Compression and Expansion of Fluids
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1 CH2303 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics I Unit V Compression and Expansion of Fluids Dr. M. Subramanian 26-Sep-2011 Associate Professor Department of Chemical Engineering Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering Kalavakkam , Kanchipuram (Dist) Tamil Nadu, India msubbu.in[at]gmail.com
2 Compression
3 Contents Thermodynamic aspects of compression process Classification of compression processes Work expression for different situations, the effect of clearance volume, multistage compression 26-Sep-2011 M Subramanian
4 Introduction Compressor is a device used for pumping compressible fluids i.e, air, gas & steam According to API, a pressure rise above 0.35 bar is compressor, and below is blower Classification based on operating principle Positive displacement (Increase pressure by reducing volume) Dynamic or turbo (By imparting kinetic energy to air/gas and then converting it into pressure: P ρu 2 ) Flow rate: m 3 /hr, cfm (cubic foot per minute) Pressure ratio: ratio of absolute discharge pressure /absolute inlet pressure 26-Sep-2011 M Subramanian
5 AB suction BC compression CD discharge Work of compression = area of ABCDA = V dp 26-Sep-2011 M Subramanian
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7 Isothermal Compression 26-Sep-2011 M Subramanian
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10 Effect of Clearance Volume 26-Sep-2011 M Subramanian
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13 Multistage Compression 26-Sep-2011 M Subramanian
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19 Two stage reciprocating compressor 26-Sep-2011 M Subramanian
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23 Three stage reciprocating compressor 26-Sep-2011 M Subramanian
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28 Main Air Compressor- Flow Description 1 st Intercooler LO filter Inlet Filter 2 nd Stage 1 st Stage LO Cooler Motor MOP 4 th Stage 3 rd Stage Blow Off Valve Air To Chiller AOP Demist Fan 4 th Intercooler 3 rd Intercooler 2 nd Intercooler LO Reservoir CWS CWR Essar Oil Refinery, Vadinar
29 Expansion
30 Contents Velocity of sound Relation between area and velocity Flow through pipe Chocked flow Ejectors Turbine Joule-Thompson expansion 03-Oct-2011 M Subramanian
31 Velocity of Sound It is easier to analyze this situation from the point of view of an observer at rest relative to the wave. Mass balance: Moran - Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics 5E,
32 Momentum Balance:
33 Compressible Flow: Relation between Area and Velocity
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35 Nozzle, Diffuser sizing Inlet Velocity Nozzle (du > 0, dp < 0) Diffuser (du < 0, dp > 0) Subsonic (M < 1) A decreases A increases Supersonic (M < 1) A increases A decreases Mach number (M): M = u/c January 2010 M Subramanian
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37 Though gases are compressible, the density changes they undergo at low speeds may not be considerable. Take air for instance. Figure shows the density changes plotted as a function of Mach Number. We observe that for Mach numbers up to 0.3, density changes are within about 5% of. So for all practical purposes one can ignore density changes in this region. But as the Mach Number increases beyond 0.3, changes do become appreciable and at a Mach Number of 1, it is 36.5%. it is interesting to note that at a Mach Number of 2, the density changes are as high as 77%. It follows that air flow can be considered incompressible for Mach Numbers below 0.3.
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42 Flow Through Pipes of Constant Cross Section
43 Zucker - Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics 2E Choked flow: the maximum possible flow in pipe of constant cross section, also in discharge through a nozzle with inlet at subsonic conditions
44 Ejectors An ejector is a device in which the momentum and the kinetic energy of a high-velocity fluid stream are employed to entrain and compress a second fluid stream. 03-Oct-2011 M Subramanian
45 Working of Steam-Jet Ejector A steam-jet ejector consists of an inner converging-diverging (or converging alone) nozzle through which the driving fluid (steam) is fed, and an outer, larger nozzle through which both the extracted gases or vapors and the driving fluid pass. 03-Oct-2011 M Subramanian
46 At the present day, Steam jet ejector is the preferred vacuum producing devices for many applications in the petrochemical, food processing, refining, chemicalprocessing and power generation industries. 03-Oct-2011 M Subramanian
47 The momentum of the high-speed fluid leaving the driving nozzle is partly transferred to the extracted gases or vapors, and the mixture velocity is therefore less than that of the driving fluid leaving the smaller nozzle. It is nevertheless higher than the speed of sound, and the nozzle therefore acts as a converging-diverging diffuser in which the pressure rises and the velocity decreases, passing at speed of sound through the throat. 03-Oct-2011 M Subramanian
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49 Turbine
50 Joule-Thompson Expansion Throttling Valves A throttling valve is a steady-flow engineering device used to produce a significant pressure drop usually along with a large drop in temperature In a throttling valve, enthalpy remains constant No work device -mechanical or other forms Heat transfer almost always negligible small area; less time available PE and KE changes usually negligible 03-Oct-2011 M Subramanian
51 Throttling Devices 03-Oct-2011 M Subramanian
52 Joule-Thompson Coefficient A throttling process produces no change in enthalpy; hence for an ideal gas the temperature remains constant. For real gases, however, the throttling process will cause the temperature to increase or decrease. The Joule-Thomson coefficient, µ J, relates this change and is defined as: A positive value of µ J indicates that the temperature decreases as the J pressure decreases; a cooling effect is thus observed. This is true for almost all gases at ordinary pressures and temperatures. The exceptions are hydrogen, neon, and helium, which have a temperature increase with a pressure decrease, hence µ J < 0. Even for these gases there is a temperature above which the Joule-Thompson coefficient changes from negative to positive. At this inversion temperature, µ J = Oct-2011 M Subramanian
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