The Geological Time Scale. Geological time scaled to a cross-country tour of Canada.

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1 Dryden

2 The Geological Time Scale Geological time scaled to a cross-country tour of anada. The universe came into existence about 14 billion years ago, through an explosion known as the "big bang". ur galaxy formed from clouds of dust and gas about 10 billion years ago. We begin our cross-country tour in St. John s Newfoundland, the eastern-most city in anada (6240 km from Vancouver), which we will make correspond in distance to the formation of the earth around 4.6 billion years ago (BYA). very kilometer in our tour will therefore cover million years (MY).

3 Saint John s, Newfoundland: [6240 km] ~ 4.6 billion years ago (BYA), Beginning of Hadean on. The formation of the earth and solar system. arth was molten and extremely hot at first, slowly cooling and forming land and water masses. nitially, little atmospheric oxygen was present. Saint John, New Brunswick: [5211 km] ~3.8 BYA, on Hadean. ldest surviving rocks on earth.

4 Quebec ity, Quebec: [4643 km] ~3.5 BYA, Near beginning of Archean on. First evidence of life Stromatolites formed by living cyanobacteria Bacteria-like microfossils and layered fossil mats, known as stromatolites provide the first evidence of life on earth. (From Futuyma, 1998, p. 169) Dryden, ntario: [2628 km] ~2 BYA, Near beginning of Proterozoic on. First eukaryotes (single-celled algae). The symbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts followed by 1.4 BYA.

5 algary, Alberta: [962 km] ~800 MYA, on Proterozoic. Trace evidence, including burrows, of first metazoans (= multicellular animals with differentiated tissues) More definite fossil evidence of metazoans comes from the late Proterozoic. n particular, the diacaran fauna from Australia consists of a number of soft-bodied, aquatic animals resembling jellyfish and worms. diacaran Fauna (~600 MYA) (From Ridley, 1998, p. 547) nidarian Jellyfish

6 Yoho National Park, British olumbia: [740 km] ~543 MYA, Beginning of Paleozoic ra (ambrian Period). Diversification of metazoans. ncrease in oxygen levels, approaching modern levels. ambrian xplosion: "Almost all the modern phyla and classes of skeletonized marine animals, as well as many groups that may represent extinct phyla and classes, suddenly appear in the fossil record...within about 30, perhaps only 5 to 10, million years." Burgess Shale Fauna -- Futuyma (1998) p. 172 pabinia Wiwaxia Anomalocaris (Arthropod) Pikaia (ordate) (From Futuyma, 1998, p. 174) Most of the fundamental body plans (baupläne) had evolved by the end of the ambrian Period. The most spectacular collection of ambrian fossils comes from the Burgess shale, right here in Yoho National Park, B!

7 mportant events in the Paleozoic ra: 1 st shells in the ambrian Period ( MYA) 1 st fish in the rdovician Period ( MYA) Mass extinction 1 st land plants in the Silurian Period ( MYA) 1 st amphibians and true insects in the Devonian Period ( MYA) Mass extinction 1 st reptiles in the arboniferous Period ( MYA) Diversification of the reptiles in the Permian Period ( MYA) Mass extinction (P/Tr boundary) xtinct Paleozoic chinoderms (From Futuyma, 1998, p. 177) xtinct Paleozoic Fish (From Futuyma, 1998, p. 178)

8 Kamloops, British olumbia: [348 km] ~251 MYA, Beginning of Mesozoic ra (Triassic Period). "Age of Reptiles". Break-up of Pangaea (single large landmass including all present-day continents). Warm climate. mportant events in the Mesozoic ra: 1 st dinosaurs and mammals in the Triassic Period ( MYA) Mass extinction 1 st birds and angiosperms in the Jurassic Period ( MYA) Diversification of mammals, birds, and angiosperms in the retaceous Period ( MYA) Mass extinction (K/T boundary)

9 hilliwack, British olumbia: [90 km] ~65 MYA, Beginning of enozoic ra (Tertiary Period). "Age of Mammals". Break-up of Gondwanaland (landmass containing southern continents and ndia). ooling of climate. mportant events in the enozoic ra: Radiation of mammals, birds, snakes, angiosperms, pollinating insects, and teleost fish into their modern orders in the Tertiary Period ( MYA) 1 st Homo fossils in Quaternary Period (1.8 MYA - Present) Broadway and Vine (Kitsilano), Vancouver: [6.8 km] ~5 MYA, ra enozoic (Tertiary Period). Divergence of hominid and chimpanzee lineages.

10 UB Golf ourse, Vancouver: [2.4 km] ~1.8 MYA, ra enozoic (Quaternary Period). Beginning of Pleistocene epoch. Massive fluctuations in temperature (~100,000 year period), leading to major glacial advances and retreats. Forest Sciences building, UB, Vancouver: [24 m] ~18,000 YA, ra enozoic (Quaternary Period). Last ice age at its maximum. Room 1005 door, FSB, UB, Vancouver: [16 m] ~12,000 YA, ra enozoic (Quaternary Period). Development of agriculture. The span of my hand: [19 cm] 139 YA, ra enozoic (Quaternary Period). The rigin of Species is published.

11 Jurassic 1 st birds and angiosperms. Dinosaurs abundant. 1 st dinosaurs and mammals. Gymnosperms MYA N RA PRD PH MAJR VNTS P H A N R N Quarternary Recent Pleistocene Pliocene 24 Miocene 34 Tertiary ligocene 56 ocene 65 Paleocene M S retaceous Triassic Permian Development of agriculture and human civilization Appearance and world-wide spread of the genus Homo. Repeated glaciations. xtinctions of large mammals and birds. ontinued diversification of modern birds, placental mammals, snakes, teleost fish, pollinating insects, grasses and angiosperms. Diversification of flowering plants, birds and mammals. become abundant. ontinents moving apart. Diversification of reptiles, including mammal-like species. Land masses form single continent, Pangea.

12 P H 1 st land plants. Atmospheric oxygen about 20 1 st shelled organisms. Trilobites abundant. MYA N RA PRD PH MAJR VNTS A N R P A L arboniferous Devonian Silurian 1 st reptiles and winged insects. Warm humid conditions result in huge forests of primitive plants, which formed extensive coal deposits. 1 st amphibians and true insects. Atmospheric oxygen at present levels or higher. ontinents moving toward one another. percent. 500 rdovician 1 st fish ,500 ambrian PRTR Probably all metazoan phyla present, including arthropods and early chordates. Atmospheric oxygen reaches about 2%. Abundant prokaryotic life. ukaryotes may have appeared by 2,000 million years ago. Atmospheric oxygen about 0.2%. 3,600 ARHAN ldest known rocks and prokaryotes. 4,600 HADAN arth forms. No geological record.

13 MYA N RA PRD PH MAJR VNTS 0.01 Recent Quarternary 1.8 N 5.2 Pleistocene Pliocene Tertiary Miocene ligocene 56 ocene Development of agriculture and human civilization Appearance and world-wide spread of the genus Homo. Repeated glaciations. xtinctions of large mammals and birds. ontinued diversification of modern birds, placental mammals, snakes, teleost fish, pollinating insects, grasses and angiosperms. 65 Paleocene P H A N R M S P A L retaceous Jurassic Triassic Permian arboniferous Devonian Silurian 500 rdovician 1 st fish. Diversification of flowering plants, birds and mammals. 1 st birds and angiosperms. Dinosaurs abundant. 1 st dinosaurs and mammals. Gymnosperms become abundant. ontinents moving apart. Diversification of reptiles, including mammal-like species. Land masses form single continent, Pangea. 1 st reptiles and winged insects. Warm humid conditions result in huge forests of primitive plants, which formed extensive coal deposits. 1 st amphibians and true insects. Atmospheric oxygen at present levels or higher. ontinents moving toward one another. 1 st land plants. Atmospheric oxygen about 20 percent ,500 ambrian PRTR 1 st shelled organisms. Trilobites abundant. Probably all metazoan phyla present, including arthropods and early chordates. Atmospheric oxygen reaches about 2%. Abundant prokaryotic life. ukaryotes may have appeared by 2,000 million years ago. Atmospheric oxygen about 0.2%. 3,600 ARHAN ldest known rocks and prokaryotes. 4,600 HADAN arth forms. No geological record.

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