PTAC: Applied Physics COURSE OUTLINE & OBJECTIVES ESC Approved October 8, 2004
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1 MEASUREMENT PTAC: Applied Physics COURSE OUTLINE & OBJECTIVES ESC Approved October 8, Identify/describe Standard English measurement symbols. 2. Identify/describe SI (metric) measurement symbols. 3. Describe how figures impact quality, environmental concerns and economics. 4. Apply measurement standards to practical applications. 5. Perform conversions (Fahrenheit to Celsius, BTU to calories, kg to lb). A. Standards: SI System (metric) and English System Mass Kilograms (kg) Pounds (lb) Ton Metric ton Distance Inches (in) Feet (ft) Yards (yd) Miles (mi) Millimeters (mm) Centimeters (cm) Meters (m) Kilometers (km) Time Second (s) Minute (min) Hour (hr) Day (day) Month (mo) Year (yr) Velocity Feet/second (ft/s) Meters/second (m/s) Speed of light (c) Volume Cubic feet (cf) Standard cubic feet (scf) PTAC Applied Physics Outline ESC Approved 10/10/04 Page 1 of 9
2 Liters (l) Gallons (gal) Barrels (bbl) Pressure Pounds per square inch (psi) Pounds per square inch absolute (psia) Pounds per square inch gauge (psig) Bars (bar) Atmospheres (atm) Inches of mercury (in/hg) Inches of water (in/h 2 O) Millimeters of mercury (mm/hg) Kilopascal (kpa) Pascal (Pa) Temperature Fahrenheit ( F) Celsius ( C) Kelvin (K) Rankine ( R) Heat British Thermal Units (BTU) Calories (cal) [food calories = 1000 cal = kcal] Energy/Power Joules (J) Watts (W) Horsepower (Hp) Foot-pounds/second (ft-lb/sec) Flow Gallons per minute (gpm) Barrels per day (bbl/day) Actual cubic feet per minute (acfm) Standard cubic feet per minute (scfm) Pounds per minute (lbs/min) Pounds per hour (lbs/hr) Analytical ph Parts per million (ppm) Parts per billion (ppb) Weight percent (wt%) Volume percent (vol%) PTAC Applied Physics Outline ESC Approved 10/10/04 Page 2 of 9
3 B. Measurements and Significant Figures Scientific notation Significant figures Accuracy Repeatability (precision) Collecting, measuring, interpreting results Digital readouts Lab analyses Abnormal results/validity Normal measurements Error FORCE and ACCELERATION 1. Define terms associated with force, acceleration, kinematics, and rotational movement. 2. Explain principles of force, acceleration, kinematics, and rotational movement. 3. Identify safety, health and environmental associated with force, acceleration, kinematics, and rotational movement. 4. Apply force, acceleration, and rotational movement to practical applications. 5. Apply kinematics and vector algebra to practical applications. A. Dynamics Newton s Laws Compression/decompression Vectors Principles of kinematics Force (weight force, tension force) Motion (graphs and equations) Energy Inertia Gravity Friction B. Centrifugal Force and Center of Mass Applications: Centrifugal pumps Centrifugal compressors Cyclones Centrifuges Compressors Scaffolding, forklifts, cranes Balancing, rating equipment PTAC Applied Physics Outline ESC Approved 10/10/04 Page 3 of 9
4 Conservation of angular momentum Application of centrifugal force, torque Angular kinetic energy and angular momentum Center of gravity and moment of inertia Creating pressure from rotation Critical speed C. Simple Machines Incline plane Pulley Hydraulic screw Fulcrum Lever Wheel and axel Wedge WORK, ENERGY and MOMENTUM 1. Define terms associated with work, energy and momentum. 2. Explain principles of work, energy and momentum. 3. Identify safety, health and environmental associated with work, energy and momentum. 4. Apply work, energy and momentum to practical applications. 5. Perform energy and mass calculations. A. Work, Power, and Energy Conservation Kinetic energy Potential energy Conservation of energy Power Horsepower Electrical power Springs (spring constant and work done by spring force) B. Impulse and Linear Momentum Impulse and momentum Conservation of momentum PTAC Applied Physics Outline ESC Approved 10/10/04 Page 4 of 9
5 FLUID MECHANICS 1. Define terms associated with fluids and fluid mechanics. 2. Define matter and state of matter. 3. Explain principles of fluids and fluid mechanics. 4. Identify safety, health and environmental associated with fluids and fluid mechanics. 5. Apply fluids and fluid mechanics to practical applications. 6. Perform calculations associated with fluids and fluid mechanics. A. Types of Matter Solids, liquids and gases and their properties. Fluids = gas and liquid B. Properties of Fluids Viscosity Density (mass and weight) Specific gravity Surface tension C. Principles of Fluids Pressure applied equally outward (Pascal) Newton s laws Gas laws Fluid density, fluid pressure gradients and hydrostatics. Hydraulics, buoyancy, manometers, segregated fluid column Hydraulics (Bernoulli) Buoyancy (Archimedes) Pressure Absolute Gauge Vapor Head Elevation head Velocity head partial Flows laminar flow turbulent flow critical flow (chokes/orifices and mixing equipment) Eductor/velocity/pressure changes (Bernoulli) Delta P orifice (Bernoulli) Energy loss due to friction and heat Reynold s Number PTAC Applied Physics Outline ESC Approved 10/10/04 Page 5 of 9
6 Mixing fluids/energy required Immiscible/miscible fluids Fluid flow/hammer effects Pulsation dampeners (exerting maximum force for short periods of time in pulses) Conservation of fluid flow Applications: tank equalization impeller balance versus vibration THERMODYNAMICS 1. Define terms associated with thermodynamics. 2. Explain principles of thermodynamics. 3. Identify safety, health and environmental associated with thermodynamics. 4. Apply thermodynamics to practical applications. 5. Perform calculations associated with thermodynamics. A. Temperature and Heat Difference between temperature and heat Sensible heat, latent heat, superheat, specific heat, BTU, calories Calorimetry Boiling and condensation Melting and freezing Delta T Measurement scales (F, C, R, K) Boiling/freezing points Vaporization Vapor pressure Rules of heat transfer (surface area, temperature differences, heat transfer coefficient) Conservation of energy Heat sources (friction, reaction, electricity, steam, fuel) Pressure/temperature/volume relationships (ideal gas law/critical pressure and temperature) Partial pressures Reactions Exothermic Endothermic PTAC Applied Physics Outline ESC Approved 10/10/04 Page 6 of 9
7 B. Thermal Expansion and Transfer of Thermal Energy First Law of Thermodynamics Material balance (mass/heat balance) Second Law of Thermodynamics (entropy) Heat/energy balance Conduction/convection/radiation Cocurrent/countercurrent flows Thermal expansion coefficient Applications: Heat engines (Carnot efficiency) Refrigeration Heat transfer equipment Heat tracing/insulation Bimetallic measuring devices Equipment fouling/insulating properties Fixed vs. floating head exchangers SOUND and ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION 1. Define terms associated with sound and electromagnetic radiation. 2. Explain principles of sound and electromagnetic radiation. 3. Identify safety, health and environmental associated with sound and electromagnetic radiation. 4. Apply sound and electromagnetic radiation to practical applications. 5. Perform measurements associated with sound and light intensity. A. Simple Harmonic Motion Set up harmonic distortion in equipment (vibration at critical speed) B. Wave Characteristics Wave length Frequency Amplitude C. Intensity, Sources and Propagation of Sound Decibels/OSHA Sonic instruments Corrosion/erosion tests PTAC Applied Physics Outline ESC Approved 10/10/04 Page 7 of 9
8 D. Intensity, Sources and Propagation of Light Refraction Lighting/OSHA Sources Electromagnetic spectrum Radio/TV IR Visible light Ultraviolet (simulate reaction) X-Rays Gamma rays Nuclear radiation + Alpha particles + Beta particles E. Sound and Light Units Hertz (hz) Watts per meter squared (watts/m 2 ) Decibels (db) Lumens ELECTRICITY and MAGNETISM 1. Define terms and equipment associated with electricity and magnetism. 2. Explain principles of electricity and magnetism. 3. Identify safety, health and environmental associated with electricity and magnetism. 4. Apply electricity and magnetism to practical applications. 5. Perform measurements using electrical equipment. 6. Perform basic calculations associated with electricity and magnetism. A. Types of Electricity Static Direct Current (DC) Alternating Current (AC) Single phase, 2-phase, 3-phase Cycles Polarity PTAC Applied Physics Outline ESC Approved 10/10/04 Page 8 of 9
9 B. Measurements of Electricity and Magnetism Ohm s Law (E=IR) Voltage (E) Current (I) Resistance (R) Farads Henrys Teslas Wattage/power (watt) Conductivity (siemens) C. Electricity and Magnetism Electric fields (volt per meter) Magnetic fields (amp per meter) Speed of light D. Applications Motors Electric Heaters switchgear MCC Generators Circuit breakers Oil air fuses ground fault circuit interrupters Transformers Motor loops Busses Diodes Start/stop switches LEDs Electrical sources and distribution systems Power grid Transformers Switchgear Rheostats UPS (uninterruptible power supply) Inverter Interruptible power Batteries PTAC Applied Physics Outline ESC Approved 10/10/04 Page 9 of 9
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