T m / A. Table C2 Submicroscopic Masses [2] Symbol Meaning Best Value Approximate Value

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1 APPENDIX C USEFUL INFORMATION 1247 C USEFUL INFORMATION This appendix is broken into several tables. Table C1, Important Constants Table C2, Submicroscopic Masses Table C3, Solar System Data Table C4, Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols Table C5, The Greek Alphabet Table C6, SI units Table C7, Selected British Units Table C8, Other Units Table C9, Useful Formulae Table C1 Important Constants [1] c Symbol Meaning Best Value Approximate Value Speed of light in vacuum m / s m / s G Gravitational constant (80) N m 2 / kg N m 2 / kg 2 N A Avogadro s number (27) k Boltzmann s constant (13) J / K J / K R Gas constant (75) J / mol K 8.31 J / mol K = 1.99 cal / mol K = atm L / mol K σ k Stefan-Boltzmann constant Coulomb force constant (21) 10 8 W / m 2 K W / m 2 K N m 2 / C N m 2 / C 2 q e Charge on electron (35) C C ε 0 μ 0 Permittivity of free space Permeability of free space C 2 / N m C 2 / N m 2 4π 10 7 T m / A T m / A h Planck s constant (29) J s J s Table C2 Submicroscopic Masses [2] Symbol Meaning Best Value Approximate Value m e Electron mass (40) kg kg m p Proton mass (74) kg kg m n Neutron mass (74) kg kg u Atomic mass unit (73) kg kg 1. Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined. 2. Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.

2 1248 APPENDIX C USEFUL INFORMATION Table C3 Solar System Data Sun mass kg average radius Earth-sun distance (average) Earth mass average radius orbital period Moon mass average radius orbital period (average) Earth-moon distance (average) m m kg m s kg m s m Table C4 Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols Prefix Symbol Value Prefix Symbol Value tera T deci d 10 1 giga G 10 9 centi c 10 2 mega M 10 6 milli m 10 3 kilo k 10 3 micro μ 10 6 hecto h 10 2 nano n 10 9 deka da 10 1 pico p ( = 1) femto f Table C5 The Greek Alphabet Alpha Α α Eta Η η Nu Ν ν Tau Τ τ Beta Β β Theta Θ θ Xi Ξ ξ Upsilon Υ υ Gamma Γ γ Iota Ι ι Omicron Ο ο Phi Φ ϕ Delta Δ δ Kappa Κ κ Pi Π π Chi Χ χ Epsilon Ε ε Lambda Λ λ Rho Ρ ρ Psi Ψ ψ Zeta Ζ ζ Mu Μ μ Sigma Σ σ Omega Ω ω This content is available for free at

3 APPENDIX C USEFUL INFORMATION 1249 Table C6 SI Units Entity Abbreviation Name Fundamental units Length m meter Mass kg kilogram Time s second Current A ampere Supplementary unit Angle rad radian Derived units Force N = kg m / s 2 newton Energy J = kg m 2 / s 2 joule Power W = J / s watt Pressure Pa = N / m 2 pascal Frequency Hz = 1 / s hertz Electronic potential V = J / C volt Capacitance F = C / V farad Charge C = s A coulomb Resistance Ω = V / A ohm Magnetic field T = N / (A m) tesla Nuclear decay rate Bq = 1 / s becquerel Table C7 Selected British Units Length 1 inch (in.) = 2.54 cm (exactly) 1 foot (ft) = m 1 mile (mi) = km Force Energy Power Pressure 1 pound (lb) = N 1 British thermal unit (Btu) = J 1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W 1 lb / in 2 = Pa

4 1250 APPENDIX C USEFUL INFORMATION Table C8 Other Units Length 1 light year (ly) = m 1 astronomical unit (au) = m 1 nautical mile = km 1 angstrom(å) = m Area 1 acre (ac) = m 2 1 square foot (ft 2 ) = m 2 1 barn (b) = m 2 Volume 1 liter (L) = 10 3 m 3 1 U.S. gallon (gal) = m 3 Mass 1 solar mass = kg 1 metric ton = 10 3 kg 1 atomic mass unit (u) = kg Time 1 year (y) = s 1 day (d) = 86,400 s Speed 1 mile per hour (mph) = km / h 1 nautical mile per hour (naut) = km / h Angle 1 degree ( ) = rad 1 minute of arc ( ' ) = 1 / 60 degree 1 second of arc ( '' ) = 1 / 60 minute of arc 1 grad = rad Energy 1 kiloton TNT (kt) = J 1 kilowatt hour (kw h) = J 1 food calorie (kcal) = 4186 J 1 calorie (cal) = J 1 electron volt (ev) = J Pressure 1 atmosphere (atm) = Pa 1 millimeter of mercury (mm Hg) = Pa 1 torricelli (torr) = 1 mm Hg = Pa Nuclear decay rate 1 curie (Ci) = Bq This content is available for free at

5 APPENDIX C USEFUL INFORMATION 1251 Table C9 Useful Formulae Circumference of a circle with radius r or diameter d C = 2πr = πd Area of a circle with radius r or diameter d A = πr 2 = πd 2 / 4 Area of a sphere with radius r A = 4πr 2 Volume of a sphere with radius r V = (4 / 3) πr 3 3. Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, ( (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined. 4. Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, ( (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.

6 1252 APPENDIX C USEFUL INFORMATION This content is available for free at

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