HOW TO DEFINE THE BASE OF THE SLOPE IN LOW GRADIENT PASSIVE MARGINS? BRAZILIAN CONTINENTAL SHELF PROJECT (LEPLAC)
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1 HOW TO DEFINE THE 1 BASE OF THE SLOPE IN LOW GRADIENT PASSIVE MARGINS? BRAZILIAN CONTINENTAL SHELF PROJECT (LEPLAC) Izabel King Jeck Commander, DHN, Brazilian Navy izabel@dhn.mar.mil.br
2 How to apply art.76 (UNCLOS) and the Scientifical and Technical Guidelines (STG)-CLCS/11 in low gradient margins? Heezen et alii concepts are not applicable no classic distinction between slope and rise Could it be possible to define the base of the slope in the end of the margin, where it reaches the deep ocean floor using the general rule? Evidence to the contrary should be used? 2
3 Physiographic Regional Map 3
4 THE AMAZON FAN 4 the third largest fan in the world, reaching 700 km offshore from the shelf break occupying an area of 375,000 km 2 natural prolongation of the Brazilian Continental Margin. continental slope and rise are affected by the anomalous sedimentation and are an undivided ensemble, starting at the shelf break down to depths of approximately 4,800 m at the boundary with the Demerara Abyssal Plain. sediment thickness of about 18 km at its depocenter
5 THE AMAZON FAN MORPHOLOGY The fan surface is smooth and continuous and there is no abrupt and regional breaks. 5 Local changes in the gradient ( canyons, channel levees and mass transports).
6 Amazon Deep Sea Fan 3D map 6 Only morphological criterion was not sufficient to determine the base of the slope at the Amazon Fan. So the geological/geophysical evidences should be considered.
7 7 UNCLOS -Art (b) In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the foot of the continental slope shall be determined as the point of maximum change in the gradient at its base. GENERAL RULE CHAPTER CLCS/ The Commission interprets the determination of the foot of the continental slope by means of the point of maximum change in gradient. The fundamental requirements posed by this provision are : The identification of the region defined as the base of the continental slope; and The determination of the location of the point of maximum change in the gradient at the base of the continental slope. CLCS/ Its implementation will be guided by bathymetric, geomorphologic, geologic and geophysical sources of evidence.
8 8 CLCS For the purpose of identifying the region defined as the base, the Commission defines the continental slope as the outer portion of the continental margin that extends from the shelf edge to the upper part of the rise or to the deep ocean floor where a rise is not developed
9 Amazon Deep Sea Fans Divisions 9 The Amazon Deep Sea Fan is morphologically divided into Upper, Middle and Lower Fan based on broad morphologic and acoustic characteristics (Damuth, 1973 and Damuth et al., 1988). In accordance with Damuth et al., l988, these divisions are mainly for descriptive purposes and do not reflect distinctive fan subenvironments of facies associations (as do fan divisions in some published fan models).
10 LEPLAC seismic profile upper middle lower Mud diapirism Channel Levee Sheet sands With the exception of mud diapirs, the same geological processes present in Upper and Middle Fan, with similar intensity and frequency. The best example of the continuity of processes in the Amazon Upper and Middle Fan are the meandering channel-levee systems associated with a low and continuous gradient. These processes allow the Upper and Middle Fan to be considered as a single geologic and physiographic unit.
11 Brazil considerations 11 Brazil considers the Upper and Middle Fan as a single geological and physiographic entity analogous to a continental slope, therefore placing the base of the continental slope at the distal end of the Middle Fan, coinciding with the lobe deposition of the channel levee systems. CLCS considerations The fan is an integral part of the margin but the base of the slope would be better positioned approximately between the upper and middle fan.
12 12
13 THE CURRENT APPROACH Based on the geological processes 13 item of CLCS/11 - Bathymetric and geological data provide the evidence to be used in the geomorphological analysis conducted to identify the region defined as the base of the continental slope... Recently, new studies of the Amazon Fan region made possible the mapping, in details, of the huge areas where Mass Transport Deposits occurs (MTD). These studies have shown that MTD have been recurrent elements at this region from the Middle-Miocene to Recent. In regions located to the NW and SE of the Amazon Deep-sea Fan, mass movement processes remobilized thick siliciclastic series (up to 1,000 m) as huge megaslides deposits over areas of up to 90,000 km 2 (Silva et al., 2010).
14 THE BASE OF THE SLOPE - THE AMAZON FAN 14 The processes along the Fan are related to down slope process, varying in intensity and frequency; The base of slope could be defined at the region of the end of the occurrences of the mass transport deposits (MDT) which are related to a gravitational flow. The Amazon Deep Sea fan is a natural component of the Brazilian margin in its totality. The definition of the BOS and the FOS was not concluded yet.
15 15 BRAZILIAN CONTINENTAL SHELF PROJECT LEPLAC
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17 BRAZILIAN CONTINENTAL MARGIN 17 Amazon Deep Sea Fan Norte Brasileira Ridge Vitoria Trindade Ridge São Paulo Plateau Southern Margin
18 NORTE BRASILEIRA RIDGE 18
19 New data ( ) 19
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21 VITORIA TRINDADE RIDGE 21 Abrolhos Bank Besnard Bank Bahia Plateau Minerva Bank Dogaressa Bank Abrolhos Bank Vitoria-Trindade Ridge Columbia Sm Trindade e Martim Vaz
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