The 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption: overview and OMI observations. Simon A. Carn Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA

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1 The 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption: overview and OMI observations Simon A. Carn Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA

2 Global air routes and potentially active volcanoes Map courtesy of F. Prata High density of air routes Unusual wind direction Small volcanic ash particles No constraints on safe concentration of ash for aircraft

3 Aviation hazards from volcanic clouds Immediate hazards Engine failure due to melted ash Abrasion of windshield Effects on avionics Secondary hazards Corrosion by ash, sulfuric acid Rerouting is expensive Accurate mapping is required From: Volcanoes; Crucibles of Change, Princeton U. Press, Princeton, 1997.

4 Two near-disastrous volcanic cloud encounters Galunggung ash cloud Ladies and gentlemen, this is your captain speaking. We have a small problem. All four engines have stopped. We are doing our damnedest to get them under control. I trust you are not in too much distress. Capt. Eric Moody, BA Flight 9 ~2 g/m 3 ash? BA 009 (B747), Kuala Lumpur Perth, 24 June 1982 KLM 867 (B747), Amsterdam Tokyo, 15 December 1989 (Redoubt, AK)

5 Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers (VAACs)

6 Grimsvötn eruption November 2004 Dutch airline KLM said it had cancelled 59 flights, stranding hundreds of passengers at Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport, because of the cloud of ash hanging above Europe. "Because of company rules we can't fly below it and we can't fly above it," said airport spokesman Frank Houben.

7 Eruption sequence Fimmvörðuháls eruption 1994, 1999, 2009 and early 2010 Unrest and magma injections 20 March to 12 April Small flank eruption at Fimmvörðuháls 14 April to 25 May Explosive eruption in summit crater Eyjafjallajökull eruption Eyjafjallajökull

8 Phreatomagmatic eruption = small ash particles TerraSAR-X, 14 April 2010 Fuel-coolant reaction generates finegrained ash Between 50% and 70% of the ash grains were less than 100 µm in diameter, and some were smaller than 10 µm Ash from 14 April eruption (IES, Iceland)

9 OMI SO 2 animation

10 OMI SO 2 and Aerosol Index

11 OMI SO 2 and AI time series Water sequestering SO 2?

12 Comparison of VAA and OMI AI April 16

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14 Comparison of VAA and OMI AI May 6 Before 21 April zero tolerance After 21 April 0.1 mg m -3 beyond 2 mg m -3 no go After 4 May removal of buffer zones beyond 4 mg m -3 no go

15 A-Train measurements April 16 Altitude [km]

16 Comparison with MSG-SEVIRI retrievals SEVIRI retrievals courtesy of Mike Pavolonis (NOAA)

17 In-situ measurements by DLR-Falcon Falcon 20E D-CMET, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen PI: Ulrich Schumann

18 In-situ measurements by DLR-Falcon Courtesy of the Falcon team, DLR

19 In-situ measurements by DLR-Falcon May 2 Plume age 7 hours, ~450 km from volcano 3 minutes in volcanic plume at km altitude O 3 decrease, CO increase, SO 2 > 150 ppbv (0.1 ppbv background)

20 In-situ measurements by DLR-Falcon May 13

21 In-situ measurements by DLR-Falcon May 17 Derived mass concentration assuming RI = i and density 3 g/cm 3 : 450 μg/m 3 ± 50 % Courtesy of the Falcon team, DLR

22 Ground-based DOAS measurements of volcanic plume April 23-24, 2010 G. Sawyer, E. Ilyinskaya, R. Martin, Cambridge Univ., UK

23 Ground-based DOAS measurements April 23

24 Volcano blows hole in row anomaly!

25 Ground-based DOAS measurements April 24

26 It could have been worse Laki eruption ~122 Tg SO 2 ~20,000 deaths? 1783 Laki haze extent [Thordarson and Self, JGR, 2003]

27 Summary and conclusions Advantage of UV sensors: high sensitivity to SO 2 /ash Ability to detect ash in the presence of clouds Limitations: data latency, temporal resolution, daytime only Need VFD, Direct Broadcast? Geo-UV sensor In-situ measurements offer OMI validation opportunities SO 2 and ash sampling Future: quantitative ash retrievals and mapping Need vertical profile/altitude of volcanic cloud High spatial resolution needed TROPOMI Future (larger) Icelandic eruptions will occur

28 E. Bruhl, Eyjafjallajökull eruption Fall AGU special session proposed (VGP section)

29 1980 Hekla eruption Carn, S., Prata,, A. and S. Karlsdottir,, 2008, Circumpolar transport of a volcanic cloud from Hekla (Iceland).. J. Geophys.. Res., 113, D14311, doi: /2008jd

30 Redoubt ash from 15 Dec 1989 event 2 g 2 mg Courtesy: Dave Schneider, USGS