Towards Routine Monitoring of Tectonic and Volcanic Deformation with Sentinel-1

Transcription

1 INSARAP Towards Routine Monitoring of Tectonic and Volcanic Deformation with Sentinel-1 Wright, Tim J (1); Biggs, Juliet (2); Crippa, Paula (3); Ebmeier, Susanna K. (2); Elliott, John (4); Gonzalez, Pablo (1); Hooper, Andy (1); Larsen, Ynvar (5); Li, Zhenhong (3); Marinkovic, Petar (6); Parsons, Barry (4); Spaans, Karsten (1); Walters, Richard (1); Ziebart, Marek (7). 1: COMET, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; 2: COMET, University of Bristol, United Kingdom; 3: COMET, University of Newcastle, United Kingdom; 4: COMET, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; 5: Norut, Norway; 6: PPO.Labs, The Netherlands; 7: COMET, University College London, United Kingdom

2 INSARAP Outline 1. Why do we care about deformation observations for tectonics and volcanoes? 2. Why is Sentinel-1 a game changer? 3. COMET plans for routine processing

3 INSARAP Outline 1. Why do we care about deformation observations for tectonics and volcanoes? 2. Why is Sentinel-1 a game changer? 3. COMET plans for routine processing

4 Earthquakes with 10,000+ deaths since 1900 Figure courtesy John Elliott

5 Strain rate correlates with rate of earthquake occurrence Figure reproduced with permission from Corné Kreemer, University of Reno and the Global Earthquake Model

6 Deformation at volcanoes is diagnostic of impending eruption/unrest Photo: USGS Biggs, Ebmeier et al., Nature Comms 2014

7 INSARAP Outline 1. Why do we care about deformation observations for tectonics and volcanoes? 2. Why is Sentinel-1 a game changer? 3. COMET plans for routine processing

8 Why is Sentinel-1 a game changer? Sentinel-1 1. Systematic acquisitions for tectonics and volcanoes: InSAR everywhere all the time 2. TOPS: 250 km x km: Continental scale InSAR 3. Small perpendicular baselines, acquisitions every 6/12/24 days, ascending and descending -> high coherence year operational program, designed for InSAR 5. Free, full and open data policy, enables mass processing. Other SAR mission archives Haphazard acquisitions (multiple modes, limited capacity) Small areas imaged, usually less than 100 km swaths. Typically large perpendicular baselines and long gaps between acquisitions -> poor coherence Stand-alone missions not designed for InSAR Restricted data access, often commercial pricing

9 Why is Sentinel-1 a game changer? Sentinel-1 1. Systematic acquisitions for tectonics and volcanoes: InSAR everywhere all the time 2. TOPS: 250 km x km: Continental scale InSAR 3. Small perpendicular baselines, acquisitions every 6/12/24 days, ascending and descending -> high coherence year operational program, designed for InSAR 5. Free, full and open data policy, enables mass processing. Other SAR mission archives Haphazard acquisitions (multiple modes, limited capacity) Small areas imaged, usually less than 100 km swaths. Typically large perpendicular baselines and long gaps between acquisitions -> poor coherence Stand-alone missions not designed for InSAR Restricted data access, often commercial pricing

10 1. InSAR everywhere, all the time (NASA Solid Earth Science Working Group Report, 2002, NASA InSAR Workshop Report, 2004) We can t predict in advance the locations of future earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

11 1. InSAR everywhere, all the time (NASA Solid Earth Science Working Group Report, 2002, NASA InSAR Workshop Report, 2004)

12 24 August 2014 South Napa Earthquake Largest earthquake in California in 20 years. 1 death, ~160 injuries $1 Billion costs to wine industry Pre-earthquake Stripmap image acquired by Sentinel-1A on 7 August (the day it reached nominal orbit) Post-earthquake image on 31 August, scheduled by special request. Austin Elliott (UCDavis)

13 Elliott et al., EOS 2015

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15 Source model from InSAR and GPS data model residual S Slip N S Uncertainty N More in Elliott et al., Tuesday 15.30, Magellan

16 23 Nov 2014 Pico do Fogo Eruption 1 st eruption in 20 yrs (1995) Flights to S. America diverted ~1500 evacuated people Samara Donis (InVOLCAN) David Calvo (InVOLCAN) Two towns completely destroyed

17 Observations Ascending ( ) Descending ( )

18 Preferred Model Gonzalez et al., in review km?

19 Thanks to ESA for expanding tectonic coverage Original ESA mask Current tectonic mask Ideal (?) tectonic mask

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21 Why is Sentinel-1 a game changer? Sentinel-1 1. Systematic acquisitions for tectonics and volcanoes: InSAR everywhere all the time 2. TOPS: 250 km x km: Continental scale InSAR 3. Small perpendicular baselines, acquisitions every 6/12/24 days, ascending and descending -> high coherence year operational program, designed for InSAR 5. Free, full and open data policy, enables mass processing. Other SAR mission archives Haphazard acquisitions (multiple modes, limited capacity) Small areas imaged, usually less than 100 km swaths. Typically large perpendicular baselines and long gaps between acquisitions -> poor coherence Stand-alone missions not designed for InSAR Restricted data access, often commercial pricing

22 2. Continental Scale InSAR

23 Why is Sentinel-1 a game changer? Sentinel-1 1. Systematic acquisitions for tectonics and volcanoes: InSAR everywhere all the time 2. TOPS: 250 km x km: Continental scale InSAR 3. Small perpendicular baselines, acquisitions every 6/12/24 days, ascending and descending -> high coherence year operational program, designed for InSAR 5. Free, full and open data policy, enables mass processing. Other SAR mission archives Haphazard acquisitions (multiple modes, limited capacity) Small areas imaged, usually less than 100 km swaths. Typically large perpendicular baselines and long gaps between acquisitions -> poor coherence Stand-alone missions not designed for InSAR Restricted data access, often commercial pricing

24 3. Short revisit and Small perpendicular baselines -> Excellent Coherence Creeping section of the North Anatolian Fault, 12-days

25 3. Short revisit and Small perpendicular baselines -> Excellent Coherence Creeping section of the North Anatolian Fault, 24-days

26 3. Short revisit and Small perpendicular baselines -> Excellent Coherence Creeping section of the North Anatolian Fault, 24-days Typical ERS coherence (Cakir et al., 2005)

27 3. Short revisit -> rapid phenomena Napa Postseismic deformation: 31 August 12 September 2014 S N Afterslip model More in Elliott et al., Tuesday 15.30, Magellan

28 3. Short revisit -> rapid phenomena Napa Postseismic deformation: 31 August 24 September 2014 S N Afterslip model More in Elliott et al., Tuesday 15.30, Magellan

29 3. Short revisit -> rapid phenomena Napa Postseismic deformation: 31 August 6 October 2014 S N Afterslip model More in Elliott et al., Tuesday 15.30, Magellan

30 3. Short revisit -> rapid phenomena Napa Postseismic deformation: 31 August 18 October 2014 S N Afterslip model More in Elliott et al., Tuesday 15.30, Magellan

31 3. Short revisit -> rapid phenomena Napa Postseismic deformation: 31 August 30 October 2014 S N Afterslip model More in Elliott et al., Tuesday 15.30, Magellan

32 Why is Sentinel-1 a game changer? Sentinel-1 1. Systematic acquisitions for tectonics and volcanoes: InSAR everywhere all the time 2. TOPS: 250 km x km: Continental scale InSAR 3. Small perpendicular baselines, acquisitions every 6/12/24 days, ascending and descending -> high coherence year operational program, designed for InSAR 5. Free, full and open data policy, enables mass processing. Other SAR mission archives Haphazard acquisitions (multiple modes, limited capacity) Small areas imaged, usually less than 100 km swaths. Typically large perpendicular baselines and long gaps between acquisitions -> poor coherence Stand-alone missions, usually not designed for InSAR Restricted data access, often commercial pricing

33 Length scale of observation (km) year operational program Duration of time series (years) 1 mm/yr rates over 100 km can be achieved with 5 years of acquisitions (12 day revisit)

34 Ability of Sentinel-1 to map tectonic strain above target threshold (1 mm/yr over 100 km)

35 Why is Sentinel-1 a game changer? Sentinel-1 1. Systematic acquisitions for tectonics and volcanoes: InSAR everywhere all the time 2. TOPS: 250 km x km: Continental scale InSAR 3. Small perpendicular baselines, acquisitions every 6/12/24 days, ascending and descending -> high coherence year operational program, designed for InSAR 5. Free, full and open data policy, enables mass processing. Other SAR mission archives Haphazard acquisitions (multiple modes, limited capacity) Small areas imaged, usually less than 100 km swaths. Typically large perpendicular baselines and long gaps between acquisitions -> poor coherence Stand-alone missions, usually not designed for InSAR Restricted data access, often commercial pricing

36 5. Free, full and open data policy UK-PAF Mass Processing Sentinel-1 SAR processor 1-month Sentinel-1 rolling archive SLCs storage facility (and future public services) CEDA processing facility Sentinel-1 archive mainly for Copernicus core services Farnborough Harwell LiCS processing facility

37 INSARAP Outline 1. Why do we care about deformation observations for tectonics and volcanoes? 2. Why is Sentinel-1 a game changer? 3. COMET plans for routine processing

38 Geographical coverage Global Tectonics: 55 Mkm 2 Ice: 5 Mkm 2 Europe: 10 Mkm 2 Total: 70 Mkm 2 Data throughput = 0.5 TB/day [~1PetaByte over 5 years]

39 Processing strategy Continuous, near-global processing T=0 ~1 yr (?) +12 days +24 days +36 days Orbit Models (real time + precise) Atmospheric Models (real time + reanalysis) Initial time series Initial linear rates Updated time series Updated linear rates

40 Work flow Data SAR images Precise orbits InSAR processor Processed data Atmos. correction Interferogram (displacement) Interferogram Interferogram (displacement) (displacement) Ifgm filter Time-series processor Derived products Average velocity map Timeseries for each pixel Geophysical inversion Strain inversion GPS velocities Models Volcano models Earthquake models Strain-rate map

41 Work flow Data SAR images INSARAP presentations today Gonzalez poster (6), Tuesday Processed data Precise orbits Atmos. correction InSAR processor Interferogram (displacement) Interferogram Interferogram (displacement) (displacement) Ifgm filter Bekaert, Tues 10.00, Big Hall Walters, Tues 12.30, Big Hall + Tues poster: Crippa (20) Spaans, Thurs 16.00, Magellan Time-series processor Wang, Weds 15.50, Big Hall Derived products Models Volcano models Geophysical inversion Earthquake models Average velocity map Strain inversion Strain-rate map Timeseries for each pixel GPS velocities Elliott, Tues 15.30, Magellan Hussain, Weds 11.50, Big Hall + Tues posters: Ingleby (61), Amey (68), Lloyd (82) Hooper, Thurs 15.20, Magellan Hamlyn, Thurs 11.50, Magellan Arnold, Thurs 9.00, Magellan + Thurs posters: Biggs (76), Ebmeier (79), Gaddes (77), Gineaux (80), Bagnardi (85)

42 Global validation of ERA-Interim wet delay BAD GOOD Major global variation in quality of ERA-I wet delay retrieval We can now consider the uncertainties associated with applying atmospheric corrections Walters et al. Tuesday 12:30, Big Hall Session: InSAR Theory and Techniques (2)

43 Recursive Adaptive Spectral Phase filtering RSF Filtered phase Gonzalez et al. Tuesday Poster Session #6

44 Improved pixel selection via identification of cousins 5x5 boxcar Cousin based coherence Identify pixels with on average similar behaviour (Similar to SqueeSAR methods of Ferretti et al, 2011) We use mean amplitude and mean amplitude difference between master and slave Spaans et al. Thursday 16:00, Magellan Session: Applications Volcanoes (3)

45 Improved pixel selection via identification of cousins Full interferogram Our method Small baselines Identify pixels with on average similar behaviour (Similar to SqueeSAR methods of Ferretti et al, 2011) We use mean amplitude and mean amplitude difference between master and slave Spaans et al. Thursday 16:00, Magellan Session: Applications Volcanoes (3)

46 Using InSAR to Map Strain in Eastern Turkey Turkey Iran Method in Wang and Wright, GRL 2012; Turkey case study in Walters et al., JGR 2014

47 Using InSAR to Map Strain in Eastern Turkey Solution from GPS Solution from InSAR Method in Wang and Wright, GRL 2012; Turkey case study in Walters et al., JGR 2014

48 INSARAP What will we be seeing at Fringe 2020? High-resolution, time-varying, global 3D maps of crustal velocities and strains. Automatic alert systems for volcanoes Complete catalogue of deformation models for continental earthquakes with M>6 Integration with GNSS for near-real-time monitoring. Many scientific surprises! More information on INSARAP, and download processed data at @EwFProject