PHYSICS Grade: XI Revised-2073 (DRAFT)

Transcription

1 PHYSICS Grade: XI Revised-2073 (DRAFT) Full marks: 100 (75T + 25 P) Pass Marks: 27T + 8P Teaching hours: 150T +50P Nature of course: Theory +Practical 1. Introduction The curriculum in Physics is designed to provide students with an understanding of the scientific laws and principles of the physical world. As expected this curriculum will provide an opportunity to students to see physics as a contribution to life in modern society. The course demands emphasis on conceptual understanding of the physical phenomena. This will involve the proper utilization of suitable mathematical models and equations. The applications of the physics together with the social and environmental aspects need to be emphasized whenever possible. Students are expected to actively participate in the learning process trough experimentation supplemented by demonstration, discussions and problem solving. The practical component of this course is designed to supplement learning through the application of the learned theory. The students will handle simple apparatus to do simple measurements, verifies physical laws and apply their knowledge of physics to real life example. 2. Objectives 2.1 General objectives The general objectives of this course are: a. To provide students with sufficient understanding and knowledge of the fundamental principles of physics and their applications b. To develop the skills of experimenting, observing, interpreting data evaluating evidence and formulating generalizations and models. c. To understand the social, economic, environmental and other implications of physics and appreciate the advancement of physics and its applications as essential for the growth of national economy. 2.2 Specific Objective Upon completion of this course, the students will be able to: l Page 1 of 10

2 1. Describe physics as a coherent and developing framework of knowledge based on fundamental theories of the structure and process of the physical world. 2. explain phenomena in terms of theories and models 3. apply quantitatively and qualitatively the knowledge and understanding of physical principles and theories 4. translate information from one from to another 5. present information in the language of physics or other appropriate form; and 6. Design simple experiment to develop relations among physical quantities and draw conclusions. 3. Course contents Unit 1: Mechanics 75 Teaching Hours 1.1. Units and Measurement of Physical Quantities 3 hrs The Nature of Physics Importantdiscoveries, technology and Society; SI Unit, Dimensions and its Uses, Error in measurement, Uncertainty and Significant Figures Motion in One, Two and Three Dimensions 6 hrs Inertial Frames of Reference, Displacement, Time and Average Velocity, Instantaneous Velocity, Average and Instantaneous Acceleration, (Graphical Treatment only), Motion with Constant Acceleration, Freely Falling Bodies, Projectile Motion - Projectile Fired from Ground, Projectile Fired from Height 1.3. Vectors 4 hrs Vectors Graphical Representation of vectors, Addition and Subtraction of Vectors (Parallelogram and Triangle Laws), Components of Vectors, Unit Vectors, Products of Vectors - Scalar Product and Vector Product, Relative Velocity (One and Two Dimensional) 1.4. Circular motion 5 hrs Angular Velocity and Acceleration, Relating Angular and Linear Kinematics, Motion in a uniform circle Centripetal acceleration, Centripetal force;dynamics of circular motion: Motion of cars and cyclist round a banked track, Conical pendulum; motion in vertical circle Newton s Laws of Motion and its Applications 4 hrs Newton s Laws of Motion statement and explanation, Free Body Diagram, Dynamics of Particles,Frictional Forces - Laws of Friction, Kinetic and Static Friction 1.6. Work and Energy 6 hrs Work; work done by a constant force, Kinetic Energy and Work Energy Theorem, The Meaning of Kinetic Energy, Work Done by a Varying Force,Work Energy Theorem for Straight Line Motion; Potential Energy a few examples,conservative and Non- Conservative Forces, Law of Conservation of Energy; Force and Potential Energy, Energy Diagrams, Power 1.7. Momentum, Impulse and Collisions 6 hrs Momentum and Impulse, Newton s Second Law in terms of Momentum, the Impulse Momentum Theorem, Conservation of Momentum,Collisions:Elastic and Inelastic Page 2 of 10

3 Collisions, Elastic collisions - one body initially at rest, Centre of Mass, Motion of Centre of Mass Rotation of Rigid Bodies 5 hrs Energy in Rotational Motion, Moment of Inertia, Radius of Gyration, Moment of inertia Calculations - Moment of inertia of a uniform rod about an axis perpendicular to length, 1.9. Dynamics of Rotational Motion 5hrs Torque, Torque and Angular Acceleration for a rigid Body Combined translation and rotation dynamics, Rolling Friction, Angular Momentum, Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body, Conservation of Angular Momentum Equilibrium 3 hrs Particles in Equilibrium, Conditions for Equilibrium, Centre of Gravity, Finding and using the Centre of Gravity, Solving Rigid body equilibrium problems Elasticity 6 hrs Stress, Strain and Elastic Moduli- Hook s Law, Tensile and Compressive Stress and Strain, Bulk Stress and Strain, Shear Stress and Strain, Poisson s ratio, Young s modulus and its determination, Elasticity and Plasticity, Elastic potential energy Gravitation 8 hrs Newton s Law of Gravitation, Weight, Gravitational Potential Energy (derivation and numerical problems), escape speed, The Motion of Satellites, Kepler s Laws and the Motion of the Planets (Statements only), Planetary Motions and the Centre of Mass, Apparent Weight and the Earth s Rotation, Apparent Weight and Apparent Weightlessness, Black holes Periodic Motion 5hrs Oscillatory motion Free, damped and Forced Oscillation, amplitude, period, frequency and angular frequency,simple Harmonic Motion, Energy in SHM, Applications of SHM - Vertical SHM, The Simple Pendulum, Resonance Fluid Mechanics 9hrs Surface Tension Introduction, tendency to decrease the surface area, Surface energy, Excess pressure inside a drop, Contact angle and capillarity, Rise and Fall of a liquid in a capillary tube, Fluid Dynamics Viscosity, turbulence, Newton s formula for viscosity, Terminal velocity, Stokes law and its use to measure viscosity of liquid, The Continuity equation, Bernoulli s Equation Unit 2: Heat and Thermodynamics 45 Teaching Hours 2.1 Temperature and Heat 8 hrs Temperature, Thermal Equilibrium and Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, Kelvin scale, Thermal Expansion of Solids: Linear Expansion and Volume expansion, Measurement of linear expansivity by Pullingermethod, Thermal Stress, Thermal Expansion of Liquid Absolute and apparent expansion of liquid, Measurement of absolute expansivity by Dulong and Petit method, Anomalous Expansion of Water 2.2 Quantity of heat and change of phase 8hrs Quantity of Heat, Specific Heat capacity, Newton s law of cooling, Measurement of specific heat capacity of solids by the method of mixture and of liquids by the method of cooling, change, Measurement of latent heat of fusion and vaporization by the method of mixture 2.3 Transfer of Heat 5 hrs Page 3 of 10

4 Mechanism of Heat Transfer: Conduction, thermal conductivity and its measurement, Convection; Radiation: Concept of Black body radiation; Stefan-Boltzmann law. 2.4 Thermal properties of matter 9 hrs Equation of state of Ideal Gas, P-V Diagram, Molecular Properties of Matter, Kinetic Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas, Collision and Gas Pressure, Pressure and Molecular Kinetic Energies, Molecular Speeds, Mean Free Path (Concept Only), Heat Capacities of Gasses,Cp and Cv, Degrees of Freedom, Law of Equipartition of energy, Heat Capacities of Solids, Phases of Matter. 2.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics 9 hrs Thermodynamic Systems,Work Done During Volume Changes, Paths Between Thermodynamic States, Internal Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics, Kinds of Thermodynamic Processes; Isobaric Process, Isochoric Process, Isothermal Process and Adiabatic Process, Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas, Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas, Adiabatic Process for an Ideal Gas. 2.6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 6 hrs Directions of Thermodynamic Processes, Heat Engines, the Carnot Cycle, Refrigerators, Statements of Second Law of Thermodynamics, Entropy and Disorder, Entropy and the Second Law Unit 3: Geometrical Optics 30Teaching Hours 3.1 Reflection at Spherical Surface 6 hrs Image of a Point Object, Focal Point and Focal Length, Image of an Extended Object: spherical mirror, Convex Mirrors, Graphical Methods for Mirrors, 3.2 Refraction at plane surfaces 5 hrs Laws of refraction, refractive index and its determination by real and apparent method, lateral shift, total internal reflection and its applications 3.3 Refraction through prisms 5 hrs Minimum deviation, Relation between angle of prism, minimum deviation and refractive index, deviation in small angle prism 3.4 Thin lenses 9 hrs Properties of a lens, image of an extended object: Converging lens, Diverging Lens, The Lensmaker s Equation, Graphical Methods for Lenses, power of lens, Combination of thin lenses in contact, The Magnifier, Microscopes and Telescopes 3.5 Dispersion 5 hrs Dispersion of light, Spectrum pure and impure spectrum, Angular dispersion, dispersive power, Achromatic lenses -condition of achromatic lenses in contact, Chromatic aberration,scattering of light blue color of the sky 4. Teaching strategies: Lecturing Group interaction Problem solving Demonstration Evaluation Page 4 of 10

5 5. Instructional materials Text book: 1. University Physics, Sears F.W, M.W. Zemansky, H.D. Young and R.A. Freedman, 12 th edition, Pearson Education Singapore, 2012 Reference books: 1.Concepts of Physics, HC Verma Page 5 of 10

6 PHYSICS Grade: XII Revised-2073 (DRAFT) Full marks: 100 (75T + 25 P) Pass Marks: 27T + 8P Teaching hours: 150T +50P Nature of course: Theory +Practical 1. Introduction The curriculum in Physics is designed to provide students with an understanding of the scientific laws and principles of the physical world. As expected this curriculum will provide an opportunity to the students to see physics as a contribution to life in modern society. The course demands emphasis on conceptual understanding of the physical phenomena. This will involve the proper utilization of suitable mathematical models and equations. The applications of the physics together with the social and environmental aspects need to be emphasized whenever possible. The students are expected to actively participate in the learning process trough experimentation supplemented by demonstration, discussions and problem solving. The practical component of this course is designed to supplement learning through the application of the learned theory. The students will handle simple apparatus to do simple measurements, verifies physical laws and apply their knowledge of physics to real life example. 2. Objectives 2.1 General objectives The general objectives of this course are: a) to provide students with sufficient understanding and knowledge of the fundamental principles of physics and their applications; b) to develop the skills of experimenting, observing, interpreting data evaluating evidence and formulating generalizations and models; and c) to explain the social, economic, environmental and other implications of physics and appreciate the advancement of physics and its applications as essential for the growth of national economy. 2.2 Specific Objective Upon completion of this course, the students will be able to: 1. describe physics as a coherent and developing framework of knowledge based on fundamental theories of the structure and process of the physical world; 2. explain phenomena in terms of theories and models; Page 6 of 10

7 3. apply quantitatively and qualitatively the knowledge and understanding of physical principles and theories; 4. translate information from one from to another; 5. present information in the language of physics or other appropriate form; and 6. design simple experiment to develop relations among physical quantities and draw conclusions. 3. Course Content Unit-1 Electromagnetism 70 Teaching Hours 1.1. Electrostatics (20 Hrs) Electric charge- Concepts of Electric charges; Charging by induction, Coulomb s law- Force between two point charges, Forces between multiple electric charges. Electric fields- electric field due to point charges, Electric Field lines, Electric dipoles, electric field due to a dipole. Gauss Law: Electric Flux; Gauss Law and its application to find field due to: charged sphere, line charge, and Infinite plane sheet of charge. Electric Potential- Electric potential energy, Electric potential and potential difference, Potential due to a point charge; Equipotential surfaces; Potential gradient. Millikan s oil drop experiment Capacitance and dielectrics- Capacitor and capacitance; Parallel plate capacitor; Combination of capacitors; Energy stored in capacitors; Dielectric and electric polarization; Dielectric breakdown, Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with dielectric medium between the plates, 1.2. Current Electricity (15 Hrs) Electric Current- Drift velocity and its relation with current density; Ohm s law; Electrical Resistance and Resistivity; Temperature dependence of resistance, Electromotive force, Energy and Power in electric circuit. Direct Current Circuits Combination of resistors, Kirchhoff s Rules and its applications; Electrical measuring instruments: Ammeters, Voltmeters, Wheatstone bridge; Meter Bridge, Post Office Box; Potentiometer- Principle and its application to compare e.m.f s of two cells and Measurement of internal resistance of a cell Magnetic Field and Magnetic forces (35 Hrs) Page 7 of 10

8 Magnetic Field- Oersted s experiment, Concept of magnetic field, Force on moving charged particle, Magnetic field lines and magnetic flux; Motion of charged particles in a magnetic field and its application to Thomson s e/m experiment, Magnetic Force on a current carrying conductor; Force and Torque on a current loop, Moving coil galvanometers and its conversion to ammeter and voltmeter, Hall Effect; Biot and Savart law and its application to (i) a long straight conductor and (ii) current carrying circular loop; Forces between two parallel conductors carrying current- definition of ampere Ampere s law and its application to (i) a straight solenoid and (ii) a toroidal solenoid; Magnetic materials: The Bohr Magneton, Para- magnetism, Diamagnetism, Ferromagnetism Electromagnetic Induction- Induction experiments, Faraday s law: Induced electric fields; Lenz s law, Motional electromotive force. AC generators Inductance: Mutual inductance; Self- inductance and inductors, Self inductance of a solenoid, Energy stored in an inductor 1.5. Alternating Currents (AC Currents)- Concept of phasor diagram, Peak and RMS Value of AC current and Voltages, AC through resistor, capacitor and inductor, Series circuits containing combination of resistor, capacitor and inductor; Resonance in AC circuits, Power in AC circuits: Power factor Electromagnetic waves- Description of Electromagnetic waves, Electromagnetic spectrum Unit-2 Wave, Sound and Optics 35 Teaching Hours 2.1 Waves Mechanical waves- Types of mechanical waves, Periodic waves, Mathematical description of a wave; Standing waves on a string and pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics; Seismic waves- Types of seismic waves, Earthquake- magnitude and intensity, damage and safety measures Sound Sound wave- Mechanical waves- Speed of wave motion; Velocity of sound in solid and liquid; Velocity of sound in gas; Laplace s correction; Effect of temperature, pressure, humidity on velocity of sound, End correction in pipes; Resonance Tube experiment; Sound intensity, Beats and Doppler s effect 2.3. Physical Optics Page 8 of 10

9 Nature and propagation of Light- Nature and sources of light; Huygen s principle, Reflection and Refraction according to wave theory; Velocity of light: Foucault s method; Michelson s method. Interference- Phenomenon of Interferences; Coherent sources; Young s two slit experiment; Interference in thin films: Newton s ring. Diffraction- Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction, Diffraction from a single slit; Diffraction pattern of image; Diffraction grating; Resolving power of optical instruments. Polarization- Phenomenon of polarization; Polarizing filters, Polarization by reflection; Unit-3 Modern Physics hours 45 teaching 3.1. Photons and Atoms Photons: The Photoelectric effect- Einstein s photoelectric equation; Stopping potential; Measurement of Plank s constant, Atoms: The Bohr model of Hydrogen, Atomic Line Spectra and Energy levels: The Hydrogen Spectrum, Lasers: He- Ne laser, Nature and production, properties and uses. X-rays: Production, Continuous and characteristic spectra, uses, X-rays diffraction-bragg s law; 3.2. The Wave nature of particles: Wave- particle duality, The De Broglie Waves, Uncertainly principle 3.3. Nuclear physics- Properties of Nuclei, Nuclear binding energy; Nuclear Stability and Radioactivity- Alpha decay, Beta Decay, Gamma decay, Laws of radioactive disintegration; Half-life and decay constant,radioactive Dating, Biological effect of Radiation, Nuclear Reaction: Fundamentals of nuclear reactions, Nuclear Fission and fusion, Energy released from fission and fusion 3.4. Semiconductor devices- Structure of solids; Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only); Difference between metals, insulators and semi-conductors using band theory; Semiconductor diode - I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; Special purpose p-n junction diodes: LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode and their characteristics, Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor and transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration), basic idea of analog and digital signals, Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR), Nanotechnology (introductory idea) 3.5. Communication Systems Page 9 of 10

10 Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data); bandwidth of transmission medium; Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation, satellite communication, Need for modulation, amplitude modulation and frequency modulation, advantages of frequency modulation over amplitude modulation. 4. Teaching strategies: Lecturing Group interaction Problem solving Demonstration Evaluation 5. Instructional materials Text book: 2. University Physics, Sears F.W, M.W. Zemansky, H.D. Young and R.A. Freedman, 12 th edition, Pearson Education Singapore, 2012 Reference books: 1. Concepts of Physics, HC Verma Page 10 of 10