Monitoring trace gas emissions and transport with Aura and the A-Train
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1 Monitoring trace gas emissions and transport with Aura and the A-Train Simon Carn Dept. of Geological and Mining Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI
2 Aura (2004-) OMI - SO 2, NO 2, BrO TES - SO 2 MLS - strat. SO 2, HCl CloudSat (2006-) CPR (radar) precipitation, hydrometeors Aqua (2002-) MODIS - SO 2, ash, sulfate AIRS - UTLS SO 2, ash Dec 2014? CALIPSO (2006-) CALIOP (lidar) - cloud altitude, aerosol phase The A-Train
3 Aura - Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) UV/Visible sensor On NASA/Aura satellite Launched July 2004 Daily contiguous global coverage (until 2008) 13 x 24 km nadir pixel Overpass at 1:30-2:00 pm local time Measures SO 2 total column (plus other gases and aerosols) Data publicly available and free NRT SO 2 data available on web Passive degassing in the SW Pacific 1 Dobson Unit (DU) = 0.03 g m -2 SO 2 First satellite sensor to provide daily, global SO 2 measurements with sensitivity to the lower troposphere (i.e., passive volcanic degassing)
4 Global sulfur emissions inventory Explosive (E) Volcanic Passive (P) Climate impact of volcanic sulfate aerosol Global fluxes of other volatile species Altitude of emissions critical [Graf et al., 1997; Andres & Kasgnoc, 1998; Smith et al., 2011]
5 OMI annual average SO 2 in 2005: W. Pacific/S.E. Asia China Anatahan Manam Bagana Ambrym
6 OMI annual average SO 2 in 2006: W. Pacific/S.E. Asia China Anatahan Rabaul Java Bagana Ambrym
7 Global SO 2 emission source catalog (Fioletov et al., in prep) Example: Volcanoes in Japan (multi-year OMI SO 2 averages) Asama Suwanose-jima Satsuma-iwojima Sakura-jima Aso Miyake-jima
8 Comparing emission inventories with measurements OMI measurements indicate deficiencies in current volcanic SO 2 emission inventories REMOTE model simulation of annual mean SO 2 columns over Indonesia [Pfeffer et al., ACP, 2006]
9 Trends in NO 2 emissions in East Asia (Lok Lamsal, NASA) Annual averages of OMI tropospheric NO 2 columns
10 Combine OMI SO2 and AIRS CO to Identify Transpacific Transport Events: One Example in 2006 [Hsu et al., JGR 2012] Oct. 8 Oct. 9 Oct. 10 Oct. 11 Oct. 12 OMI SO 2 (DU) Trajectory SO 2 plume Height (3 km) AIRS CO (10 18 mole/cm 3 ) Using CALIPSO, the Plume Height can be verified along the transport pathway.
11 Relative sensitivity of UV and IR measurements Z UV IR (ν 3, 7.3 µm) ~Tropopause Sensitivity ~4 km Courtesy of L. Clarisse, ULB Prata and Bernardo, 2007 IR channels at ~4 µm and ~8.6 µm can detect lower tropospheric SO 2
12 Aura/OMI - Aqua/AIRS: Sierra Negra (Galapagos) 2005 AIRS 19:55 UT OMI 20:10 UT S. Negra S. Negra F. Prata, NILU Lower tropospheric SO 2 Sierra Negra (Galapagos) eruption, October 24, 2005 OMI-AIRS synergy indicates SO 2 concentrated in the lower troposphere Altitude determines climate impact of SO 2 and sulfate aerosol
13 Sarychev Peak (Kurile Is) eruption, June 2009 OMI Fill with row Aqua/AIRS anomaly: data SO 2 gap data Astronaut photo from ISS, 14 June June nd large NH stratospheric SO 2 injection ( 1 Tg) in a year, after the August 2008 Kasatochi eruption (Aleutian Is) Timing near summer solstice increases aerosol radiative (cooling) effect Major disruption to aviation Current OMI row anomaly creates data gaps in large volcanic eruption clouds A-Train synergy compensates for lost data and improves SO 2 loading measurements
14 Aviation hazards from volcanic eruption clouds Eyjafjallajökull (Iceland) 2010 Immediate hazards Engine failure due to melted ash Abrasion of windshield Secondary hazards Corrosion by ash, sulfuric acid Mitigation Immediate detection of fresh volcanic clouds Tracking/forecast of cloud position and altitude SO 2 valuable for cloud tracking
15 A-Train measurements of volcanic ash concentrations Ash concentration = mass loading/thickness Thickness from CALIOP Eyjafjallajökull (Iceland) May 8, 2010 Typical concentrations were ~2-4 mg m -3
16 A-Train sensor synergy in volcanic clouds MLS SO 2 band Fine volcanic ash Ash aggregates, hydrometeors W-band (~3 mm) radar
17 Hydrometeor-enhanced sedimentation of volcanic ash Sassen et al. [2007] 200 microns Ash aggregation prematurely removes fine ash that would be an aviation hazard How do we explain secondary ash thickness maxima and ash aggregate fallout? Can CloudSat W-band radar detect the bright band? [Durant et al., JGR, 2009]
18 A-Train observations: Chaitén (Chile) eruption (May 7, 2008) AIRS BTD
19 Eyjafjallajökull eruption plume (April 15, 2010) Aqua/MODIS Extent of ash plume
20 Aqua/MODIS ash retrievals (M. Pavolonis, NOAA/NESDIS)
21 CALIPSO: April 15, 2010 Cirrus Winker et al., JGR [2012] -> Ash at 1-3 km altitude Marine stratocumulus
22 CALIPSO + CloudSat: April 15, 2010 Cirrus Altostratus (As) Winker et al., JGR [2012] -> Ash at 1-3 km altitude Marine stratocumulus
23 CALIPSO + CloudSat + OMI: April 15, 2010
24 Summary Aura/OMI measurements of trace gases (SO 2, NO 2 ) are improving volcanic and anthropogenic emissions inventories A-Train synergy is providing unprecedented observations of the vertical distribution of trace gases, aerosols and hydrometeors in volcanic clouds and pollution outflow Measurements of ash cloud altitude and thickness (e.g., by CALIPSO) are of prime importance for aviation hazard mitigation Data latency of most A-Train products (and spatial coverage of the active sensors) is the main impediment to operational use for aviation hazard mitigation and other applications The A-Train greatly facilitates validation/intercomparison of satellite data products (e.g., SO 2 column measurements) Acknowledgments:
25
26 Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) row anomaly Jun 25, 2007 May 11, 2008 CALIPSO/CloudSat track Jan 24,
27 Eyjafjallajökull eruption plume April 15, 2010 OMI SO 2 column OMI Aerosol Index NB: OMI row anomaly coincides with CALIPSO/CloudSat track
28 Relative humidity wrt ice (RH ice ) from Aura/MLS MLS RH ice is derived from Temperature and H 2 O data and the Goff-Gratch equation
29 Conditions for ice nucleation MLS RHI profiles Steinke et al., ACP, 2011 Deposition nucleation Conditions in CPR feature: T = ~ K RH ice = % at 316 hpa (~8-9 km altitude) Atmospheric Physics Lab, ETH, Zurich
30 Redoubt volcanic cloud ~5 hours after eruption (CALIOP) March 26, 2009, 22:45 UTC
31 Redoubt volcanic cloud ~5 hours after eruption (CALIOP+CPR) March 26, 2009, 22:45 UTC
32 CALIPSO first light Soufriere Hills volcanic cloud Sulfate aerosol layer OMI SO 2 7 June 2006 OMI SO 2-7 June 2006 CALIPSO first light - 7 June 2006
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