Application of Aura/OMI PBL SO 2 product for estimating SO 2 emissions and future enhancements from new satellite missions

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Application of Aura/OMI PBL SO 2 product for estimating SO 2 emissions and future enhancements from new satellite missions 1 N. Krotkov, 2 V. Fioletov, 3,1 K. Yang, 4,1 Can Li, 3 R.

1 Application of Aura/OMI PBL SO 2 product for estimating SO 2 emissions and future enhancements from new satellite missions 1 N. Krotkov, 2 V. Fioletov, 3,1 K. Yang, 4,1 Can Li, 3 R. Dickerson & Aura/OMI science team & NASA NPP/OMPS Ozone PEATE team 1. NASA/GSFC, Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics 2. Environment Canada, Toronto, CA 3. University of Maryland College Park

Aura / Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) continues 30+ year O 3 and SO 2 records Launched on NASA EOS Aura platform in 2004, Joint Dutch-Finnish Instrument with Duch/Finish/U.S. Science Team PI: P.

2 Aura / Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) continues 30+ year O 3 and SO 2 records Launched on NASA EOS Aura platform in 2004, Joint Dutch-Finnish Instrument with Duch/Finish/U.S. Science Team PI: P. Levelt, KNMI Hyperspectral wide FOV Radiometer nm 13x24 km nadir footprint (highest UV resolution from space! ) Swath width 2600 km ( contiguous coverage ) Radicals: Column O 3, NO 2, BrO, OClO O 3 profile ~ 5-10 km vert resolution Tracers: Column SO 2, HCHO Aerosols ( Volcanic Ash, smoke, dust) Cloud top press., cloud coverage Surface UVB Tropospheric ozone ~ 580 pixels flight direction» 7 km/sec 2-dimensional CCD wavelength ~ 780 pixels viewing angle ± 57 deg 13 km (~2 sec flight)) 2600 km 12 km/24 km (binned & co-added)

3 OMI SO 2 operational algorithm and product Initial version of OMI SO2 product released in 2008 Improvements for the ColumAmounSO2_PBL had been suggested based on analysis of the OMI SO 2 data [Lee et al., 2009]: Remove latitude discontinuities applying daily Pacific correction Apply local SO2 Air Mass Factor climatology based on GEO-CHEM model, Screen anomalous values due to cloudiness, high terrain and instrumental effects (row anomaly ) The improvements were have been operationally implemented as part of the OMSO2e L3 App released in May 2011 OMSO2 V1.1.3 L2/L2G, OMSO2e L3 re-processed in May 2012 to implement new OMTO3 based row anomaly screening Recommend using Level 3 screened gridded daily SO2 data: OMSO2e available from NASA Goddard DISC

Pixel size effect for SO 2 detection from satellite

OMI smallest pixel size SCIAMACHY Pixel size DU 0.6 0.

Amos power plant, USA For each grid point of a 2x2 km

4 Pixel size effect for SO 2 detection from satellite instruments OMI, pixel-averaging results for OMI smallest pixel size SCIAMACHY Pixel size DU GOME 2 Pixel size km John E. Amos power plant, USA For each grid point of a 2x2 km grid, all overpasses centered within a 12 km from that point were averaged

5 Estimating SO 2 emissions from US point sources with Aura/OMI Correlation of annual SO2 emission from the largest US sources vs. mean OMI SO2 ( ). The integrated OMI values are presented as the parameter a (in molec) from the fit in number of molecules kt y 1 represents the threshold for which this methodology can be applied to the present OMI SO 2 data [Fioletov et al., GRL 2011] Regression Slope ~5 hours represent effective observable dispersion time due to advection, deposition and chemical conversion. Estimating chemical life-time requires ground insitu measurements ( Kostya Vinnikov - Russ Dickerson s talk at 2:15pm today )

Aura/OMI measurements show a decrease in SO 2 amounts over the Eastern United States Mean SO 2 values for 2005-2007 Mean SO 2 values for 2008-2010 power plants 16 2 0 2.

implementation of SO 2 pollution control measures.

6 Aura/OMI measurements show a decrease in SO 2 amounts over the Eastern United States Mean SO 2 values for Mean SO 2 values for power plants x10 molecules/cm The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) data confirm a substantial reduction in sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) values around the largest US coal power plants as a result of the implementation of SO 2 pollution control measures. The figure shows average SO 2 values measured by OMI on the NASA Aura spacecraft for the periods and over the Eastern US where the majority of large SO 2 sources are located. Scientists use this information to identify anthropogenic sources of SO 2 and to estimate their emission rates. The greatest values are in violet; the lowest in green. Yellow to violet colors correspond to statistically significant enhancements in SO 2 pollution in the vicinity of largest SO 2 emitting coal-burning power plants indicated by the black dots. Previous use of space-based SO 2 retrievals has been limited to monitoring plumes from volcanic eruptions and detecting anthropogenic emissions from large source regions as in China. A new spatial filtration technique allows detection of individual pollution sources in Canada and US. Fioletov, V., et al., (2011), Geophysical Research Letters

7 Importance of high spatial resolution: OMI vs SCIANACHY SO 2 over Eastern US ( ) smoothed with different smoothing radiuses R=60 km R=30 km R=20 km NASA Image of the Day for December 2, There are multiple large emission sources (coal power plants) in Eastern US clearly seen by OMI. However SCIAMACHY data do not show them. Scientists using the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA s Aura satellite observed major reductions in sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) between 2005 and 2010 in Alabama, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia.

8 NASA- NOAA Suomi- National Polar Orbiting Partnership (NPP) satellite Launched on Oct. 28, 2011 into 1:30pm ascending polar orbit

9 NASA-NOAA Suomi- National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) satellite bridges NASA EOS to the next generation of U.S. Earthobserving satellites -- JPSS. UV Ozone Mapper and Profiling Suite (OMPS) 9

10 Suomi-NPP/OMPS UV Sensors Limb instrument: Aerosol and Ozone profiles above tropopause12-15km Measuring 3 slits require 80% data rate NP Nadir Mapper (NM): swath similar to OMI but higher spatial resolution

11 Demonstrating NPP/OMPS SO 2 data at high ground resolution: PI Kai Yang (see Poster ) NASA Ozone PEATE currently processes high resolution (140km 2 ) OMPS data on Sundays High resolution NPP/OMPS map of Copahue volcanic SO 2 cloud NASA ozone PEATE processing Aura/OMI map of Copahue volcanic SO 2 cloud note coverage loss due to Row Anomaly 11

2015- Sentinel-5 precursor: GMES ATMOSPHERE MISSION IN POLAR ORBIT Pepijn Veefkind (PI KNMI ), Pieternel Levelt (KNMI) & the TROPOMI team The ESA Sentinel-5 Precursor (S-5P) is a preoperational

The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) is the payload of the S-5P mission and is jointly developed by The Netherlands and ESA.

12 2015- Sentinel-5 precursor: GMES ATMOSPHERE MISSION IN POLAR ORBIT Pepijn Veefkind (PI KNMI ), Pieternel Levelt (KNMI) & the TROPOMI team The ESA Sentinel-5 Precursor (S-5P) is a preoperational mission focusing on global observations of the atmospheric composition for air quality and climate. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) is the payload of the S-5P mission and is jointly developed by The Netherlands and ESA. The planned launch date for S-5P is 2015 with a 7 year design lifetime. OMI: 312km2 TROPOMI: 49 km 2 TROPOMI UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR nadir view grating spectrometer. Spectral range: , , nm Spectral Resolution: nm Spatial Resolution: 7x7km 2 Global daily coverage at 13:30 LST. CONTRIBUTION TO GMES Total column O3, NO 2, CO, SO 2,CH 4, CH 2 O,H 2 O,BrO Tropospheric column O 3, NO 2 O 3 profile Aerosol absorbing index, type, optical depth

13 2018- Estimating SO 2 emissions from US point sources from geo-orbit: TEMPO, Kelly Chance (PI SAO ) TEMPO: TEMPO: TEMPO Higher spatial resolution of TEMPO (8km 2 ) compared to OMI (312km 2 ) and TROPOMI (49 km 2 ) will enhance the sensitivity to point SO2 sources by an order of magnitude. As a result, sources as small as 7 kt/year can be measured using the same methodology Hourly observational frequency will reduce the time required to acquire statistically significant results (days versus years) Potentially estimate diurnal changes in SO 2 emissions

14 Conclusions Current satellite detection limit for point source SO 2 emissions > 70 kt/year (e.g., OMI with averaging [Fioletov et al 2011] ), or ~40-50% of current or ~20% of the future total SO 2 emissions from TOP 300 SO 2 sources in the U.S. NPP/OMPS Nadir Mapper SO 2 data are available from NASA Ozone team processing ( PI Kai Yang see poster). High resolution data (12km) are taken on Sundays. Explore usefulness for AQ applications - Tiger Team proposal? Potential to extend constraints to SO 2 lifetime through statistical approach incorporating ground in situ measurements ( Kostya Vinnikov - Russ Dickerson s talk at 2:15pm today ) - TT proposal? With TEMPO s 40 times better ground resolution (~8 km 2 ) point SO 2 emissions < 10 kt/year will be detectable (with averaging), which constitutes over 90% of the large U.S. point sources.

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ispex.nl/en/ispex ispex measure aerosols with your smartphone Status of TROPOMI on Sentinel 5 Precursor Pepijn Veefkind veefkind@knmi.nl KNMI TU-Delft sentinel-5 precursor GMES ATMOSPHERE MISSION IN POLAR