Space and Robotics. History of Unmanned Spacecraft David Wettergreen The Robotics Institute Carnegie Mellon University

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1 Space and Robotics History of Unmanned Spacecraft David Wettergreen The Robotics Institute University Era of Space Access Access to space began 46 years ago (tomorrow) with the launch of Sputnik 1 aboard the first Soviet ICBM Rockets have existed since 100 B.C. and have used extensively in China for 1000 years First rocket reached orbit October 4, 1957 About 200 attempts have been made to launch space explorers 1

2 Space Exploration Attempts Launch Failure Spacecraft Failure Spacecraft Success Total Future USSR (Russian) American Japanese European From Space Exploration Anything that leaves Earth orbit Anything with scientific purpose Then catagorize Earth orbit or not Lunar? Yes Sputnik? Yes (but orbital only) Shuttle? Payload dependent Unmanned only? No (some manned experiments) Earth observing? No 2

3 Tsiolkovsky Equations Konstantin Tsiolkovsky ( ) Father of Spaceflight Developed rocket equation Rockets in vacuum of space, 1883 Practical use of liquid propellant, 1903 Conceptualized multi-stage rockets and stablization systems Goddard Rocket First liquid-propellant rocket Reached 56m, 100km/hr Robert Goddard made contributions to flight control and multistage rockets Rockets do not depend upon air for propulsion March 16,

4 Von Braun Rocket Wernher Von Braun, developed the V-2 Rocket at the Peenemüende Research Facility in Germany. More than 3000 V-2 launched WWII Von Braun to Alabama in m rocket carried 750kg for 360km Used alcohol and liquid oxygen fuel October 3, 1942 Large Solid Fuel Rockets JPL development during WWII Control of flight 4

5 First Orbital Launch Soviet R-7 ICBM Developed by Sergei Korolev Orbit decay at 92 days (January 4, 1958) October 4, 1957 First Artificial Satellite Sputnik m, 83.6 kg aluminum sphere Obtained data on the density of upper atmosphere, propagation of radio signals in the ionosphere, temperature in/on the sphere Four whip-like antennas m Transmitters operated at and MHz (about 15 and 7.5 m in wavelength) for 3 weeks 5

6 First Biological Spacecraft Sputnik 2 4m high, 2m base, kg cone-shaped capsule Launched on SS-6 (modified R7) Two spectrophotometers measuring solar radiation (UV, X-ray) and cosmic rays Laika Television camera was mounted in the passenger compartment to observe Laika Faulty thermal system & loss of insulation so interior temperatures reached 40 C Laika survived for only 2 days Orbit decay after 162 days (April 14,1958) November 3, 1957 First Orbital Discovery Explorer 1 Explorer 2m, 13.97kg was theupper stage of a Jupiter-C rocket Carried Geiger counter suggested by Van Allen and discovered Earth s radiation belts. Also ultrasonics to detect micrometeorites, and temperature sensors February 1,

7 First Lunar Impact Luna 2 First spacecraft to land on the Moon, impacted the lunar surface east of Mare Serenitatis Scintillation- and geigercounters, a magnetometer, and micrometeorite detectors September 13, 1959 First Lunar Farside Images Luna 3 Yenisey-2 imaging system of a dual lens camera, an automatic film processing unit, and a scanner Carried 40 frames temperature and radiation resistant 35mm isochrome film Light scanned across the film, photomultiplier converted the intensity of the light passing through the film into an signal which was transmitted October 6,

8 First Attempted Mars Lander Sputnik 24 Attempted Mars lander mission Vehicle SL-6, 6500kg with 890kg Mars spacecraft Broke up during the burn to transfer to Mars trajectory Mars spacecraft deorbit on January 19, 1963 November 4, 1962 First Planetary Flyby Mariner 2 Studied upper atmosphere of Venus December 14,

9 First Mars Flyby Mariner 4 July 15, 1965 First Lunar Soft Landing Luna 9 Landing in the Ocean of Storms Four petals opened outward and stabilized the spacecraft on the lunar surface Spring-controlled antennas and television camera rotatable mirror system for photographic survey February 3,

10 First Venus Lander Venera 7 Aerodynamic braking and parachute system Capsule antenna was extended, and signals returned for 35 min during descent. Another 23 min of very weak signals were received after the spacecraft landed on Venus. December 15, 1970 First Unmanned Lunar Sample Return Luna 20 E Entered lunar orbit on February 18, Soft landed in a mountainous area known as the Apollonius highlands near Mare Foecunditatis (Sea of Fertility), 120 km from where Luna 16 had impacted Panoramic television system operated Samples obtained by extendable drilling apparatus Ascent stage launched on February 22, 1972 carrying 30gms of samples in a sealed capsule February 25,

11 First Outer Planet Flyby Pioneer 10 Jupiter Flyby 258 kg, 165 W Headed toward tail heliopause, now > 67A.U. December 5, 1973 First Lunar Rover Lunakhod 1 11

12 First Mercury Flyby Mariner 10 March 29, 1974 First Mars Lander Viking 1 July 20,

13 First Saturn Flyby Pioneer 11 September 1, 1979 First Mars Rover Sojourner 13