EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE PHYSICS

Transcription

1 EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE PHYSICS Dr. Ludolf von Alvensleben Laboratory Experiments

2 Summary 1 Mechanics 1.1 Measurement Techniques Measurement of basic constants: length, weight and time Force measurement with PC interface Measurement of rotational velocity Measurement of minimal force differences 1.2 Statics Moments Modulus of elasticity Mechanical hysteresis 1.3 Dynamics Hooke s law Hooke s law with PC interface Newton s law / Air track Uniformly accelerated linear motion / Air track with PC interface Laws of collision / Air track Free fall Free fall with an interface system Atwood s machine with PC interface Projectile motion Ballistic pendulum Moment of inertia and angular acceleration Moment of inertia and angular acceleration with PC interface Moment and angular momentum Centrifugal force Dependence of central force on angular velocity, track radius and mass with PC interface Mechanical conservation of energy / Maxwell s wheel Laws of gyroscopes / 3-axis gyroscope Laws of gyroscopes / Cardanic gyroscope Mathematical pendulum Reversible pendulum Variable g pendulum Variable g pendulum Pendulum oscillations with PC interface Coupled pendula Harmonic oscillations of spiral springs Springs linked in parallel and in series Forced oscillations Pohl s pendulum Parallel axis theorem / Steiner s theorem Moments of inertia of different bodies/ Steiner s theorem with PC interface Torsional vibrations and torsion modulus Moment of inertia and torsional vibrations The propagation of a periodically excited continuous transverse wave Phase velocity of rope waves 1.4 Mechanics of Liquids and Gaseous Bodies Density of liquids Surface of rotating liquids Viscosity of Newtonian and non-newtonian liquids (rotary viscometer) Viscosity measurements with the falling ball viscometer Surface tension by the ring method (Du Nouy method) Surface tension by the pull-out method with PC interface Barometric height formula Drag (resistance to flow) Lift and drag 1.5 Mechanical Vibration Acoustics Vibration of strings Velocity of sound in air and in metal rods w. PC-interface Acoustic Doppler effect Acoustic Doppler effect with PC interface Velocity of sound using Kundt s tube Wavelengths and frequencies with a Quincke tube Resonance frequencies of Helmholtz resonators with PC interface Interference of acoustic waves, stationary waves and diffraction at a slot with PC interface Optical determination of velocity of sound in liquids Phase and group velocity of ultrasonics in liquids Temperature dependence of the velocity of sound in liquids 1.6 Applied Mechanics Notch bar impact test Material testing: Tensile test / Compression test 1.7 Handbooks Physics Demonstration Experiments Magnet Board Mechanics Physics Demonstration Experiments Magnet Board Mechanics 2 2 Optics 2.1 Geometrical Optics Measuring the velocity of light Laws of lenses and optical instruments Dispersion and resolving power of the prism Dispersion and resolving power of a grating / Grating spectroscope 2.2 Interference Interference of light Newton s rings Interference at a Mica plate according to Pohl Fresnel s zone construction / Zone plate Michelson interferometer Coherence and width of spectral lines with Michelson interferometer Refraction index of air and CO 2 with Michelson interferometer 2.3 Diffraction Diffraction at a slit and Heisenberg s uncertainty principle Diffraction of light at a slit and an edge

3 Summary Intensity of diffractions due to pin hole diaphragms and circular obstacles Determination of diffraction intensity due to multiple slits and grids Determination of the diffraction intensity at slit and double slit systems Diffraction intensity through a slit and a wire Babinet s theorem 2.4 Photometry Transmission of colour filters Absorption of light (UV-VIS spectroscopy) Photometric law of distance Photometric law of distance with PC interface Lambert s law Lambert-Beer law Diode array spectrometer 2.5 Polarisation Polarisation by quarterwave plates Polarimetry Fresnel s equations Theory of reflection Malus law 2.6 Applied Optics Faraday effect Kerr effect Recording and reconstruction of holograms CO 2 -laser LDA Laser-Doppler-Anemometry Helium Neon Laser Optical pumping Nd-YAG laser Fibre optics Fourier optics 2f Arrangement Fourier optics 4f Arrangement Filtering and reconstruction 2.7 Handbooks Physics Demonstration Experiments Magnet Board Optics Laser Physics I Experiments with coherent light Laser Physics II Experiments with coherent light Holography Laser Physics III Experiments with coherent light Interferometry Diode array spectrometer 3 Thermodynamics 3.1 Thermal Expansion Thermal expansion in solids and liquids 3.2 Ideal and Real Gases Equation of state of ideal gases Heat capacity of gases Maxwellian velocity distribution Thermal equation of state and critical point Adiabatic coefficient of gases Flammersfeld oscillator Joule-Thomson effect 3.3 Calorimetry, Friction Heat Heat capacity of metals Mechanical equivalent of heat Heat of formation for CO 2 and CO (Hess Law) COBRA Calorimetry 3.4 Phase Transitions Vapour pressure of water at high temperature Vapour pressure of water below 100 C / Molar heat of vaporization Boiling point elevation Freezing point depression Phase transitions / Differential thermoanalysis 3.5 Transport and Diffusion Stefan-Boltzmann s law of radiation Thermal and electrical conductivity of metals Diffusion potentials / Nernst equation 3.6 Applied Thermodynamics Solar ray collector Heat pump Heat insulation / Heat conduction Stirling engine 3.7 Handbooks Glass jacket system Air cushion table Physics Demonstration Experiments Magnet Board Thermodynamics 4 Electricity 4.1 Stationary Currents Measurement of low resistance Wheatstone bridge Internal resistance and matching in voltage source Temperature dependence of different resistors and diodes Working definition of voltage Current balance / Force acting on a current-carrying conductor Semiconductor thermogenerator Peltier heat pump Characteristic curves of a solar cell Characteristic curves of electron tubes (diode, triode) Characteristic and efficiency of PEM fuel cell and PEM electrolyser 4.2 Electric Field Electrical fields and potentials in the plate capacitor Charging curve of a capacitor Capacitance of metal spheres and of a spherical capacitor Coulomb s law / Image charge Coulomb potential and Coulomb field of metal spheres Dielectric constant of different materials

4 Summary 4.3 Magnetic Field Earth s magnetic field Magnetic field of single coils / Biot-Savart s law Magnetic field of paired coils in Helmholtz arrangement Magnetic moment in the magnetic field Magnetic field outside a straight conductor Magnetic field inside a conductor Ferromagnetic hysteresis with PC interface system 4.4 Electrodynamics Transformer Magnetic induction Inductance of solenoids Coil in the AC circuit Capacitor in the AC circuit RLC Circuit Rectifier circuits RC Filters High-pass and low-pass filters RLC measuring bridge Resistance, phase shift and power in AC circuits 4.5 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Waves Coupled oscillating circuits Interference of microwaves Diffraction of microwaves Diffraction and polarization of microwaves Radiation field of a horn antenna / Microwaves Frustrated total reflection / Microwaves 4.6 Handbooks Electrical Energy and Power 5 Physical Structure of Matter 5.1 Physics of the Electron Elementary charge and Millikan experiment Specific charge of the electron e/m Franck-Hertz experiment Planck s quantum of action from photoelectric effect (line separation by interference filters) Planck s quantum of action from the photoelectric effect (line separation by defraction grating) Fine structure and one-electron spectrum Balmer series / Determination of Rydberg s constant Atomic spectra of two-electron systems: He, Hg Two-electron spectra with the prism spectrometer Zeeman effect Stern-Gerlach experiment Electron spin resonance Electron diffraction 5.2 Radioactivity Half-life and radioactive equilibrium Law of radioactive decay Influence of the dead time of the counter tube on the pulse distribution Visualisation of radioactive particles / Diffusion cloud chamber Poisson s distribution and Gaussian distribution of radioactive decay COBRA Radioactivity COBRA Statistics of the radioactive decay Rutherford experiment Fine structure of the -spectrum of 241 Am Study of the -energies of 226 Ra Energy loss of -particles in gases Electron absorption spectroscopy Law of distance and absorption of gamma rays Energy dependence of the -absorption coefficient Absorption of -quantums and their dependence on the material density Compton effect Internal conversion in 137m Ba Photonuclear cross-section / Compton scattering cross-section X-ray fluorescence and Moseley s law 5.3 Solid-state Physics Hall effect in p-germanium Hall effect in n-germanium Hall effect in metals Band gap of germanium Superconductivity / Transition temperature Superconductivity / Influence of current and B-field 5.4 X-ray Physics Characteristic X-rays and Bragg scattering with higher order X-ray monochromatization Duane-Hunt displacement law and Planck s quantum of action X-ray absorption K and L-absorption edges of X-rays / Moseley s law and Rydberg constant Planck s quantum of action Compton scattering of X-rays X-ray investigation of structures / Debye-Scherrer and Laue methods X-ray dosimetry Physics Demonstration Experiments Magnet Board Optics COBRA X-ray Spectroscopy 6 Handbooks Science with COBRA COBRA Force COBRA Movement recording COBRA Pulse Rate, Frequency and Time COBRA Lux and Oxygen

5 1 Mechanics 1.1 Measurement Techniques Measurement of basic constants: length, weight and time Force measurement with PC interface Measurement of rotational velocity Measurement of minimal force differences 1.2 Statics Moments Modulus of elasticity Mechanical hysteresis 1.3 Dynamics Hooke s law Hooke s law with PC interface Newton s law / Air track Uniformly accelerated linear motion / Air track with PC interface Laws of collision / Air track Free fall Free fall with an interface system Atwood s machine with PC interface Projectile motion Ballistic pendulum Moment of inertia and angular acceleration Moment of inertia and angular acceleration with PC interface Moment and angular momentum Centrifugal force Dependence of central force on angular velocity, track radius and mass with PC interface Mechanical conservation of energy / Maxwell s wheel Laws of gyroscopes / 3-axis gyroscope Laws of gyroscopes / Cardanic gyroscope Mathematical pendulum Reversible pendulum Variable g pendulum Variable g pendulum Pendulum oscillations with PC interface Coupled pendula Harmonic oscillations of spiral springs Springs linked in parallel and in series Forced oscillations Pohl s pendulum Parallel axis theorem / Steiner s theorem Moments of inertia of different bodies/steiner s theorem with PC interface Torsional vibrations and torsion modulus Moment of inertia and torsional vibrations The propagation of a periodically excited continuous transverse wave Phase velocity of rope waves 1.4 Mechanics of Liquids and Gaseous Bodies Density of liquids Surface of rotating liquids Viscosity of Newtonian and non-newtonian liquids (rotary viscometer) Viscosity measurements with the falling ball viscometer Surface tension by the ring method (Du Nouy method) Surface tension by the pull-out method with PC interface Barometric height formula Drag (resistance to flow) Lift and drag 1.5 Mechanical Vibration Acoustics Vibration of strings Velocity of sound in air and in metal rods with PC-interface Acoustic Doppler effect Acoustic Doppler effect with PC interface Velocity of sound using Kundt s tube Wavelengths and frequencies with a Quincke tube Resonance frequencies of Helmholtz resonators with PC interface Interference of acoustic waves, stationary waves and diffraction at a slot with PC interface Optical determination of velocity of sound in liquids Phase and group velocity of ultrasonics in liquids Temperature dependence of the velocity of sound in liquids 1.6 Applied Mechanics Notch bar impact test Material testing: Tensile test / Compression test 1.7 Handbooks Physics Demonstration Experiments Magnet Board Mechanics Physics Demonstration Experiments Magnet Board Mechanics 2

6 2 Optics 2.1 Geometrical Optics Measuring the velocity of light Laws of lenses and optical instruments Dispersion and resolving power of the prism Dispersion and resolving power of a grating / Grating spectroscope 2.2 Interference Interference of light Newton s rings Interference at a Mica plate according to Pohl Fresnel s zone construction / Zone plate Michelson interferometer Coherence and width of spectral lines with Michelson interferometer Refraction index of air and CO 2 with Michelson interferometer 2.3 Diffraction Diffraction at a slit and Heisenberg s uncertainty principle Diffraction of light at a slit and an edge Intensity of diffractions due to pin hole diaphragms and circular obstacles Determination of diffraction intensity due to multiple slits and grids Determination of the diffraction intensity at slit and double slit systems Diffraction intensity through a slit and a wire Babinet s theorem 2.4 Photometry Transmission of colour filters Absorption of light (UV-VIS spectroscopy) Photometric law of distance Photometric law of distance with PC interface Lambert s law Lambert-Beer law Diode array spectrometer 2.5 Polarisation Polarisation by quarterwave plates Polarimetry Fresnel s equations Theory of reflection Malus law 2.6 Applied Optics Faraday effect Kerr effect Recording and reconstruction of holograms CO 2 -laser LDA Laser-Doppler-Anemometry Helium Neon Laser Optical pumping Nd-YAG laser Fibre optics Fourier optics 2f Arrangement Fourier optics 4f Arrangement Filtering and reconstruction 2.7 Handbooks Physics Demonstration Experiments Magnet Board Optics Laser Physics I Experiments with coherent light Laser Physics II Experiments with coherent light Holography Laser Physics III Experiments with coherent light Interferometry Diode array spectrometer

7 3 Thermodynamics 3.1 Thermal Expansion Thermal expansion in solids and liquids 3.2 Ideal and Real Gases Equation of state of ideal gases Heat capacity of gases Maxwellian velocity distribution Thermal equation of state and critical point Adiabatic coefficient of gases Flammersfeld oscillator Joule-Thomson effect 3.3 Calorimetry, Friction Heat Heat capacity of metals Mechanical equivalent of heat Heat of formation for CO 2 and CO (Hess Law) COBRA Calorimetry 3.4 Phase Transitions Vapour pressure of water at high temperature Vapour pressure of water below 100 C / Molar heat of vaporization Boiling point elevation Freezing point depression Phase transitions / Differential thermoanalysis 3.5 Transport and Diffusion Stefan-Boltzmann s law of radiation Thermal and electrical conductivity of metals Diffusion potentials / Nernst equation 3.6 Applied Thermodynamics Solar ray collector Heat pump Heat insulation / Heat conduction Stirling engine 3.7 Handbooks Glass jacket system Air cushion table Physics Demonstration Experiments Magnet Board Thermodynamics

8 4 Electricity 4.1 Stationary Currents Measurement of low resistance Wheatstone bridge Internal resistance and matching in voltage source Temperature dependence of different resistors and diodes Working definition of voltage Current balance / Force acting on a current-carrying conductor Semiconductor thermogenerator Peltier heat pump Characteristic curves of a solar cell Characteristic curves of electron tubes (diode, triode) Characteristic and efficiency of PEM fuel cell and PEM electrolyser 4.2 Electric Field Electrical fields and potentials in the plate capacitor Charging curve of a capacitor Capacitance of metal spheres and of a spherical capacitor Coulomb s law / Image charge Coulomb potential and Coulomb field of metal spheres Dielectric constant of different materials 4.3 Magnetic Field Earth s magnetic field Magnetic field of single coils / Biot-Savart s law Magnetic field of paired coils in Helmholtz arrangement Magnetic moment in the magnetic field Magnetic field outside a straight conductor Magnetic field inside a conductor Ferromagnetic hysteresis with PC interface system 4.4 Electrodynamics Transformer Magnetic induction Inductance of solenoids Coil in the AC circuit Capacitor in the AC circuit RLC Circuit Rectifier circuits RC Filters High-pass and low-pass filters RLC measuring bridge Resistance, phase shift and power in AC circuits 4.5 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Waves Coupled oscillating circuits Interference of microwaves Diffraction of microwaves Diffraction and polarization of microwaves Radiation field of a horn antenna / Microwaves Frustrated total reflection / Microwaves 4.6 Handbooks Electrical Energy and Power

9 5 Physical Structure of Matter 5.1 Physics of the Electron Elementary charge and Millikan experiment Specific charge of the electron e/m Franck-Hertz experiment Planck s quantum of action from photoelectric effect (line separation by interference filters) Planck s quantum of action from the photoelectric effect (line separation by defraction grating) Fine structure and one-electron spectrum Balmer series / Determination of Rydberg s constant Atomic spectra of two-electron systems: He, Hg Two-electron spectra with the prism spectrometer Zeeman effect Stern-Gerlach experiment Electron spin resonance Electron diffraction 5.2 Radioactivity Half-life and radioactive equilibrium Law of radioactive decay Influence of the dead time of the counter tube on the pulse distribution Visualisation of radioactive particles / Diffusion cloud chamber Poisson s distribution and Gaussian distribution of radioactive decay COBRA Radioactivity COBRA Statistics of the radioactive decay Rutherford experiment Fine structure of the -spectrum of 241 Am Study of the -energies of 226 Ra Energy loss of -particles in gases Electron absorption spectroscopy Law of distance and absorption of gamma rays Energy dependence of the -absorption coefficient Absorption of -quantums and their dependence on the material density Compton effect Internal conversion in 137m Ba Photonuclear cross-section / Compton scattering cross-section X-ray fluorescence and Moseley s law 5.3 Solid-state physics Hall effect in p-germanium Hall effect in n-germanium Hall effect in metals Band gap of germanium Superconductivity / Transition temperature Superconductivity / Influence of current and B-field 5.4 X-ray physics Characteristic X-rays and Bragg scattering with higher order X-ray monochromatization Duane-Hunt displacement law and Planck s quantum of action X-ray absorption K and L-absorption edges of X-rays / Moseley s law and Rydberg constant Planck s quantum of action Compton scattering of X-rays X-ray investigation of structures / Debye-Scherrer and Laue methods X-ray dosimetry Experiments of the X-ray unit COBRA X-ray Spectroscopy

10 6 Handbooks Science with COBRA COBRA Force COBRA Movement recording COBRA Pulse Rate, Frequency and Time COBRA Lux and Oxygen