Section 2. Space Applications. Space Applications. Satellite Missions. Satellite Missions

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1 Space Applications Section 2 Space Applications 1. Communications Satellites 2. Remote Sensing Missions 3. Space-based Navigation 4. Exploration Satellite Missions Communication Applications (Remote Sensing) Satellite Missions Application (Others) Scientific (Incl Manned mission) Civil Communication Military strategic Military Tactical Relay and direct Earth Looking Remote sensing Earth resources weather Reconnaissance Early warning Oceanography Navigation Search and Rescue Space Station Operations Space Platforms Space Station Shuttles Biological Solar Stellar, Telescope Example INTELSAT DOMSAT TDRS FLTSATCOM TELECOM TDF Example Landsat SPOT SeaSat DMSP TIROS GOES DSP Example GPS Lightsats Spacelab GLONASS ARGOS Example STS MIR HST GRO Pioneers Yoyagers Galileo Cassini/Huyghens

2 Why do we need Communications Satellites? Applications of Communications Satellites Science/Science Fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke first proposed putting satellites into orbits with periods of 24 hours, 36,000 km above the equator, exactly matching the rotation rate of the Earth. These geostationary orbits could serve as communication hubs to link together remote parts of the planet. With the launch of the first experimental communications satellite, Echo I, into Earth orbit in 1960, Clarke s fanciful idea showed promise of becoming reality. Although Echo I was little more than a reflective balloon in low-earth orbit, radio signals were bounced off it, demonstrating that space could be used to broaden our horizons of communication. An explosion of technology to exploit this idea quickly followed. C. Clarke Echo I Communication Relay Satellite diameter 30 m Commercial/ Government Communications Domestic cable Television. Internet Satellite Mobile Radio Satellite This document is prepared radio/index1.html by Kerati SANGCHAM Aerospace Department, Faculty of Engineering (Kasetsart University ) Remote Sensing Missions Research using Remote Sensing data Remote sensing is the act of observing Earth and other objects from space. For decades, military spy satellites have kept tabs on the activities of potential adversaries using remote-sensing technology. civilian uses Monitoring Earth s environment Forecasting the weather Managing resources Now satellite becomes Planners on Earth

3 What's Remote Sensing? Technology to observe the Earth's surface from a distant position by observation equipment onboard satellites and aircraft is called "Remote Sensing". Thus Earth observing data can be repeatedly collected by Earth Observation Satellites and any changes on the Earth can be monitored in a global range in detail and over a long period of time. These observed data are received on the ground and analyzed by computers, thereby we can apply the satellite data to various fields concerned with our existence, from phenomena in the natural world such as global environmental changes caused by, volcanoes, floating ice, etc., to various environmental changes effected by human activities Remote Sensing (Land) Agriculture and Forestry - Vegetation distribution investigation and vegetation classification - Forest resources investigation and forest fire monitoring - Forest disease and pest damage prevention - Crop inventory forecast - Planting condition investigation - Soil classification and soil water content investigation - Desertification monitoring Disaster Prevention - Volcanic disaster investigation and monitoring - Land disaster investigation and monitoring - Flood Investigation and Monitoring - Investigation of Snow Disaster Remote Sensing (Land) Remote Sensing (Ocean) Land Use - Land use investigation - Application to various mapping Topography, Geology, and Resource Exploitation - Surface layer geology investigation - Geological structure investigation - Geothermal investigation - Mineral resource Exploitation - Topographical change investigation Ocean Phenomena - Sea surface temperature distribution investigation - Sea current condition investigation - Sea surface wind and wave investigation - Sea ice distribution investigation and monitoring Fishery - Plankton and red tide investigation - Upwelling investigation Others - River, lake, and pond pollution investigation - Urban environment investigation - Snow distribution and snow melting quality investigation Others - Water quality and pollution investigation and monitoring - Drainage diffusion investigation

4 Atmosphere and Weather Atmosphere - Atmosphere component observation - Cloud and water vapor distribution observation - Ozone layer concentration and distribution observation - Precipitation and cloud water content observation - Air pollution investigation and monitoring Climate - Weather investigation and forecasting - General circulation of atmosphere investigation - Climate change investigation Space-based Navigation the Global Positioning System (GPS), developed by the U.S. military, tell you where you are, in what direction you re heading and how fast you re going. Figure: Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS allows Earth-based users armed with a simple, hand-held receiver to triangulate from a constellation of 24 satellites. They can then determine their location to within a few meters and velocity, and a few m/sec anywhere on Earth. 24 GPS satellites GPS Elements GPS (Space Segment) Space Segment ( Satellite and constellation ) - Control Segment (Monitor and operation of satellites and signals ) User Segment (user hardware and processing software GPS receivers) Satellite constellation design At least 4 satellites in view, anywhere and anytime Normally 24 GPS satellites 6 orbital planes Semi-major axis approximately 26,600 km Eccentricity 0.02 (near circular) Ascending Node of each plane spaced by 60 Inclination 55 4 satellites per plane Mean anomaly spaced by approximately 90 Satellite speed Approximately 4 km/s relative to earth centre Repeating ground track Orbital period T = 11 hr 58 min 2 orbits per sidereal day (earth 360 = 23 hr 56 min )

5 GPS Constellation GPS Constellation NAVSTAR satellites GPS Signal The first GPS satellite was launched back in 14th February, Each satellite weighs approximately 2,000 pounds and is about 17 feet across with the solar panels extended. Transmitter power is only 50 watts Each satellite transmits two signals L1 and L2. Civilian GPS uses the 'L1' frequency of MHz. Each satellite is expected to last approximately 10 years. Replacements are constantly being built and launched into orbit. The GPS program is currently funded with replacements through Driven by Atomic clock Frequency = MHz with two carrier signals (Sine waves) L1 = 154x10.23 MHz wavelength = 19.0 cm (Civil) L2 = 120x10.23 MHz wavelength = 24.4 cm (Military) Bits encoded on carried by Phase modulation C/A Code P code Navigation message

6 Five group of NAVSTAR GPS Anatomie 1. Navigation technology satellite (NTS) 2. Navigation Development Satellite Block I 3. Operational Satellite Block II 4. Operational Satellite Block IIA (Advance) 5. Replacement Operational Satellite Block IIR GPS Station Network GPS (User Segment) Technology of GPS receivers Nonmapping Units Basemap Units Mapping Units Elements of GPS receivers Navigation (Way points) Routes Track Logs Hawaii - Kwajalein in the Pacific Ocean - Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean - Ascension Island in the Atlantic Ocean - Colorado Springs, Colorado

7 GPS (Source of Errors) GPS Coordinate System 1. Ionosphere and troposphere delays 2. Signal Multi-path 3. Receiver clock errors 4. Orbital errors 5. Number of satellites visible 6. Satellite geometry shading Earth Centered, Earth Fixed X, Y, and Z 4 S/L of GPS DGPS (Differential GPS)

8 Exploration Space Programs the most exciting missions are those which explore the unknown the Magellan spacecraft that orbited Venus with a powerful radar to peel back the clouds of this once mysterious planet are a good example. Figure : Magellan at Venus. The powerful synthetic aperture radar on NASA s Magellan spacecraft pierced the thick clouds of Venus, giving us the first details of the planet s surface. (Photo courtesy of NASA.) The Soviets/Russians (7 Programs) 1. Sputnik 2. Vostok 3. Voskhod 4. Soyuz 5. Lunar 6. Salyut 7. Mir (1993) USA ( 5 Programs) 1. Mercury 2. Gemini 3. Apollo 4. Skylab 5. Shuttle-Mir (denoted as phase 1 of ISS) Human Space Exploration Mercury Program Human space flight missions have four main goals. In increase knowledge of nature s processes, using space environment To explore and settle the solar system To achieve affordable, routine space travel To enrich life on Earth through people living and working in space. The first human space flight on April 12, 1961, of Yuri Gagarin in Vostok I Vostok I Yuri Gagarin Project Mercury was the United states first human space program, initiated in 1958 and completed in 1963 and was made up of 20 unmanned and six manned missions. the Mercury program goal was to demonstrate that humans could survive in space. The objective of the programs, which culminated in six human spaceflights between A History of Project Mercury 1994, for a comprehensive look at Mercury Program> John H. Glenn is the first American in the space. Objectives place a manned spacecraft into orbit investigate man's reaction to space flight and recover the pilot and spacecraft successfully when they returned to Earth.

9 Gemini Program Objectives Project Gemini, the second U.S. Human space program It was announced in Jan 1962 Gemini involved 12 flights, including two flight tests without crew Between March 1965 and November 1966, U.S. flew 10 Gemini two- person spacecraft Subject two pilots and equipment to spaceflight for up to two weeks. Rendezvous and dock with another orbiting vehicle and maneuver both spacecraft with the propulsion system. Perfect methods of reentry to a specific and preselected landing point on land. They were not able to accomplish the last goal. They were only able to have water landings. Apollo mission Earth & Lunar Orbital Missions Apollo 1,7,8,9,10 Lunar Landing Missions (Achieved goal) Apollo 11,12,13,14,15,16,17 This is the big one. This is the project that took humans to the moon. The Apollo project had missions that went from 1966 to There were eleven missions with humans aboard. Six of those missions actually landed on the Moon. There was a smaller sub project called Apollo-Soyuz that began in This was a joint effort with Russia and it was designed to test the compatibility of U.S. and Soviet space vehicles. John F. Kennedy, May I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to humankind, or more important in the longrange exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish (John F. Kennedy, special joint session of congress May 25,1961 Apollo Program Neil Armstrong Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to land on the Moon. The first steps by humans on another planetary body were taken by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on July 20, The astronauts also returned to Earth the first samples from another planetary body. Apollo 11 achieved its primary mission - to perform a manned lunar landing and return the mission safely to Earth

10 Apollo 11 Short Story Apollo mission spacecraft o o The Apollo 11 Command Module "Columbia" carried astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, and Michael Collins on their historic voyage to the Moon and back on July 16-24, This mission culminated in the first human steps on another world. The Apollo 11 spacecraft had three parts: the Command Module, the Service Module, and the Lunar Module "Eagle". While astronauts Armstrong and Aldrin descended to the Moon in "Eagle", Michael Collins remained alone in "Columbia". For 28 hours he served as a communications link and photographed the lunar surface. After reclaiming Armstrong and Aldrin from the ascent stage of the Lunar Module, "Columbia" was the only part of the spacecraft to return to Earth. Service Module (SM) Apollo 7 test CM Apollo 9 test CM/LM Apollo 8,10 test critical components the Command Module (CM) Columbia Lunar Module (LM) Eagle SATURN V Launch Vehicle The manned Apollo missions were each launched aboard a Saturn V launch vehicle. The "V" designation originates from the five powerful F-1 engines that powered the first stage of the rocket. The Saturn V remains the largest and most powerful U.S. expendable launch vehicle ever built. The Apollo spacecraft, sat atop the launch vehicle. Above the CM was the emergency escape system. The complete assembly including the Apollo spacecraft and the Saturn launch vehicle stood 363 feet tall (110.6 meters) and weighed over 6 million pounds (2.7 million kg). Apollo mission profile

11 Apollo 13 Crews Apollo 13 did not land on the lunar surface due to a life support system malfunction. But during the brief orbit around the Moon, the crew was able to collect photographs. It is called Successful failure mission Skylab Skylab was one of the first research ships that orbited the Earth. It stayed in orbit for 171 days and then fell to Earth in July of It was used by the United States to test the effects of a long duration space mission. NASA wanted to provide humans a living and working area in an orbiting scientific lab. While scientists worked, their job was to expand the field of astronomy and conduct experiments. Apollo-Soyuz SPACE SHUTTLE Objective To test rendezvous and docking systems that might be needed during international space-rescue missions To conduct a program of scientific experiments and technologic applications A remarkable joint mission was undertaken by Americans and Russians In 1975, namely, Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). The mission started with the Russian Soyuz Launch on July 15,1975, followed by the U.S. Apollo launch on the same day. The mission lasted 9 days, and docking in space of the two craft occurred on July 17 with the Soyuz and Apollo spacecraft docked for 2 days while the crews exchanged visits and conducted joint operations. k69.htm ABOUT THE PICTURE This is a picture of the Space Shuttle Atlantis being flown on the back of a 747. SPACE SHUTTLE The shuttle Columbia was the first one to make it to space on April 12, They are the first reusable spacecraft on Earth. NASA designed the Shuttle to be a cost-effective way of getting cargo into space and conducting short-term experiments. Over the years it has carried over 500 humans into orbit. Name First Flight ---No. of Flights ----Comments Enterprise - Test craft which was never flown. Columbia 12 April First reusable spacecraft. Challenger 4 April Destroyed 71 seconds after launch on 28 Jan Discovery 30 April Atlantis 3 November Endeavour 7 May Replacement for Challenger. The number of flights includes STS-71 (the first Shuttle-Mir mission)

12 The Space Shuttle Future Space Shuttle news The first shuttle launch took place on April , 20 years to the day after Yuri Gagarin's first historic flight into space. The Space Transportation System (STS) is made up of three main parts: the orbiter, which is the actual space shuttle that flies into space carrying crew, satellites and experiments; the large brown External fuel Tank (ET) carrying fuel for the orbiter's three main engines during launch; and a pair of white Solid Rocket Boosters SRB's) that provide extra thrust to lift the stack during lift-off. The replacement for NASA's aging space shuttles may take off like a plane be propelled by booster rockets that fly back to Earth and, in one of the more radical moves, eliminate pilots. The reusable space plane, equipped with crew escape and automatic landing systems, would be far safer than the shuttle. In this design concepts. It also would be much cheaper to operate, the goal is to have it flying by 2012, right around the time the space shuttles should be retiring. Among NASA's main objectives: to lower the cost of delivering payloads to orbit from $10,000 a pound on the shuttle to $1,000 a pound or less, and reduce the risk of a deadly catastrophe from the current 1-in-almost-500 to 1-in-10,000. The space shuttle lacks a viable crew escape system for launch, something that is crucial if NASA hopes to achieve its desired safety margin. Both vertical and horizontal liftoffs are being considered. Over the past year, NASA whittled down the list of ideas from thousands to 15 represented by three industry teams: Boeing of Seal Beach, Calif.; Lockheed Martin Corp. of Denver; and a combined Orbital Sciences Corp. of Dulles, Va., and Northrop Grumman of El Segundo, Calif. The concepts rely on two-stage rockets, with engines fueled by kerosene, hydrogen or a combination. NASA plans to settle on two concepts next year. Full-scale development of one of the ships would begin in 2006, with the first flight hopefully in In case of delays, NASA plans to keep the shuttles flying until 2020."We went to the moon in nine years and we developed the shuttle in eight years," Smith said. "Here we are 10 years away and really it comes down to a commitment to get behind the new system." Space Application for Search and Rescue System MARS Mission??? Past and Future???