BIFs. BIFs. Last time we covered. Oxygen. Oxygen
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1 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA Last time we covered Archean Oceans Discussion (Robbie) MAS 603: Geological Oceanography Banded Iron Formations (Evolution of the Earth s atmosphere and hydrosphere) Lecture 10: Ediacarins 1) The Early Atmosphere 2) The Oceans and Hydrosphere 3) The Change Oxygen The how is easy: Cyanobacteria (e.g., the microorganisms comprising stromatolites) and photosynthesis Oxygen Of particular interest are banded iron formations (BIFs) that are composed of alternating layers of hematite (Fe2O3) and silica. Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 ( sugar ) + 6O2 BIFs The first BIFs formed around 3.1 GA and peaked in abundance at GA BIFs BIFs are thought to have been formed through oxygenation of sea water containing Fe2+ (reduced iron). Fe2+ Soluble Fe3+ Insoluble 1
2 Oxygen in the Atmosphere Oxygen in the Atmosphere What about the atmosphere? Around the world, we see a shift in color of river floodplain shale Green to Red Fe 2+ Fe 3+ At 1.8 GA Today s s Agenda Proterozoic Beasties 1) Eukaryotes (Acritarchs) 2) Metazoans (Ediacarin Fauna) During the Archean, we saw the rise of the prokaryotes: Small No nucleus DNA spread throughout the cell Asexual reproduction Could only be single-celled During the Proterozoic, something wonderful happens: the rise of the eukaryotes: Larger (>0.06 mm) A nucleus and organelles DNA contained within the nucleus Sexual reproduction Could be multi-celled (metazoans) The first eukaryotes appeared around 2 GA. Archritarchs were small, single celled silica beasties that floated in the oceans (pelagic). They peaked in abundance at 750 MA and then went away 0.1mm 2
3 or did they? They might in fact be ancestors to equally small single celled organisms that are around today called dinoflaggelates Another big change in the Proterozoic was the appearance of the first Metazoans 0.1mm 5 cm They are known as the Ediacarin Fauna And they are found around the world What were the Ediacarins? Three major forms What happened to them? What happened to them? 1) a now extinct line of beasties 3
4 What happened to them? 1) a now extinct line of beasties 2) ancestors to living phyla Kimberella sp. What were the Ediacarins? 1) a now extinct line of beasties 2) ancestors to living phyla Dickinsonia sp. Whatever they were, they exploded onto the scene immediately after the last Snowball Earth. Coincidence? More likely, severe environmental changes drives evolutionary adaptation. We need bad things to happen in order to evolve. The Cambrian Explosion Not so much an explosion The Cambrian Explosion more of a shift to hard body parts 4
5 The Cambrian Explosion The Cambrian Explosion Burgess Shale Fauna Chengjiang Fauna What we know about the early development of all of the current phyla is limited to sites where we have lots of beasties preserved Burgess Shale Site Burgess Shale Site 5
6 Pikaia gracilens (phylum: Chordata) Limb Anomalocaris canadensis Hallucigenia sparsa (phylum: Arthropoda?) (Proto-Arthropod; Problematica) (phylum: Arthropoda) 6
7 Jaws Anomalocaris canadensis (phylum: Arthropoda?) (Proto-Arthropod; Problematica) s.jpg Next Time 1. Monday: Proterozoic Evolution Discussion (Isabella) 2. Wednesday: Sedimentary Facies Warning: Take home exam issued next Monday (No reading next week) 7
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