Chapter 1 - Basic Concepts. Measurement System Components. Sensor - Transducer. Signal-conditioning. Output. Feedback-control
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1 Chapter 1 - Basic Concepts Measurement System Components Sensor - Transducer Signal-conditioning Output Feedback-control MeasurementSystemConcepts.doc 8/27/ :03 PM Page 1
2 Example: Sensor/ Transducer Signal Conditioning Output Thermocouple Signal Conditioning (amp, filter ) A-to-D Converte r LabView Control LabView Processin g The thermocouple produces a voltage which is proportional to a temperature difference. The A/D converter converts this voltage to a digital value which is fed to the computer. The program converts this voltage to the equivalent temperature. The value may be plotted on the screen, or printed out, or stored. MeasurementSystemConcepts.doc 8/27/ :03 PM Page 2
3 Some Definitions Variable - a physical quantity that can change. Independent Variable - a variable you can change without affecting other independent variables. Dependent Variable - variable which changes when one or more independent variable changes. Parameter - a combination of variables, usually dimensionless - a dimensionless group. MeasurementSystemConcepts.doc 8/27/ :03 PM Page 3
4 Extraneous Variable - a variable which is not controlled during a measurement. Ambient temperature is frequently an extraneous variable. What is the extraneous variable? MeasurementSystemConcepts.doc 8/27/ :03 PM Page 4
5 Noise - a random variation in the value of the measured signal to a variations in extraneous variables. Interference - a deterministic variation of the measured signal to extraneous variables. 60 Hz signals from power sources frequently cause interference. MeasurementSystemConcepts.doc 8/27/ :03 PM Page 5
6 MeasurementSystemConcepts.doc 8/27/ :03 PM Page 6
7 Minimizing the Effect of Extraneous Variables To find the relationship between a dependent and one independent variable: 1.Hold all other independent variables constant 2.Vary the independent variable in a random order. 3.Replicate the test several times 4.Where possible, check result using a different method Unfortunately, we frequently do not know what the extraneous variables are! Nevertheless, the above procedure will minimize their effect. In order to determine the characteristics of the instrument, and to estimate its accuracy it is necessary to perform a calibration. This consists of applying known values of the independent variable and observing the output. MeasurementSystemConcepts.doc 8/27/ :03 PM Page 7
8 Calibration Two Types: 1. Static - steady state. 2. Dynamic - during changing input. The calibration should be performed as nearly as possible to the actual measurement conditions, and should follow the procedures for minimizing the effect of extraneous variables. MeasurementSystemConcepts.doc 8/27/ :03 PM Page 8
9 Instrument characteristics: Static Sensitivity - or static gain Range - maximum and minimum values to be used Linearity - is the output a linear function of input? Linearity is desirable because it provides a constant static sensitivity over the entire range and also because calculations are much simpler. MeasurementSystemConcepts.doc 8/27/ :03 PM Page 9
10 Accuracy - how well does the instrument indicate the "true value" of the input? Instrument errors can be classified as either: Precision errors - random fluctuations in output for repeated applications of the same input. Bias Errors - consistent inaccuracies in output for the same input. MeasurementSystemConcepts.doc 8/27/ :03 PM Page 10
11 Types of Instrument Error TABLE 1.1 Manufacturer's Specifications: Typical Pressure Transducer Operation Input Range 0 tp 1000 cm H 2 0 Excitation Output range Performance Linearity error Hysteresis error Sensitivity error Thermal sensitivity error Thermal zero drift Temperature range ±15% V dc 0 to 5 V ±0.5% full scale Less than ±0.15% full scale ±0.25% of reading ±0.02%1 o C of reading 0.02%1 0 C full scale 0 to 50 0 C MeasurementSystemConcepts.doc 8/27/ :03 PM Page 11
12 MeasurementSystemConcepts.doc 8/27/ :03 PM Page 12
13 Standards Primary Standards - define the size of a unit Interlaboratory Transfer Standards - maintained by national laboratories such as the US National Institute for Science and Technology Local Standards - maintained by companies and individual laboratories Working Instruments - our laboratory thermometers. MeasurementSystemConcepts.doc 8/27/ :03 PM Page 13
14 TABLE 1.2 Standard Dimensions and Units Unit Dimension SI US Primary Length meter (m) foot (ft) Mass kilogram (kg) pound-mass (lb m ) Time second (s) second (s) Force Newton (N) pound-force (lb) Temperature Kelvin (K) Rankine (R) Derived Voltage volt (V) volt (V) Current ampere (A) ampere (A) Resistance ohm (Ω) ohm (Ω) Capacitance farad (F) farad (F) Inductance henry (H) henry (H) Pressure pascal (Pa) pound/foot (psf) Energy joule (J) British thermal unit (BTU) Power watt (W) foot-pound (ft-lb) MeasurementSystemConcepts.doc 8/27/ :03 PM Page 14
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