide 2 / 83 New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning Progressive Science Initiative This material is made freely available at and is intended for the non-commercial use of students and teache These materials may not be used for any commercial purpo without the written permission of the owners. NJCTL mainta its website for the convenience of teachers who wish to mak their work available to other teachers, participate in virtual professional learning community, and/or provide access to course materials to parents, students and others. We, at the New Jersey Education Association (NJEA) are proud founders and supporters of NJCTL, an independent non-profit organization. NJEA embraces NJCTL s mission of empowering teachers to lead school improvement for the benefit of all students. Click to go to website: Slide 3 / 83 4 th Grade PSI From Molecules to Organisms Slide 4 / 83 Table of Contents: From Molecules to Organisms Structure & Function Click on the topic to go to that section Structure Fits Function Internal Structures Information Processing Receiving & Sending Signals Structure & Function Return to Table of Contents Slide 5 / 83 Introduction All organisms grow, reproduce and die. How they accomplish this can vary greatly. Organisms have characteristic structures, functions and behaviors. Their unique combination and interaction of these three factors define the organism. Slide 6 / 83 What is Structure? Structure refers to the physical appearance of an organism. It is often described in terms of size, features, materials and location. What do you know about the structure of a plant and animal? A shark spends all of its time underwater (behavior). It has gills (structure) that allows it to breathe underwater (function). Plants Animals

2 Slide 7 / 83 Describing Structures Describe these structures in terms of size, features, materials and location.?? Slide 8 / 83 Identifying Structure In scientific terms structure refers to an organism's anatomy. The structure of an organism fits the job it has to do. What similar structures do these animals have? Remember to describe them.?? Slide 9 / 83 What is Function? Function is what something does. In simplest forms it is how the structure is used. Match the structure to the function. Slide 10 / 83 Identifying Function Physiology is the process and function of an organism. Structure may appear to be similar but can serve different functions. Although the make up of these two structures looks similar they actually serve different functions. Plant Structures Slide 11 / 83 Sort the pictures of plants structures of into the correct categories based upon their anatomy. Animal Structures Slide 12 / 83 Sort the pictures of animal structures into the correct categories based upon their anatomy. Flower Leaves Stems Wings Skin Claws Picture ank Picture ank

3 Slide 13 / 83 1 All living organisms have structures that have specific functions. True False Slide 13 () / 83 1 All living organisms have structures that have specific functions. True False TRUE Slide 14 / 83 2 The structure of an organism refers to Slide 14 () / 83 2 The structure of an organism refers to A its function A its function the way its different from humans C its physical appearance D the way it evolved the way its different from humans C its physical appearance D the way it evolved C Slide 15 / 83 3 Which of the following is the function of this animal structure? Slide 15 () / 83 3 Which of the following is the function of this animal structure? A A Provide protection for the animal Help the animal gather food to grow C Attract mates for reproduction D Produce food for the animal A Provide protection for the animal Help the animal gather food to grow C Attract mates for reproduction D Produce food for the animal

A whiskers skin C limbs skin C limbs D eyes D eyes Slide 17 / 83 5 Which of the following is the function of this plant structure?

4 Slide 16 / 83 4 Many animals have a variation of that protects their internal organs from damage and disease. A whiskers Slide 16 () / 83 4 Many animals have a variation of that protects their internal organs from damage and disease. A whiskers skin C limbs skin C limbs D eyes D eyes Slide 17 / 83 5 Which of the following is the function of this plant structure? Slide 17 () / 83 5 Which of the following is the function of this plant structure? D A Support the plants vertical growth Anchor the plant into the ground C Attract pollinators for reproduction D Produce food for the plant Slide 18 / 83 A Support the plants vertical growth Anchor the plant into the ground C Attract pollinators for reproduction D Produce food for the plant Slide 19 / 83 Structures Fit Functions oth plants and animals have structures that help to reproduce, grow, develop, use energy, and respond to their environment. Every structure has a function! Function is another word for job! Structure Fits Function Return to Table of Contents Plant Animal

Slide 20 / 83 Structures ased on Function Organisms have structures based on their

Communicating is part of a humpback whale's survival, thus they have structures to

Slide 21 / 83 Core Functions All organisms, whether they are one-celled or many

Reproduction Slide 22 / 83 Specialized Structures Organisms must perform each of

They have developed specific structure to fit their functions.

Plant Structure Animal Structure What is the purpose of the 4 core functions

Clickenvironment to reveal ehavior how they respond to our Click to reveal

Roots absorb nutrients Leaves produce food Stem supports plant for continued

gather food Slide 24 / 83 Slide 25 / 83 Survival Reproduction How do these

Plant Structure Animal Structure Spines protects plant against foragers Thick,

5 Slide 20 / 83 Structures ased on Function Organisms have structures based on their function. Communicating is part of a humpback whale's survival, thus they have structures to speak, interpret, listen, and respond. Slide 21 / 83 Core Functions All organisms, whether they are one-celled or many celled, perform a core set of similar functions: > > > > Growth Survival ehavior Reproduction Slide 22 / 83 Specialized Structures Organisms must perform each of the core functions in order to live. They have developed specific structure to fit their functions. Slide 23 / 83 Growth How do these structures support organisms growth? Plant Structure Animal Structure What is the purpose of the 4 core functions Growth how do they gather food and grow? Survival do they survive or die? Clickenvironment to reveal ehavior how they respond to our Click to reveal Reproduction can they pass our genes to the next generation? Roots absorb nutrients Leaves produce food Stem supports plant for continued growth Claws to gather food Mouth & teeth to chew food Legs provide movement to gather food Slide 24 / 83 Slide 25 / 83 Survival Reproduction How do these structures support organisms survival? Plant Structure Animal Structure Spines protects plant against foragers Thick, strong skin protects from bacteria and infection Stem holds in water Skin provide camouflage and protection Claws and teeth provide defense Eye spot danger How do these structures support organisms reproduction? Plant Structure Animal Structure Flowers attract pollinators Seeds pass along genes to next generation Physical features attract a mate Sex organs pass along genes to next generation

6 Slide 26 / 83 Slide 27 / 83 ehavior How do these structures support organisms behavior? 6 Which of the following is not a core function of all organisms? Plant Structure Animal Structure A Reproduction Movement C Survival D Growth Leaves grow towards light Stems react to the environment Legs provide movement for migration Antlers for courtship Claws for hunting and gathering Slide 27 () / 83 Slide 28 / 83 6 Which of the following is not a core function of all organisms? A Reproduction Movement C Survival Movement is a combination of both survival and behavior 7 Monkeys communicate with each other about food and danger, this is an example of what core function? A Reproduction ehavior C Survival D Growth D Growth Slide 28 () / 83 Slide 29 / 83 7 Monkeys communicate with each other about food and danger, this is an example of what core function? 8 What function does this structure serve? A Reproduction ehavior C Survival D Growth A Survival ehavior C Reproduction D Growth

7 Slide 29 () / 83 8 What function does this structure serve? Slide 30 / 83 9 Organisms have based on their. A defenses, growth A structures, functions A Survival C functions, structures ehavior D features, needs C Reproduction D Growth Slide 30 () / 83 9 Organisms have based on their. Slide 31 / Plants have the need to grow. Which of the following structures does not serve that function? A defenses, growth structures, functions C functions, structures A C D features, needs D Slide 31 () / 83 Slide 32 / Plants have the need to grow. Which of the following structures does not serve that function? A C Internal Structures D Return to Table of Contents

Plant Structure Slide 33 / 83 Internal Structures Plants and animals have both internal and external structures that

rainstorm a list of internal structures that support the 4 core functions for plants and animals.

energy and nutrients All these internal structures work together to support a wings function For each external

Slide 35 / 83 Internal Growth Structures: Plants Plants depend upon internal structures to grow.

Slide 36 / 83 Internal Growth Structures: Animals Animals also rely upon internal structures to grow, primarily the

The digestive system takes in food and water and breaks it down to help the body grow.

8 Plant Structure Slide 33 / 83 Internal Structures Plants and animals have both internal and external structures that serve various functions in growth, survival, behavior, and reproduction. rainstorm a list of internal structures that support the 4 core functions for plants and animals. Animal Structure Slide 34 / 83 Powered From the Inside A wings function is to provide flight but what are the internal structures that make that possible? Muscles power the wing Nerves send and receive signals ones support and stabilize the wing Heart and Lungs provide energy and nutrients All these internal structures work together to support a wings function For each external structure their are internal structures that support its function. Slide 35 / 83 Internal Growth Structures: Plants Plants depend upon internal structures to grow. The transport system of plants is made of thin tubes that move water and nutrients. Slide 36 / 83 Internal Growth Structures: Animals Animals also rely upon internal structures to grow, primarily the digestive and circulatory system. The digestive system takes in food and water and breaks it down to help the body grow. Roots branch out in the ground seeking out water and nutrients to help the plant grow. Slide 37 / 83 Internal Growth Structures: Animals Slide 38 / 83 Internal Survival Structures: Plants Plants protect themselves from in several ways. Animals move energy from food, water and oxygen through their body in their circulatory system. The heart pumps blood to deliver the energy. Many plants make poisons to stop animals from eating them. To prevent drying out during droughts and winter plants store extra water.

Slide 39 / 83 Internal Survival Structures: Animals To survive animals depend upon many

It also stores memories of places and food sources - Slide 40 / 83 Internal ehavior Structures:

environment and stimulus. Plant react to the environment by growing towards the light.

environment, may plants loose their leaves to prevent drying out.

They do so to navigate, find a mate and to socialize.

generations plants are capable of reproduction.

They accomplish this with the help of pollinators or asexually.

Within a few hours, its body temperature drops to 59 F, and its heartbeat rate and breathing rate

They are often transported by animals or the wind.

9 Slide 39 / 83 Internal Survival Structures: Animals To survive animals depend upon many interconnected internal structures. The brain process threats and helps avoid danger. It also stores memories of places and food sources - Slide 40 / 83 Internal ehavior Structures: Plants Although plants lack a brain and nervous system they are able to respond to their environment and stimulus. Plant react to the environment by growing towards the light. Muscles work together with the skeletal system to defend against predators In response to their environment, may plants loose their leaves to prevent drying out. - Slide 41 / 83 Internal ehavior Structures: Animals Animals rely primarily on the nervous system to control and regulate their behavior. Whales communicate with each other through clicks, whistles and calls. They do so to navigate, find a mate and to socialize. Slide 42 / 83 Internal Reproduction Structures: Plants To pass on their genes to future generations plants are capable of reproduction. Plants are equipped with reproductive parts that produce a seed to pass along their genes. They accomplish this with the help of pollinators or asexually. As winter approaches, animals hibernate in underground nests. Within a few hours, its body temperature drops to 59 F, and its heartbeat rate and breathing rate falls. Seeds are produced by plants to ensure the survival of the plant through reproduction. They are often transported by animals or the wind. Slide 43 / 83 Internal Reproduction Structures: Animals Animals reproduce to pass along their genes and ensure the survival of their species. Animals have reproductive organs as part of their reproductive system. Most animals reproduce through live birth which helps ensure the survival of their young. Slide 44 / Organisms have internal structures that work with external structures A True False Other animals reproduce through laying eggs. The babies grow inside the eggs until the are able come out.

10 Slide 44 () / Organisms have internal structures that work with external structures Slide 45 / Organs such as stomachs, hearts, and gills have. A True A similar functions and are the same structure. False A different functions and are the same structure. C different functions and different structures. Slide 45 () / Organs such as stomachs, hearts, and gills have. A similar functions and are the same structure. different functions and are the same structure. C C different functions and different structures. Slide 46 / Which internal structures do not support the use of a birds wing? A Heart Reproductive organs C Muscles D Nerves and brain Slide 46 () / Which internal structures do not support the use of a birds wing? Slide 47 / Which of the following is an example of an internal structure that assists with growth? A Heart Reproductive organs C Muscles A C D Nerves and brain D

Slide 47 () / 83 Slide 48 / 83 14 Which of the following is an example of an internal structure that assists with growth? 15 Which of the following statements is true?

11 Slide 47 () / 83 Slide 48 / Which of the following is an example of an internal structure that assists with growth? 15 Which of the following statements is true? A C A Plants and animals have the same internal structures. D D All animals reproduce through live birth. C Plants and animals both have internal survival structures. D The nervous system of plants and animals controls their internal behavior structures. Slide 48 () / 83 Slide 49 / Which of the following statements is true? A Plants and animals have the same internal structures. All animals reproduce through live birth. C C Plants and animals both have internal survival structures. Information Processing D The nervous system of plants and animals controls their internal behavior structures. Return to Table of Contents Slide 50 / 83 Introduction An animal's environment is filled with stimuli - sounds, scents, and sights are just a few. They must have a way to receive this information and understand the meaning of it. Slide 51 / 83 Animals experience the same 5 sense as humans, however often at a heightened level as compared to humans. Sight The Senses Hearing Smell Taste Is that noise a predator I need to run from? Is it my baby calling? Is that smell food or fire? Is this food safe to eat or poisonous? Survival depends on understanding the information received. Touch

Slide 52 / 83 Specialized Receptors The sense organs include the eyes, ears, nose, skin

Within each of these are specialized receptors which send the information to the brain.

to the body. Each part of the body sends a different type of signal and information.

very quickly to stimuli The ears send signals about sounds The tongue sends signals about

The skin sends signals about temperature, pain and more Slide 54 / 83 Other Receptors

Slide 55 / 83 Plant Senses Plants lack the same type of sense receptors found in animals.

Click below to watch tomato plants respond to sunlight.

ats use echo-location to "see" at night and in caves.

Slide 56 / 83 Plant Reactions Plants also react to stimulation they receive from their

Without any muscles or nerves plants react to the sunlight by growing towards it.

cells. Slide 57 / 83 Where Do The Signals Go?

12 Slide 52 / 83 Specialized Receptors The sense organs include the eyes, ears, nose, skin and tongue. Within each of these are specialized receptors which send the information to the brain. Slide 53 / 83 Specific Signals Animals' different senses are constantly sending feedback to the body. Each part of the body sends a different type of signal and information. What type of signals do these different receptors send? The nose sends signals about smells. Animals typically have specialized sense organs and nervous system that are able respond very quickly to stimuli The ears send signals about sounds The tongue sends signals about foods The eyes send signals about the environment and surrounds. The skin sends signals about temperature, pain and more Slide 54 / 83 Other Receptors Some animals have different senses that help them interact with their environment. Slide 55 / 83 Plant Senses Plants lack the same type of sense receptors found in animals. However, plants do receive signals from their environment. Click below to watch tomato plants respond to sunlight. Sharks can sense electric signals given off by prey. ats use echo-location to "see" at night and in caves. ees can see ultraviolet light, the right flower is how a bee sees this flower. Slide 56 / 83 Plant Reactions Plants also react to stimulation they receive from their environment. Without any muscles or nerves plants react to the sunlight by growing towards it. This is known as phototropism and done through the expansion or contraction of their cells. Slide 57 / 83 Where Do The Signals Go? Different receptors are specialized for particular kinds of information. They receive information that is transmitted to the brain through different neural pathways. Where do vision signals go? This plant reacts to being touched to protect them from predators. The leaves fold inward when touched and stay closed for a few minutes. Light enters the cornea, Click and to focuses reveal on the back of the eye. There are special cells there that see color and shape. They send this information through the optic never into the brain. The information is then processed by the visual cortex.

Slide 58 / 83 Different Signals, Different Paths Each piece of information sent to

The paths depend upon the type of signal being sent.

making sense of all the signals it receives.

Much like a circuit board, the brain is 'wired' to direct signals to their

Auditory Cortex Slide 60 / 83 Parts of the rain The brain is the main switching

It also sends messages to parts of the body.

it is a tough task to make sense of the The brain integrates, or combines, all

In order to integrate all the information the brain must make sense of all the

13 Slide 58 / 83 Different Signals, Different Paths Each piece of information sent to the brain takes different paths. The paths depend upon the type of signal being sent. The auditory system gathers the sound, transmits it and processes the information in the auditory cortex. Slide 59 / 83 Decoding the Signals The brain is responsible for decoding and making sense of all the signals it receives. Information enters the brain and is directed to the right part of the brain. Much like a circuit board, the brain is 'wired' to direct signals to their intended destination. Auditory Cortex Slide 60 / 83 Parts of the rain The brain is the main switching unit of body, it interprets what you see, hear, smell, taste, and touch. It also sends messages to parts of the body. Different parts of the brain are responsible for processing different types of information. Slide 61 / 83 Sensory Integration With information constantly entering the brain, it is a tough task to make sense of the information. The brain integrates, or combines, all the signals. In order to integrate all the information the brain must make sense of all the different signals. - Slide 62 / 83 Integration Use the parts of sensory information to form meaning. See if you can figure out what is going on. Small, Lumpy, White Slide 63 / 83 It's All Connected All of receptors are connected through a network of nerves and neurons to our brain. Information gathered throughout the body is all moving towards our brain. Once processed and interpreted, signals are then sent back out to control the body. uttery, Strong Salty, Delicious Greasy, Rough Loud, Crunchy Eating Popcorn

14 Slide 64 / All animals have exactly the same 5 senses. Slide 64 () / All animals have exactly the same 5 senses. True False True False False Some have other senses such as the ability to use echo-location or see ultraviolet light. Slide 65 / Which of the following is not a specialized sense? Slide 65 () / Which of the following is not a specialized sense? A Sensing electrical signals A Sensing electrical signals Echo location C Remembering past events D Seeing ultraviolet light Echo location C Remembering past events D Seeing ultraviolet light C Slide 66 / Which of the following is an example of sensory information based upon the picture? Select all that apply. Slide 66 () / Which of the following is an example of sensory information based upon the picture? Select all that apply. A Sweet smelling Loud noises C umpy texture A Sweet smelling Loud noises C umpy texture A, C, D D Red and green cone shaped D Red and green cone shaped

Slide 67 / 83 19 Signals that are sent to the brain are processed by regions of the brain. A one Slide 67 () / 83 19 Signals that are sent to the brain are processed by regions of the brain.

15 Slide 67 / Signals that are sent to the brain are processed by regions of the brain. A one Slide 67 () / Signals that are sent to the brain are processed by regions of the brain. A one different C all different C all D multiple D multiple Slide 68 / Plants cannot sense and react to their environment because they don't have a nervous system. A True Slide 68 () / Plants cannot sense and react to their environment because they don't have a nervous system. A True False False Slide 69 / 83 Slide 70 / 83 Nerves and Neurons Signals from the body are sent to the brain through a network of nerves and neurons. The nerves act a roadways for the signals. Receiving & Sending Signals Return to Table of Contents

Slide 71 / 83 Central Location All the information gathered from different senses and organs of the body travel

Signals from the body are gathered through a vast network of nerves.

Slide 72 / 83 Entering the rain Signals from the body travel through the brain stem into the brain.

The brain stem functions as switch board operator, routing each signal to the part of the brain that interprets

Once it receives a signal which is processed it sends signals back to the rest of the body.

Touching a hot pot, nerves send a signal to the brain Slide 74 / 83 Actions Once information is processed by the

These signals control the actions and movements we do.

1 2 rain interprets the signal as dangerous 3 rain sends a signal to move hand quickly away to avoid further

16 Slide 71 / 83 Central Location All the information gathered from different senses and organs of the body travel through a network of nerves towards the brain. Signals from the body are gathered through a vast network of nerves. The nerves gather together at the spinal column when they are passed along to the brain. Slide 72 / 83 Entering the rain Signals from the body travel through the brain stem into the brain. Lower parts of the brain process that information and direct it where to go. The brain stem functions as switch board operator, routing each signal to the part of the brain that interprets it. Slide 73 / 83 Dual Purpose rain The brain is not a one way street. Once it receives a signal which is processed it sends signals back to the rest of the body. Click each number to reveal the path signals take. Touching a hot pot, nerves send a signal to the brain Slide 74 / 83 Actions Once information is processed by the brain actions are sent back through the network of nerves and neurons to the rest of the body. These signals control the actions and movements we do. Some are automatic such as reflexes and others are thoughtful. 1 2 rain interprets the signal as dangerous 3 rain sends a signal to move hand quickly away to avoid further damage Slide 75 / 83 Instincts & ehavior Animals are born with instincts like breathing, eating, and migration patterns. Some animal behaviors are not instincts, they are learned behaviors from other members of their species such as how to hunt, sounds for communication, or how to fly. Slide 76 / 83 Memory Some information that reaches the brain is stored as memory. Memory allows for the recall of previous experiences. It is important for growth, survival, reproduction and behavior. These behaviors help the organism survive in their environment.

Slide 77 / 83 Actions Animals use their perceptions and memories to guide their action and behaviors.

Slide 78 / 83 Learned ehaviors Animals are quick to learn behaviors when they are rewarded with items such as food.

Feeding a stray cat will teach them to come back again and again after being fed once.

It receives information from specialized sense receptors that is processed and integrated by the brain.

To guide their actions, animals rely upon their brains to interpret their perceptions and memories.

17 Slide 77 / 83 Actions Animals use their perceptions and memories to guide their action and behaviors. What animals can you think of that have patterns in their behavior? Slide 78 / 83 Learned ehaviors Animals are quick to learn behaviors when they are rewarded with items such as food. ears learn that an easy source of food can be found in trash cans. Feeding a stray cat will teach them to come back again and again after being fed once. Slide 79 / 83 Putting It All Together The brain serves a crucial role as a receiving and responding organ. It receives information from specialized sense receptors that is processed and integrated by the brain. rains are organized to quickly respond to sensory stimuli and some information gets stored as memories. To guide their actions, animals rely upon their brains to interpret their perceptions and memories. Slide 80 / Which organ is used by all the senses? A ears nose C skin D brain E tongue Slide 80 () / Which organ is used by all the senses? A ears Slide 81 / Signals from all over the body travel to the brain through network. A Neurons nose C skin D Nerves C Veins D brain D Cords E tongue

18 Slide 81 () / Signals from all over the body travel to the brain through network. A Neurons Slide 82 / Animals are born with that are automatic and do not require thought. A integration's Nerves C Veins behaviors C memories D Cords D instincts Slide 82 () / Animals are born with that are automatic and do not require thought. A integration's behaviors C memories D Slide 83 / Which of the following statements are correct? Select all that apply. A The brain is a two way organ that recieves and sends signals. All species of animals have the same 5 senses. D instincts C Different parts of the brain are responsible for decoding different sensory signals. D The brain is responsible for integrating all the different types of information to make sense of it. Slide 83 () / Which of the following statements are correct? Select all that apply. A The brain is a two way organ that recieves and sends signals. A,, D All species of animals have the same 5 senses. C Different parts of the brain are responsible for decoding different sensory signals. D The brain is responsible for integrating all the different types of information to make sense of it.

Structure and Function

Structure and Function Name period date assigned date due date returned Certain structures help an organism perform a certain function. For example, teeth on a shark help the animal get food. On your own, list at least five