Marine benthic habitats of the George V Land shelf, Antarctica
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1 Marine benthic habitats of the George V Land shelf, Antarctica Linking geophysical and biological data in a polar environment Robin J. Beaman
2 Project acknowledgements Geoscience Australia seismic profiles, grabs, cores, photos Dr Peter Harris, Mr Rick Porter-Smith Colgate University, USA multibeam data, grabs, dredges, photos Drs Amy Leventer, Eugene Domack University of Tasmania, Antarctic CRC research assistance, oceanographic data Drs Richard Coleman, Nathan Bindoff, Rob Massom 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 2
3 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 3
4 Benthic habitats nested hierarchy Levels Examples Datasets Scale 1. Provinces 2. Biomes 3. Geomorphic Units 1000 s km s km < 100 km 4. Primary Biotopes soft, hard + assoc. backscatter, 1 s - 10 s km benthic communities relief, slope 5. Secondary Biotopes 6. Biological Facies 7. Micro Communities Aust. Antarctic shelf, SE Aust. slope and rise coastal, mid shelf, outer shelf, slope canyons, banks, seamounts, reefs mud, sponges, seagrass, coral sponge spp, seagrass spp, coral spp kelp communities, vent communities published reports bathymetry oceanography sediments, acoustic facies coarse bio, physical goundtruthing detailed groundtruthing very detailed groundtruthing 1 s - 10 s km < 1 km cm - m 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 4
5 146 E 66 S 142 E Mertz Glacier N George V Land Adelie Land 100km 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February Canadian Space 4 Agency 0 5
6 Research cruises RV Tangaroa WEGA Feb Mar 0 RV Nathaniel B. Palmer NBP0101 Jan Mar 1 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 6
7 1. Bathymetric model Strong relationships between bathymetry and marine habitats. Due to effects on oceanography, biology, sediment transport processes. Data sources: GEBCO (1997) DEM WEGA single beam soundings NBP0101 multibeam bathymetry Results: DEM at degree (~100m) res. slope and aspect 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 7
8 m Adelie Bank 300m George V Basin 800m 1000m Mertz Bank 300m N 100km 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 8
9 2. Seabed character Different acoustic echo types can be related to physical properties of the sea floor. Need to identify and classify distribution of seabed acoustic facies based upon Damuth (1980). Data Sources: WEGA 3.5 and 12 khz data limited published material Results: Damuth (1980) acoustic facies classification 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 9
10 2 Adelie Bank IIIC IB IIB IA-2 George V Basin Mertz Bank Damuth (1980) acoustic facies 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 10
11 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 11
12 Mertz Glacier ice cliff 0 IA-2 IA-2 IIB IIIC 600 IB th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 12
13 3. Surficial sediments Reflects source material and current strength, and a valuable proxy for benthic communities. Need to classify sediment texture using Folk (1954). Data sources: 1979 Deep Freeze 79 grabs 1984 USGS Glacier core WEGA grabs 80% Gravel 1 G mg msg sg 5% Results: 0.01% Mud % mud, sand, gravel Folk (1954) sediment classification 30% gm gms gs (g)m (g)sm (g)ms (g)s M sm ms S 1:9 1:1 9: Sand 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 13
14 Gravel % 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 14
15 Mud % 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 15
16 2 sm (g)sm gs gms (g)ms gm, S, G Folk (1954) sediment classification 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 16
17 gs gms (g)ms (g)sm sm (g)sm gm, S, G Mertz Glacier ice cliff 0 IA-2 IA-2 IIB IIIC 600 IB th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 17
18 4. Oceanography Correlated to sediment distribution on the shelf. Important for helping define the marine climate. Need to define water masses from Bindoff et al (1) Data sources: Deep Freeze 1979 (summer) WEGA (summer) AU9901 (winter) MCDW > < ISW < < WW > < HSSW > Results: summer, winter temperature, salinity, oxygen Bindoff et al (1) water mass classification SALINITY (psu) 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 18
19 2-1.6to-1.8 < to to to to to Summer temperature ( C) 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 19
20 > Winter salinity (psu) 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 20
21 2 MCDW WW HSSW ISW Winter water masses 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 21
22 2 MCDW remnant WW MCDW HSSW Summer water masses 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 22
23 Winter Mertz Glacier CDW IA-2 MCDW IA-2 sea ice WW ISW ice cliff 0 IIB IB HSSW IIIC th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 23
24 Summer Mertz Glacier CDW IA-2 MCDW IA-2 AASW Remnant WW ice cliff 0 IIB IIIC 600 IB HSSW th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 24
25 5. Iceberg Scour Highest natural disturbances in marine ecosystems are from icebergs. Density and frequency of iceberg scouring influences sediment distribution and benthic colonisation. Need to classify scour as per Gutt & Starmans (1). Data sources: summer, winter Radarsat images level plateau Results: Gutt & Starmans (1) classification small iceberg bank large iceberg bank 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 25
26 146 E 66 S 142 E Mertz Glacier N George V Land Adelie Land 100km 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 Canadian Space Agency 0 26
27 high scour med scour low scour Iceberg density (No/km sqr NE Adelie Bank Iceberg Density - George V Shelf SE Adelie Bank Buchanan Bay Mertz Ridge Adelie Bank Grounded iceberg zones Mertz Bank Summer Winter 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 27
28 Benthic habitats nested hierarchy Levels Examples Datasets Scale 1. Provinces Aust. Antarctic shelf, SE Aust. slope and rise published reports 1000 s km 2. Biomes coastal, mid shelf, outer shelf, slope bathymetry oceanography s km 3. Geomorphic Units canyons, banks, seamounts, reefs sediments, acoustic facies < 100 km 4. Primary Biotopes soft, hard + assoc. backscatter, 1 s - 10 s km benthic communities relief, slope 5. Secondary Biotopes 6. Biological Facies 7. Micro Communities mud, sponges, seagrass, coral sponge spp, seagrass spp, coral spp kelp communities, vent communities coarse bio, physical goundtruthing detailed groundtruthing very detailed groundtruthing 1 s - 10 s km < 1 km cm - m 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 28
29 2 shelf edge bank bank drift basin ridge canyons coast Geomorphic units megaflutes 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 29
30 Linking habitat and biota What are the community patterns and how do they relate to the environmental data? Need to conduct multivariate analysis of bio. and phys. data, then compare statistically. Data sources: Australian Antarctic Expedition (1911) NBP0101 grabs, dredges and photos WEGA grabs and photos Results: taxon diversity % motility, % trophic structure, % biomass PCA, cluster and MDS plots, BIOENV 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 30
31 Biota foram sponge polychaete nonpoly worm bryozoa brachiopod gastropod bivalve scaphopod octopus anemone hydroid soft coral sea pen sea cucumber sea star sea urchin brittle star feather star amphipod isopod decapod barnacle sea spider tunicate 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 31
32 th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 32
33 WEGA grab data - %weight GC11 GB18 GB16 GB06 GB14 GB08 GB13 GB04 GB17 GB05 GB02 GB07 GB03 GB15 GB12 GB10 GB01 GB11 GB09 Similarity 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 33
34 WEGA grab data - %weight + sponge GB07 GB08 GB13 GB14 GB04 GB16 GB06 GB18 GB02 GB03 GB17 GB05 GB15 Stress: 0.02 GB09 GB10 GB12 GB11 GB01 GC11 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 34
35 BIOENV biota and environment matching Variables: depth, sand, mud, salinity, oxygen, temperature Best results: mud, salinity, temperature correlation coefficient 0.37 Therefore, this combination of variables best relates to ( explains ) the observed biological pattern 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 35
36 Benthic habitats nested hierarchy Levels Examples Datasets Scale 1. Provinces Aust. Antarctic shelf, SE Aust. slope and rise published reports 1000 s km 2. Biomes coastal, mid shelf, outer shelf, slope bathymetry oceanography s km 3. Geomorphic Units canyons, banks, seamounts, reefs sediments, acoustic facies < 100 km 4. Primary Biotopes soft, hard + assoc. backscatter, 1 s - 10 s km benthic communities relief, slope 5. Secondary Biotopes 6. Biological Facies 7. Micro Communities mud, sponges, seagrass, coral sponge spp, seagrass spp, coral spp kelp communities, vent communities coarse bio, physical goundtruthing detailed groundtruthing very detailed groundtruthing 1 s - 10 s km < 1 km cm - m 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 36
37 Levels 3. Geomorphic Unit: drift 4. Primary Biotope: western lower basin 5. Secondary Biotope: deep basin, suspension-feeders Properties depth: > 700m acoustic facies: IB substrate: sandy mud disturbance: sediment iceberg scour: nil current: moderate watermass winter: HSSW watermass summer: remnant WW habitat complexity: low predominant biota: sponges benthic motility: about 50% trophic structure: 50% susp. feeder benthic forams: arenaceaous basin N 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 37
38 Conclusion Marine habitats should be considered within a nested hierarchy, driven from the bottom units. It is possible to create datasets from dispersed sample points on the Antarctic shelf. Ideally, collect physical data at the same sites as the biological data, then use statistics to explain the patterns. Use the physical datasets to help define the boundaries of benthic communities. A list of features should describe each community, which reveals any gaps in knowledge. 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Australia, 8-13 February 4 38
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