suy ngém VÒ Kü THUËT KÝCH C M T¹O TRÇM Æc thï gi i phéu häc cña gç Dã TrÇm Kinh nghiöm cña Th i lan Thµnh phçn hãa häc cña thµnh phèm kých c m 1
M«gç (xylem), libe (phloem), tçng sinh gç (cambium) èi víi gç (nãi chung) 2
M«gç (xylem) libe (phloem) Applied phytobiology Department 3
Chøc n ng chýnh cña m«gç (xylem) ChuyÓn vën n íc, ion vµ chêt kho ng tõ rô lªn trªn 4
Chøc n ng chýnh cña libe (phloem) ChuyÓn vën êng vµ dþch d ìng Õn c c bé phën cña c y 5
Chøc n ng chýnh cña vascular cambium Ph n sinh t¹o c c m«gç vµ m«libe, c y ph t trión 6
ë c y dã trçm m¹ch m«gå vµ m¹ch libe gæp nhau? Trong gç th êng, m«gç cã c c lo¹i tõ bµo chýnh: tõ bµo èng hay no n bµo (tracheid) vµ tõ bµo m¹ch (vessel), nhu bµo (parenchyma) kh«ng cã tõ bµo libe. 7
United States Patent 6848211 Aquilaria has a unique anatomy, and one who wishes to induce agarwood in young trees must understand its anatomy. Unlike most trees in the Angiospemae that produce phloem cells external to the xylem (growing out from the circumference of the cambium), Aquilaria produces bundles of phloem cells throughout the xylem as well as in a layer external to the xylem. This means that the xylem (consisting of vessels, fibers and parenchyma cells) also contains groups of phloem cells called included phloem Most trees close wounds by producing new cells at the edge of the wounded cambium. Aquilaria trees close wound from inside the xylem as well as externally. (Blanchette R. A. 1992. Anatomical responses of xylem to injury and invasion by fungi. In: Defense Mechanisms of Woody Plants Against Fungi. Edited by R. A. Blanchette and A. R. Biggs. Springer-Verlag Berlin. Pp. 76-95) 8
United States Patent 6848211 If artificial wounds are made into the xylem by boring into the tree, the included phloem present throughout the wounded site reacts and may produce new cambial cells. New wood formed from this new cambium will grow within the wounded xylem. The entire surface of the exposed xylem produces new cambial cells which in turn differentiate producing new wood cells. (Blanchette R. A. 1992. Anatomical responses of xylem to injury and invasion by fungi. In: Defense Mechanisms of Woody Plants Against Fungi. Edited by R. A. Blanchette and A. R. Biggs. Springer-Verlag Berlin. Pp. 76-95) 9
Trong gç th êng: Sù t ch biöt gi a m«gç vµ m«libe nh hión vi iön tö cña m«gç dã trçm Kasetsart University, Department of Forestry www.agarwoodinfo.com/webpage/agarwood%20formation.htm xf: tõ bµo gç (xylem cell), i: tõ bµo libe vïi (included-phloem cell), v: m¹ch gç (vessel), r: tia gç (xylem ray) 10
C c t c nh n kých c m îc thö nghiöm NÊm ký sinh c«lëp * Fungi growing in the wounded Aquilaria tree may cause agarwood formation: Phialophora parasitica, Torula sp., Aspergillus Phoenicis (Corda) Thom & Currie, Penicillium Citrinum Thom, Penicillium sp., Fusarium laterium, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium bulbiferum, Cladosporium sp., Epicoccum granulatum, Cylimndrocladium, Sphaeropsis sp., Botryodiplodia theobromae, Trichoderma sp., Phomopsis sp., Cunninghamella echinulata, Cytosphaera Manganiferae, Botryodyplodia spp., Diplodia spp., Chaetomium globosum, Pythium spp.,. (NÊm ghi mçu á îc thö nghiöm thµnh c«ng bëi kü s Æng Ngäc Ch u, NÊm ghi mçu xanh îc thö nghiöm bëi 4 nhµ khoa häc Ên é vµ Hµ Lan) * Fungi isolated from fresh agarwood obtained from natural forests in Vietnam. Five different fungi, representing different species of Ascomyota and Deuteromycota and three different types of Basidiomycota obtained from Aquilaria trees in Vietnam (Blachette R. A.) 11
C c t c nh n kh c Hãa chêt: Methyl Jasmonate (C13H20O3, CAS# 39924-52-2), Chitosan, Formic acid, NaCl, Calcium carbonate, Cellobiose, Sodium bisulfate, Sodium bisulfite, Salicylic acid, Ferrous chloride,. sinh chêt: Yeast extract, Nutrient media (Oat, Malt, Mycological Agar), sterile Aquilaria sawdust, Pheromone,. m«i tr êng sèng: Th m thùc vët, S u bä, 12
Kinh nghiöm Th i Lan MiÒn B¾c Th i Mr. Pheeraphan Wijitphan 13
Kinh nghiöm Th i Lan MiÒn B¾c Th i 14
Kinh nghiöm Th i Lan MiÒn B¾c Th i 15
Kinh nghiöm Th i Lan MiÒn nam Th i TØnh Rayon, Vïng c y Aquilaria crassna Pierre 16
Kinh nghiöm Th i Lan MiÒn nam Th i Vïng c y Aquilaria subintegra Ding Hou 17
Kinh nghiöm Th i Lan MiÒn nam Th i Vïng c y Aquilaria subintegra Ding Hou 18
Kinh nghiöm Th i Lan MiÒn nam Th i 19
Kinh nghiöm Th i Lan MiÒn nam Th i 20
Mét sè h nh nh t¹i viöt nam 21
Mét sè h nh nh t¹i viöt nam 22
Mét sè h nh nh t¹i viöt nam 23
No. COMPARISON BETWEEN INfected TREE AND HEALTHY TREE Compound Name Content (%) 1 Pentadecenoic acid 6.8 0 2 Valerianol 3.0 0.1 3 Heptanoic acid 2.4 trace 4 Octanoic acid 2.1 0 5 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol 1.5 0 6 Tetradecanoic acid 7.1 6.9 7 Tridecanoic acid 0 3.2 8 Linoleic acid 0 3.4 9 Octadecanoic acid 1.0 4.1 10 Dodecanoic acid 2.5 3.1 11 Pentadecanoic acid 4.8 6.2 12 Hexadecanoic acid 20.0 31.5 - NI stands for wood chips of Naturally Infected tree - H stands for wood chips of Healthy tree - Tree species: Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. NI H 24
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MAJOR COMPOUNDS OF AGARWOOD OIL ( SOURCE: AQUILARIA CRASSNA PIERRE ) STRUCTURAL FORMULA Agarospirol Gamma-Eudesmol Alpha-Eudesmol Beta-Eudesmol Guaiol Alpha-Agarofuran Jinkoheremol Dihydrokaranone Jinkohol Alpha-Gurjuene 26
MAJOR COMPOUNDS OF AGARWOOD OIL ( SOURCE: AQUILARIA MALACCENSIS LAMK. ) STRUCTURAL FORMULA chromone,2-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl] chromone,2-(2-phenylethyl) oxo-agarospirol Nootkatone Beta-Agarofuran Kusunol Jinkoheremol Agarospirol 27
MAJOR COMPOUNDS OF AGARWOOD OIL ( SOURCE: AQUILARIA FILARIA MERR. ) STRUCTURAL FORMULA gamma-eudesmol alpha-eudesmol beta-eudesmol beta-selinene gamma-selinene alpha-selinene Elemol alpha-gurjuene Humulene Agarospirol 28
C C CHÊT T¹O MïI ÆC TR NG CñA TRÇM H NG (+)-(1S,2S,5R,7R,8R)-Jinkohol II (+)-(4aR,5S)-Karanone (+)-(4aR,5S)-Dihydrokaranone Theo kõt qu nghiªn cøu cña 2 nhµ khoa häc NhËt B n vµ 1 nhµ khoa häc Mü: * Tsukasa Nagashima & Toshio Yoshida, U.S. Patent No. 4,444,982 (1984) * J. C. Leffingwell, CHEMISTRY TODAY Vol 24 nr 4 pp. 36-38 (2006). 29
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